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  • Articles  (2,896)
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  • Articles  (2,896)
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  • 1
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    Could We Harness Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibodies to Monitor the Brain? (2018)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-14
    Description: HIV associated neurocognitive disorderHANDHIV antibodiesCSFHIV cure
    Print ISSN: 0022-1899
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-6613
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).
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  • 2
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    Emergence of Nonfalciparum Plasmodium Infection Despite Regular Artemisinin Combination Therapy in an 18-Month Longitudinal Study of Ugandan Children and Their Mothers (2018)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-14
    Description: As part of a longitudinal cohort investigation of intestinal schistosomiasis and malaria in Ugandan children and their mothers on the shorelines of Lakes Victoria and Albert, we documented risk factors and morbidity associated with nonfalciparum Plasmodium infections and the longitudinal dynamics of Plasmodium species in children. Host age, household location, and Plasmodium falciparum infection were strongly associated with nonfalciparum Plasmodium infections, and Plasmodium malariae infection was associated with splenomegaly. Despite regular artemisinin combination therapy treatment, there was a 3-fold rise in P. malariae prevalence, which was not accountable for by increasing age of the child. Worryingly, our findings reveal the consistent emergence of nonfalciparum infections in children, highlighting the complex dynamics underlying multispecies infections here. Given the growing body of evidence that nonfalciparum malaria infections cause significant morbidity, we encourage better surveillance for nonfalciparum Plasmodium infections, particularly in children, with more sensitive DNA detection methods and improved field-based diagnostics.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1899
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-6613
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).
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  • 3
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    Innovative and New Approaches to Laboratory Diagnosis of Zika and Dengue: A Meeting Report (2018)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-14
    Description: Epidemics of dengue, Zika, and other arboviral diseases are increasing in frequency and severity. Current efforts to rapidly identify and manage these epidemics are limited by the short diagnostic window in acute infection, the extensive serologic cross-reactivity among flaviviruses, and the lack of point-of-care diagnostic tools to detect these viral species in primary care settings. The Partnership for Dengue Control organized a workshop to review the current landscape of Flavivirus diagnostic tools, identified current gaps, and developed strategies to accelerate the adoption of promising novel technologies into national programs. The rate-limiting step to bringing new diagnostic tools to the market is access to reference materials and well-characterized clinical samples to facilitate performance evaluation. We suggest the creation of an international laboratory-response consortium for flaviviruses with a decentralized biobank of well-characterized samples to facilitate assay validation. Access to proficiency panels are needed to ensure quality control, in additional to in-country capacity building.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1899
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-6613
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).
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  • 4
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    HIV-1 Control and Immunoglobulin Genes (2018)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-14
    Description: To the Editor —With great interest, I read the article by McLaren et al that described the impact of functional genetic variation on the control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. Although this investigation used large data sets and sophisticated analytical tools, it might be premature to conclude that non-HLA “exonic variants with large effect sizes are unlikely to have a major contribution to host control of HIV infection” [ 1 ]. In fact, a comprehensive analysis of the role of humoral immunity in HIV-1 control by Lai et al concluded that the “presence or absence of protective HLA alleles is not associated with strikingly divergent antibody responses” [ 2 ] among HIV-1 controllers.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1899
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-6613
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).
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  • 5
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    Asymptomatic Summertime Shedding of Respiratory Viruses (2018)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-14
    Description: To determine rates of both symptomatic and asymptomatic infection among ambulatory adults, we collected nasopharyngeal swab specimens, demographic characteristics, and survey information from 1477 adult visitors to a New York City tourist attraction during April–July 2016. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to identify specimens positive for common respiratory viruses. A total of 7.2% of samples tested positive for respiratory viruses; among positive samples, 71.0% contained rhinovirus, and 21.5% contained coronavirus. Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza virus were also detected. Depending on symptomatologic definition, 57.7%–93.3% of positive samples were asymptomatic. These findings indicate that significant levels of asymptomatic respiratory viral shedding exist during summer among the ambulatory adult population.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1899
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-6613
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).
