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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2018-04-16
    Description: Publication date: 1 August 2018 Source: Water Research, Volume 139 Author(s): Yan Gao, Wen Zhang, Bin Gao, Wen Jia, Aijun Miao, Lin Xiao, Liuyan Yang Electrolysis combined with biochar (BC) was used in a constructed wetland to intensify nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal from wastewater simultaneously. A pilot study was conducted using an electrolysis-integrated, BC-amended, horizontal, subsurface-flow, constructed wetland (E-BHFCW). The research results showed that both electrolysis and BC substrate played important roles in the intensified, constructed wetland. The electrolysis combined BC substrate greatly enhanced the removal rates of nitrate (49.54%) and P (74.25%) when the E-BHFCW operated under the lower current density of 0.02 mA/cm 2 and an electrolysis time of 24 h. Improved N removal was accomplished with the electrochemical denitrification of iron cathodes; the autotrophic denitrification bacteria appeared to remove nitrate which was adsorbed on the BC substrate because hydrogen gas was produced by cathodes in the E-BHFCW. Less nitrate was taken directly by wetland plants and microbes. The in-situ formation of ferric ions from a sacrificial iron anode, causing P chemical sedimentation and physical adsorption, improved P removal. BC, modified by iron ions from an iron anode to adsorb the nitrate and P, was a good material to improve effluent water quality. It can also serve as a favorable microbial carrier to bio-transform nitrate to N gas. This is because there were abundant and diverse bacterial communities in the biofilm on the BC substrate in the E-BHFCW. Thus, electrolysis integrated with BC in a constructed wetland is a novel, feasible and effective technique for enhancing wastewater N and P removal. Graphical abstract
    Print ISSN: 0043-1354
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-2448
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2018-04-16
    Description: Publication date: 1 August 2018 Source: Water Research, Volume 139 Author(s): Wei Ouyang, Wanxin Yang, Mats Tysklind, Yixue Xu, Chunye Lin, Xiang Gao, Zengchao Hao The formation and transportation processes of non-point source (NPS) pollution varied among the studied watersheds in the Northeastern China, so we hypothesized that the driving force behind NPS pollution followed the spatial scale effect. With a watershed outlet sedimentary flux analysis and a distributed NPS pollution loading model, we investigated the temporal dynamics of NPS and the differences in driving forces. Sediment core samples were collected from two adjacent watersheds, the smaller Abujiao watershed and the larger Naoli watershed. The natural climatic conditions, long-term variations in the distribution of land use, soil properties and tillage practices were the same in the two watersheds. The vertical distributions of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, Zn and As at 1-cm intervals in the section showed clear differences between the watersheds. There were higher concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the larger watershed, but the heavy metals were more concentrated in the smaller watershed. Lead-210 ( 210 Pb) analyses and the constant rate of supply model provided a dated sedimentary flux, which was correlated with the corresponding yearly loading of NPS total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the two watersheds. The total phosphorus showed a stable relationship in both watersheds with an R 2 value that ranged from 0.503 to 0.682. A rose figure comparison also demonstrated that the pollutant flux in the sediment was very different in the two watersheds, which had similar territorial conditions and different hydrological patterns. Redundancy analysis further indicated that expanding paddy areas had a large impact on the sedimentary flux of nitrogen and phosphorus in the smaller watershed, but precipitation had a direct impact on NPS loading in the larger watershed. We concluded that the spatial scale effect affected the NPS pollution via the transport processes in the waterway, which was mainly influenced by branch length and drainage density.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1354
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-2448
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2018-04-15
