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  • Articles  (485)
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  • Articles  (485)
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  • 1
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    An Implicit Scheme for Shallow Water Flow with Wet Dry Interface (2018)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: A finite difference implicit scheme is presented in this paper for solution of the shallow water equations in one dimensional (1D) form. The present model has many advantages like, handling of discontinuous and complex bed topography, satisfying C-property (preservation of motionless water surface over a wet or dry bed) and capability of handling large value of temporal step etc. Another very important feature of the present model is that, no special treatment of the source vector of the governing equations is required here to deal with very less water depth. To investigate the performance of the present model in diverse situations, it is used to replicate four different problems of known analytical solution, and the model is found to be quite capable for varied situations.
    Print ISSN: 0097-8078
    Electronic ISSN: 1608-344X
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 2
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    Identification of Significant Flood Areas in Lithuania (2018)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: During preliminary flood risk assessment in Lithuania 54 significant flood areas (SFA) were identified. The detailed flood hazard and risk maps were prepared for these areas in 2014. European Union Floods Directive does not indicate the concrete criteria for SFA delineation. The uncertainty analysis shows that the total length of SFA is not very sensitive to used methodology. In some rivers the uncertainties of 100 year flood peek discharge ( Q 1% ) were large, but the variation of SFA boundary location was relatively small due to properties of hydrological network. The catchment area and Q 1% change rapidly near the junction with large tributaries, so the boundaries of SFA are usually attached to these junctions. The formal criteria are mostly used to evaluate the possibility of significant floods, but the delineation of SFA is usually based on subjective decision.
    Print ISSN: 0097-8078
    Electronic ISSN: 1608-344X
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 3
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    Regularities in the Space and Time Flow Variations in the Near-Mouth Reach and Delta of the Lena R. (2018)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Lena flow showed considerable, mostly climate-induced, changes in the recent 30–40 years. The character of these changes at the river watershed–sea border somewhat differs from that in the basin outlet station because of flow transformations in the near-mouth reach and, especially, in the delta. The new stationary and occasional expedition observations were used to improve the estimates of the major characteristics of the discharges of water, suspended sediment, and heat in the Lena outlet section and to identify the features and causes of their long-term and seasonal variations. Another important result is the estimation of flow characteristic in the reach downstream of the basin outlet station, at delta head, and on its coastline. New data are given on the present-day distribution of water and suspended sediment discharges between the major delta branches, their long-term variations, and the character of inundation of the near-head delta area during spring floods.
    Print ISSN: 0097-8078
    Electronic ISSN: 1608-344X
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 4
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    Parameter Uncertainty Propagation in a Rainfall–Runoff Model; Case Study: Karoon-III River Basin (2018)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Conceptual hydrological models are popular tools for simulating land phase of hydrological cycle. Uncertainty arises from a variety of sources such as input error, calibration and parameters. Hydrologic modeling researches indicate that parametric uncertainty has been considered as one of the most important source. The objective of this study was to evaluate parameter uncertainty and its propagation in rainfall-runoff modeling. This study tried to model daily flows and calculate uncertainty bounds for Karoon-III basin, Southwest of Iran, using HEC-HMS (SMA). The parameters were represented by probability distribution functions (PDF), and the effect on simulated runoff was investigated using Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) on Monte Carlo (MC). Three chosen parameters, based on sensitivity analysis, were saturated-hydraulic-conductivity ( Ks ), Clark storage coefficient ( R ) and time of concentration ( t c ). Uncertainty associated with parameters were accounted for, by representing each with a probability distribution. Uncertainty bounds was calculated, using parameter sets captured from LHS on parameters PDF of sub-basins and propagating to the model. Results showed that maximum reliability (11%) resulted from Ks propagating. For three parameters, underestimation was more than overestimation. Maximum sharpness and standard deviation (STD) was resulted from propagating Ks . Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of flow and uncertainty bounds showed that as flow increased, the width of uncertainty bounds increased for all parameters.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1608-344X
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 5
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    Long-Term Variations of Maximal Water Levels in the Lower Amur (2018)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: The specific features of formation of maximal water levels in the lower Amur R. are studied. They are correlated with streamflow formation factors in different parts of the Amur Basin and Zeya R. flow regulation. Water level variations in high-water season of the year were analyzed for 1955−2013, including the periods of natural runoff variations (1955−1979) and after the start of Zeya Hydroengineering Structure operation (1980−2013). Five phases of seasonal level rise and water discharge increase in the Lower Amur are identified, and the role of higher discharge, which forms in the river basin in years with different water abundance, is assessed in the absence and presence of the effect of economic activity on the annual streamflow distribution.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1608-344X
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 6
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    Pollutant Concentrations in Mountain River Waters in the Upper Baksan Area (Prielbrus’e National Park) and Their Seasonal Variations (2018)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Materials of expedition studies in 2013 in the Prielbrus’e National Park were used to analyze the concentrations of a wide range of pollutants (SO 4 2- , Cl ‒ , Na + , K + , F ‒ , Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni, NO 3 - , NH 4 + ) in the water of mountain rivers forming the main artery of the region, the Baksan R. The analyzed data characterize seasonal variations in pollutant concentrations at seven sampling sections and their dynamics along the river down to the 35th km from the source in different seasons.
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    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 7
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    Evaluating Long-Term Evolution of Radionuclide Migration Conditions from a Repository at the Yenisei Site (Krasnoyarsk Krai) (2018)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: The article considers the procedure aimed to identify and select the factors, events, and processes that can have an effect on the long-term safety of radioactive waste repository to be constructed at The Yenisei Site (Krasnoyarsk krai). The geological factors to be taken into account in the development of scenarios for safety assessment are determined. Tentative quantitative forecasts of radionuclide migration are made taking into account possible climate evolution and vertical rise of the territory. The sensitivity of radionuclide migration model to variations in these factors is assessed.
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    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 8
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    Monitoring Systems for Local Historical Natural–Technical Systems (HNTS) as a Basis for Measures for Long-Term Preservation of Cultural Objects (2018)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Examples of the development of monitoring systems are considered for the case of local historical natural–technical systems of various classification levels. The authors’ scheme of classification of local HNTSs is given. The classification is aimed to systematize the diverse data on various HNTSs to form a single interrelated system basing on common principal features. Monitoring systems of local HNTSs of the Borodino Battlefield, Old Ryazan City, and Rostov Kremlin are used as examples to demonstrate their relevancy for solving problems of the complex of protection measures.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1608-344X
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 9
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    Water Characteristic of Eastern Bosporus Strait, Peter the Great Gulf, by Oxygen Indices (2018)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Observations of 2006–2013 were used to characterize water in the Eastern Bosporus Strait (Peter the Great Gulf, the Sea of Japan) by dissolved oxygen concentration and its biochemical demand. The mean monthly concentrations of oxygen in bottom water layer were found to have decreased considerably compared with the mean values in 1981–1985, and its minimal values were observed within four months—from July to October. The low oxygen concentrations in summer were found to be due mostly to oxygen-deficient water from Amursky Bay.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1608-344X
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 10
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    Effect of Anthropogenic Pollution on Macrozoobenthos Structure in Barnaulka River (Upper Ob Basin) (2018)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: The effect of anthropogenic pollution on the structure of benthic animal communities in the Barnaulka R. (Ob tributary) has been studied. Statistical analysis was used to assess the effect of habitat factors on macrozoobenthos structure. The structure characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrate communities and the bioindication indices calculated from them are shown to depend on the hydrophysical and hydrochemical characteristics of water and bottom sediments.
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    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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