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  • 6
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    The Existing Drug Vorinostat as a New Lead Against Cryptosporidiosis by Targeting the Parasite Histone Deacetylases (2018)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-14
    Description: Background Cryptosporidiosis affects all human populations, but can be much more severe or life-threatening in children and individuals with weak or weakened immune systems. However, current options to treat cryptosporidiosis are limited. Methods An in vitro phenotypic screening assay was employed to screen 1200 existing drugs for their anticryptosporidial activity and to determine the inhibitory kinetics of top hits. Selected top hits were further evaluated in mice. The action of the lead compound vorinostat on the parasite histone deacetylase (HDAC) was biochemically validated. Results Fifteen compounds exhibited anticryptosporidial activity at nanomolar level in vitro. Among them, the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor vorinostat retained outstanding efficacy in vitro (half maximal effective concentration, EC 50 = 203 nM) and in an interleukin 12 knockout mouse model (50% inhibition dose = 7.5 mg/kg). Vorinostat was effective on various parasite developmental stages and could irreversibly kill the parasite. Vorinostat was highly effective against the parasite native HDAC enzymes (half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC 50 = 90.0 nM) and a recombinant Cryptosporidium parvum HDAC (the inhibitor constant, K i = 123.0 nM). Conclusions These findings suggest the potential for repurposing of vorinostat to treat cryptosporidiosis, and imply that the parasite HDAC can be explored for developing more selective anticryptosporidial therapeutics.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1899
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-6613
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).
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  • 7
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    Diminished Capsule Exacerbates Virulence, Blood–Brain Barrier Penetration, Intracellular Persistence, and Antibiotic Evasion of Hyperhemolytic Group B Streptococci (2018)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-14
    Description: Group B streptococci (GBS) are encapsulated, β-hemolytic bacteria that are a common cause of infections in human newborns and certain adults. Two factors important for GBS virulence are the sialic acid capsular polysaccharide that promotes immune evasion and the hemolytic pigment that induces host cell cytotoxcity. These virulence factors are often oppositely regulated by the CovR/CovS two-component system. Clinical GBS strains exhibiting hyperhemolysis and low capsule due to pathoadaptive covR/S mutations have been isolated from patients. Given the importance of capsule to GBS virulence, we predicted that a decrease or loss of capsule would attenuate the virulence of covR/S mutants. Surprisingly, hyperhemolytic GBS with low or no capsule exhibit increased virulence, intracellular persistence, and blood–brain barrier penetration, which was independent of a Trojan horse mechanism of barrier penetration. Additionally, intracellular persistence enabled both hemolytic and hyperhemolytic GBS to evade antibiotics routinely used to treat these infections. The finding that diminished capsule expression promotes GBS virulence, intracellular persistence, and antibiotic evasion has important implications for sustained antibiotic therapy and efficacy of capsule-based vaccines.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1899
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-6613
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).
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  • 8
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    Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Rhinovirus Bronchiolitis Are Associated With Distinct Metabolic Pathways (2018)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-14
    Description: Background Bronchiolitis, the leading cause of hospitalization among infants in the United States, is most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), followed by rhinovirus (RV). Conventional perception is that bronchiolitis is a single entity, albeit with different viral etiologies and degrees of severity. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of nasopharyngeal aspirates from 106 infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis due to either RSV only (80 patients) or RV only (26 patients). We performed metabolomics analysis and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing on all samples and metagenomic sequencing on 58 of 106 samples. Results Infants with RSV-only and RV-only infections had significantly different nasopharyngeal metabolome profiles ( P 〈 .001) and bacterial metagenome profiles ( P 〈 .05). RSV-only infection was associated with metabolites from a range of pathways and with a microbiome dominated by Streptococcus pneumoniae . By contrast, RV-only infection was associated with increased levels of essential and nonessential N-acetyl amino acids and with a high relative abundance of Haemophilus influenzae . These co-occurring species were associated with driving the bacterially derived metabolic pathways. Multi-omic analysis showed that both the virus and the microbiome were significantly associated with metabolic function in infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis. Conclusion Although replication of these findings is necessary, they highlight that bronchiolitis is not a uniform disease between RSV and RV infections, a result with future implications for prevention and treatment.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1899
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-6613
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).
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  • 9
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    Varicella-Zoster Virus DNA in Blood After Administration of Herpes Zoster Vaccine (2018)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-14
    Description: We studied the relationship between varicella-zoster virus (VZV) DNAemia and development of VZV-specific immunity after administration of live-attenuated zoster vaccine. VZV-DNAemia, detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and VZV-specific effector (Teff) and memory (Tmem) T cells, was measured in 67 vaccinees. PCR was positive in 56% (9 direct, 28 nested) on day 1 and in 16% (1 direct, 10 nested) on day 14. Teff progressively increased in direct-PCR-positive vaccinees up to day 30, but Tmem did not. Conversely, Tmem, but not Teff, increased in direct-PCR-negative vaccinees on day 7. The kinetics of these immune responses and VZV DNAemia suggested that direct-PCR sample positive represented viremia.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1899
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-6613
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).
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  • 10
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    Erratum (2018)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-14
    Description: “Safety of single dose primaquine in G6PD-deficient and G6PD-normal males in Mali without malaria: an open- label, phase 1, dose-adjustment trial” by Chen et al. [J Infect Dis 2018; doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiy014 ]. This is an Open Access article and should have contained the following copyright line: © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1899
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-6613
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).
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