    Description: Publication date: 1 August 2018 Source: Water Research, Volume 139 Author(s): Frederic D.L. Leusch, Peta A. Neale, Charlotte Arnal, Natalie H. Aneck-Hahn, Patrick Balaguer, Auguste Bruchet, Beate I. Escher, Mar Esperanza, Marina Grimaldi, Gaela Leroy, Marco Scheurer, Rita Schlichting, Merijn Schriks, Armelle Hebert The aquatic environment can contain numerous micropollutants and there are concerns about endocrine activity in environmental waters and the potential impacts on human and ecosystem health. In this study a complementary chemical analysis and in vitro bioassay approach was applied to evaluate endocrine activity in treated wastewater, surface water and drinking water samples from six countries (Germany, Australia, France, South Africa, the Netherlands and Spain). The bioassay test battery included assays indicative of seven endocrine pathways, while 58 different chemicals, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals and industrial compounds, were analysed by targeted chemical analysis. Endocrine activity was below the limit of quantification for most water samples, with only two of six treated wastewater samples and two of six surface water samples exhibiting estrogenic, glucocorticoid, progestagenic and/or anti-mineralocorticoid activity above the limit of quantification. Based on available effect-based trigger values (EBT) for estrogenic and glucocorticoid activity, some of the wastewater and surface water samples were found to exceed the EBT, suggesting these environmental waters may pose a potential risk to ecosystem health. In contrast, the lack of bioassay activity and low detected chemical concentrations in the drinking water samples do not suggest a risk to human endocrine health, with all samples below the relevant EBTs. Graphical abstract
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    Electronic ISSN: 1879-2448
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2018-04-15
    Description: Publication date: 1 August 2018 Source: Water Research, Volume 139 Author(s): Li Ma, Scott R. Yates Laboratory degradation tests with two model estrogen conjugates, 17ß-estradiol-3-glucuronide (E2-3G) and 17ß-estradiol-3-sulphate (E2-3S), using river water and sediment as inoculum under aerobic conditions were investigated. Throughout the 14-day incubation, degradation of E2-3G in river water, at environmentally-relevant level (25 ng/L), obeyed first-order kinetics with the formation of 17-ß estradiol and estrone; in contrast, E2-3S was slowly converted to estrone-3-sulphate stoichiometrically. Degradation of the two conjugates across the spiking concentrations (0.01–1 μg/g) was much faster in sediment than in river water where 25 ng/L of conjugate standards were spiked, possibly due to relatively high population densities of microorganisms in sediment. De-conjugation of the thio-ester bond at C-3 position and oxidation at C-17 position were the predominant degradation mechanisms for E2-3G and E2-3S, respectively, with negligible presence of metabolites estrone-3-glucuronide for E2-3G and 17ß-estradiol for E2-3S. In addition, delta-9(11)-dehydroestrone and 6-ketoestrone were determined as new metabolites of the two conjugates. Also, a lactone compound, hydroxylated estrone and a few sulfate conjugates were tentatively identified. With the observation of new metabolites, biodegradation pathways of E2-3G and E2-3S were proposed. The formation of new metabolites may pose unknown risks to aquatic biota. Graphical abstract
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    Electronic ISSN: 1879-2448
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2018-04-15
    Description: Publication date: 1 August 2018 Source: Water Research, Volume 139 Author(s): David B. Miklos, Christian Remy, Martin Jekel, Karl G. Linden, Jörg E. Drewes, Uwe Hübner This study provides an overview of established processes as well as recent progress in emerging technologies for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In addition to a discussion of major reaction mechanisms and formation of by-products, data on energy efficiency were collected in an extensive analysis of studies reported in the peer-reviewed literature enabling a critical comparison of various established and emerging AOPs based on electrical energy per order (E EO ) values. Despite strong variations within reviewed E EO values, significant differences could be observed between three groups of AOPs: (1) O 3 (often considered as AOP-like process), O 3 /H 2 O 2 , O 3 /UV, UV/H 2 O 2 , UV/persulfate, UV/chlorine, and electron beam represent median E EO values of 〈1 kWh/m 3 , while median energy consumption by (2) photo-Fenton, plasma, and electrolytic AOPs were significantly higher (E EO values in the range of 1–100 kWh/m 3 ). (3) UV-based photocatalysis, ultrasound, and microwave-based