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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2018-03-07
    Description: Establishing a sediment budget in the newly created “Kleine Noordwaard” wetland area in the Rhine–Meuse delta Eveline Christien van der Deijl, Marcel van der Perk, and Hans Middelkoop Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 187-201, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-187-2018, 2018 To study the effectiveness of river delta restoration, we used field observations and elevation data to quantify the magnitude and spatial patterns of aggradation and erosion in a restored wetland in the Rhine-Meuse delta. Erosion and aggradation rates decrease over time, but aggradation compensates for sea-level rise and soil subsidence. Channels in the centre had aggraded, whereas the inlet and outlet eroded. Furthermore, sediment is in general uniformly distributed over the intertidal area.
    Electronic ISSN: 2196-6338
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Topographical change caused by moderate and small floods in a gravel bed ephemeral river – a depth-averaged morphodynamic simulation approach Eliisa S. Lotsari, Mikel Calle, Gerardo Benito, Antero Kukko, Harri Kaartinen, Juha Hyyppä, Hannu Hyyppä, and Petteri Alho Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 163-185, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-163-2018, 2018 This paper analyses the timing of topographical changes of a gravel bed ephemeral river channel during consecutive and moderate- and low-magnitude floods by applying a morphodynamic model calibrated with pre- and post-event surveys using RTK-GPS and mobile laser scanning. The channel acted as a braided river during lower flows but as a meandering river during higher flows. The channel changes can be greater during the long-lasting receding phase than during the rising phase of the floods.
    Electronic ISSN: 2196-6338
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Effect of changing vegetation on denudation (part 2): Landscape response to transient climate and vegetation cover Manuel Schmid, Todd A. Ehlers, Christian Werner, Thomas Hickler, and Juan-Pablo Fuentes-Espoz Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2018-13,2018 Manuscript under review for ESurf (discussion: open, 1 comment) We present a numerial modelling investigation into the interactions between transient climate and vegetation cover with hillslope and fluvial processes. We use a state-of-art landscape evolution model library (Landlab) and designed model experiments to investigate the effect of climate change and associated changes in surface vegetation cover on main basin metrics. This paper is a companion paper to Part 1 (this journal) which investigates the effect of climate change to surface vegetation cover.
    Electronic ISSN: 2196-6338
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Alluvial cover controlling the width, slope and sinuosity of bedrock channels Jens Martin Turowski Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 29-48, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-29-2018, 2018 Bedrock channels are a key component of mountainous landscapes. Here, a new model of the steady-state morphology, including channel width, slope and sinuosity, is derived from process physics considerations. The model compares favourably to observed scaling relations.
    Electronic ISSN: 2196-6338
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Statistical modeling of the long-range dependent structure of barrier island framework geology and surface geomorphology Bradley A. Weymer, Phillipe Wernette, Mark E. Everett, and Chris Houser Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2018-5,2018 Manuscript under review for ESurf (discussion: open, 0 comments) This research presents a new method for quantifying the geologic controls on modern barrier island evolution. We used statistical time series analysis to evaluate the scale-dependent vs. scale-independent behavior of a barrier island in south Texas, USA. By integrating subsurface geophysical with surface geomorphological measurements we show that the island exhibits both free, and forced evolutionary behavior that has important implications for how the island may respond to rising sea levels.
    Electronic ISSN: 2196-6338
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Temporal variability in detrital 10 Be concentrations in large Himalayan catchments Elizabeth H. Dingle, Hugh D. Sinclair, Mikael Attal, Ángel Rodés, and Vimal Singh Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2017-73,2018 Manuscript under review for ESurf (discussion: open, 3 comments) Accurately quantifying sediment fluxes in large rivers draining tectonically active landscapes is complicated by the stochastic nature of sediment inputs. Cosmogenic 10 Be concentrations measured in modern river sands have been used to estimate 10 2 –10 4 year sediment fluxes in these types of catchments, where upstream drainage areas are often in excess of 10,000 km 2 . It is commonly assumed that within large catchments, the effects of stochastic sediment inputs are buffered such that 10 Be concentrations at the catchment outlet are relatively stable in time. We present eighteen new 10 Be concentrations of modern river and dated Holocene terrace and floodplain deposits from the Ganga River near to the Himalayan mountain front. We demonstrate that 10 Be concentrations measured in modern Ganga River sediments display a notable degree of variability, with concentrations ranging between ~ 9,000–19,000 atoms g −1 . We propose that this observed variability is driven by two factors. Firstly, by the nature of stochastic inputs of sediment (e.g. the dominant erosional process, surface production rates, depth of landsliding, degree of mixing) and, secondly, by the evacuation timescale of individual sediment deposits which buffer their impact on catchment-averaged concentrations. Despite intensification of the Indian Summer Monsoon and subsequent doubling of sediment delivery to the Bay of Bengal at ~ 11–7 ka, we also find that Holocene sediment 10 Be concentrations documented at the Ganga outlet have remained within the error of modern river concentrations. We demonstrate that in these systems, sediment flux cannot be simply approximated by converting detrital concentration into mean erosion rates and multiplying by catchment area as it is possible to generate considerably larger volumetric sediment fluxes whilst maintaining comparable average 10 Be concentrations.