AOPs are characterized by median values of >100 kWh/m 3 and were therefore considered as not (yet) energy efficient AOPs. Specific evaluation of 147 data points for the UV/H 2 O 2 process revealed strong effects of operational conditions on reported E EO values. Besides water type and quality, a major influence was observed for process capacity (lab-vs. pilot-vs. full-scale applications) and, in case of UV-based processes, of the lamp type. However, due to the contribution of other factors, correlation of E EO values with specific water quality parameters such as UV absorbance and dissolved organic carbon were not substantial. Also, correlations between E EO and compound reactivity with OH-radicals were not significant (photolytically active compounds were not considered). Based on these findings, recommendations regarding the use of the E EO concept, including the upscaling of laboratory results, were derived. Graphical abstract
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    Electronic ISSN: 1879-2448
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2018-04-15
    Description: Publication date: 1 August 2018 Source: Water Research, Volume 139 Author(s): Kam W. Tang, Sabine Flury, Dominic Vachon, César Ordóñez, Daniel F. McGinnis Chaoborus spp. (phantom midge) are prevalent in eutrophic inland waters. In Lake Soppen, Switzerland, C. flavicans larvae diurnally migrate between the methane-rich, oxygen-depleted hypolimnion and sediments, and the methane-poor, oxygen-rich epilimnion. Using a combination of experiments and system modelling, this study demonstrated that the larvae's burrowing activities in and out of the sediment perturbed the sediment and re-introduced sequestered phosphorus into the overlying water at a rate of 0.022 μg P ind −1 d −1 , thereby exacerbating internal nutrient loading in the water column. Fluxes of sediment methane and other reduced solutes enhanced by the larval bioturbation would consume oxygen and sustain the hypoxic/anoxic condition below the thermocline. In addition to increasing diffusive fluxes, migrating larvae also directly transported methane in their gas vesicles from the deep water and release it in the surface water at a rate of 0.99 nmol CH 4 ind −1 d −1 , potentially contributing to methane emission to air. As nutrient pollution and climate warming persist or worsen in the coming decades, proliferation of Chaoborus could intensify this positive feedback loop and delay lake recovery. Graphical abstract
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2018-04-15
    Description: Publication date: 1 August 2018 Source: Water Research, Volume 139 Author(s): Ian L. Pepper, Charles P. Gerba Legionella pneumophila has been detected in reclaimed water used for spray irrigation of turfgrass in public parks and golf courses. This study determined the risks of infection from exposure to various levels of Legionella in reclaimed waters considering: the method of spray application; and the duration and frequency of exposure. Evaluation of these factors resulted in a risk of infection greater than 1:10,000 for several scenarios when the number of Legionella in the reclaimed water exceeded 1000 colony-forming units (CFU) per ml. Most current guidelines for control of Legionella in distribution systems recommend that increased monitoring or remedial action be taken when Legionella levels exceed 1000 to 10,000 CFU/ml. Based upon our risk assessment, these guidelines seem appropriate for reclaimed water systems where spray irrigation is practiced. Graphical abstract
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    Electronic ISSN: 1879-2448
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2018-04-15
    Description: Publication date: 1 August 2018 Source: Water Research, Volume 139 Author(s): Mashor Housh, Ziv Ohar Modern Water Distribution Systems (WDSs) are often controlled by Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) which manage their operation and maintain a reliable water supply. As such, and with the cyber layer becoming a central component of WDS operations, these systems are at a greater risk of being subjected to cyberattacks. This paper offers a model-based methodology based on a detailed hydraulic understanding of WDSs combined with an anomaly detection algorithm for the identification of complex cyberattacks that cannot be fully identified by hydraulically based rules alone. The results show that the proposed algorithm is capable of achieving the best-known performance when tested on the data published in the BATtle of the Attack Detection ALgorithms (BATADAL) competition ( http://www.batadal.net ).