    Electronic ISSN: 2196-6338
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: How to explain variations in sea cliff erosion rates? Insights from a literature synthesis Mélody Prémaillon, Vincent Regard, Thomas J. B. Dewez, and Yves Auda Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2018-12,2018 Manuscript under review for ESurf (discussion: open, 0 comments) Coastal erosion is of major concern for society, our study focus on rocky coast whose evolution remains poorly understood. We use the increasing number of erosion-related data and compiled it for better understanding how and how much rocky coasts erode. We found that rock resistance explain in first order erosion rates whereas influence of climate and sea is secondary. Weak rock coasts loose in median 23 meters per century, about ten times more than hard rock coasts.
    Electronic ISSN: 2196-6338
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Mechanical State of Gravel Soil in Mobilization of Rainfall-Induced Landslide in Wenchuan seismic area, Sichuan province, China Liping Liao, Yunchuan Yang, Zhiquan Yang, Yingyan Zhu, Jin Hu, and D. H. Steve Zou Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2018-15,2018 Manuscript under review for ESurf (discussion: open, 0 comments) Although gravel soils generated by seismic shaking in Wenchuan earthquake area have subjected to natural consolidation process for nearly ten years, geological hazards, such as slope failures with ensuing landslides, frequently are haunting the area. In this paper, artificial flume model tests and triaxial tests were used to make close observation on the mechanical state of gravel soil in Wenchuan seismic area. The results showed that: (1) The timing and patterns of landslide initiations were closely related to their initial dry densities, and the initiation processes were accompanied with a variation of dry density and void ratio; (2) Fine particle migration in soil and coarse-fine particle content rearrangement contributed to the internal micro structure reorganization, which was supposed to be the main reason for variation of dry density and void ratio; (3) Gravel soils with unchanged grain compositions, if under the same hydrostatic compression, they approached to an identical critical void ratio to fail; (4) The mechanical state of certain sort of gravel soil can be identified by its relative position between state parameter ( e, p' ) and e c -p' planar critical state line; (5) Gravel soil slope failed and then evolved into landslide under lasting rainfall leaching, while in gravel slope there co-existed soil dilatation and contraction, but the dilatation was dominant. Above research findings not only could be used to interpret landslide initiation but also would provide an insight for landslide warning forecast of gravel slope in seismic area.
    Electronic ISSN: 2196-6338
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Morphology of bar-built estuaries: relation between planform shape and depth distribution Jasper R. F. W. Leuven, Sanja Selaković, and Maarten G. Kleinhans Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2018-18,2018 Manuscript under review for ESurf (discussion: open, 0 comments) Fluvial-tidal transitions in estuaries are used as major shipping fairways and are characterised by complex bar and channel patterns with a large biodiversity. Habitat suitability assessment and study of interactions between morphology and ecology therefore require bathymetric data. While imagery offers data of planform estuary dimensions, only for a few natural estuaries bathymetries are available. Here we study the relation between along-channel planform geometry, obtained as the outline from imagery, and hypsometry, which characterises the distribution of along-channel and cross-channel bed-levels. We fitted the original function of Strahler (1952) to bathymetric data along four natural estuaries. Comparison to planform estuary shape shows that hypsometry is concave at narrow sections with large channels, while complex bar morphology results in more convex hypsometry. We found a relation between hypsometric function shape and the degree to which the estuary width deviates from an ideal convergent estuary, which is calculated from river width and mouth width. This implies that the occurring bed level distributions depend on inherited Holocene topography and lithology. Our new empirical function predicts hypsometry and along-channel variation in intertidal and subtidal width. Combination with the tidal amplitude allows an estimate of inundation duration. A validation of the results on available bathymetry shows that predictions of intertidal and subtidal area are accurate within a factor 2 for estuaries of different size and character. Locations with major human influence deviate from the general trends, because dredging, dumping, land reclamation and other engineering measures cause local deviations from the expected bed-level distributions. The bathymetry predictor can be used to characterise and predict estuarine subtidal and intertidal morphology in data-poor environments.
    Electronic ISSN: 2196-6338
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Scales of collective entrainment and intermittent transport in collision-driven bed load Dylan B. Lee and Doug Jerolmack Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2018-8,2018 Manuscript under review for ESurf (discussion: open, 3 comments) The transport of pebbles in a river is smooth and continuous under high flow conditions, but under typical flows becomes erratic and unpredictable. We perform experiments to learn more about the origins of this unpredictable, intermittent behavior. Our results show that this unpredictability is similar to how infrequent avalanches occur in a sandpile. Transport events are similar in size but become more infrequent and erratic as the river transports less and less sediment.
    Electronic ISSN: 2196-6338
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus
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