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    Electronic ISSN: 1879-2448
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2018-04-15
    Description: Publication date: 1 August 2018 Source: Water Research, Volume 139 Author(s): Xueci Xing, Haibo Wang, Chun Hu, Lizhong Liu The effects of ozone-biologically activated carbon (O 3 -BAC) treatment with various phosphate doses (0, 0.3 or 0.6 mg/L) were investigated on the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and occurrence of opportunistic pathogens (OPs) in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) simulated by annular reactors (ARs). It was found that the lowest DBPs and the highest inactivation of OPs such as Mycobacterium spp. , Mycobacterium avium , Aeromonas spp. , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Hartmanella vermiformis , occurred in the effluent of the AR with 0.6 mg/L phosphate addition. Based on the results of different characterization techniques, for the AR with 0.6 mg/L phosphate-enhanced O 3 -BAC treatment, dissolved organic carbon in the influent exhibited the lowest concentration and most stable fraction due to the improved biodegradation effect. Moreover, the total amount of suspended extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the bulk water of the AR decreased greatly, resulting in the lowest chlorine consumption and DBPs formation in the AR. In Fourier transform infrared spectra of the suspended EPS, the amide II band (1600-1500 cm −1 ) disappeared and the protein/polysaccharide ratio decreased remarkably, indicating the destruction of protein and a decrease in hydrophobicity. Moreover, β-sheets and α-helices in the protein secondary structures were degraded while the random coils increased sharply as phosphate addition increased to 0.6 mg/L, inhibiting microbial aggregation and hence weakening the chlorine-resistance capability. Thus, most of the OPs in suspended biofilms were more easily inactivated by residual chlorine, resulting in the lowest OPs occurrence in the effluent of the AR. Our findings indicated that enhancing the efficiency of the BAC filter by adding phosphate is a promising method for improving water quality in DWDSs. Graphical abstract
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2018-04-15
    Description: Publication date: 1 August 2018 Source: Water Research, Volume 139 Author(s): Li Ling, Zhaobing Li, Jingyun Fang, Chii Shang The Co(II)/peroxymonosulfate (Co(II)/PMS) process, producing sulfate radicals (SO 4 •- ), effectively removes organic pollutants in water, while producing a significant amount of bromate (BrO 3 − ) in the presence of bromide (Br − ). This paper investigates the ammonia (NH 3 ) addition, chlorine-ammonia (Cl 2 -NH 3 ) and ammonia-chlorine (NH 3 -Cl 2 ) pretreatment strategies in controlling BrO 3 − formation in 20 min in the Co(II)/PMS process at pH 4.0. The addition of NH 3 retarded the BrO 3 − formation, but only at a reduction level of about 9.5% for NH 3 concentration of 50 μM, and was mainly attributed to the protonation of NH 3 at pH 4 (99.99% as NH 4 + , did not react with HOBr). Both the Cl 2 -NH 3 and NH 3 -Cl 2 pretreatment strategies at HOCl and NH 3 dosages of 15 and 50 μM, respectively, reduced 95% or more of the overall BrO 3 − formation and retarded the BrO 3 − formation, with the NH 3 -Cl 2 pretreatment strategy outperforming Cl 2 -NH 3 . The reduction of the BrO 3 − formation was mainly attributed to the formation of monochloramine (NH 2 Cl) in both pretreatment strategies. NH 2 Cl effectively outcompetes SO 4 •- to react with HOBr and forms NHBrCl, with the apparent reaction rate constant between NH 2 Cl and HOBr more than 100 times faster than that between SO 4 •- and HOBr. However, the oxidation/degradation of NHBrCl in the Co(II)/PMS process reforms HOBr, and, although less in quantity, is oxidized to BrO 3 − at higher Co(II) and Br − concentrations. Thus, the NH 3 -Cl 2 and Cl 2 -NH 3 pretreatment strategies inhibit the BrO 3 − formation more significantly at lower Co(II) and Br − concentrations. In all cases, the generation of SO 4 •- in 20 min was not affected by the implementation of the three BrO 3 − pretreatment strategies. Graphical abstract
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    Electronic ISSN: 1879-2448
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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