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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2018-03-09
    Description: The paper presents the result of analysis of charred food on the interior part of the vessels from the graves of the East Manych and West Manych Catacomb archaeological cultures (2500–2350 cal bc ). The phytolith and pollen analyses identified pollen of wild steppe plants and phytoliths of domesticated gramineous plants determined as barley phytoliths. Direct 14 С dating of one of the samples demonstrates that barley spikelets and stems were used in funeral rites by local steppe communities. However, there are no data suggesting that steppe inhabitants of the Lower Don Region were engaged in agriculture in the mid-3000 bc . Supposedly, barley could have reached the steppes through seasonal migrations of mobile pastoralists to the south, use of North Caucasus grasslands in the economic system of seasonal moves and exchange with local people. Nevertheless, presence of carbonized barley seeds in the occupation layers at North Caucasus settlements of 4000–3000  bc requires confirmation by direct 14 С dating of such samples.
    Print ISSN: 0939-6314
    Electronic ISSN: 1617-6278
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: This essay is a contribution to the historiography of Lennart von Post and the early development of quantitative pollen analysis. Based on von Post’s own publications and source material from the archives of Stockholm University College, where he was appointed professor in 1929, the essay offers four points on von Post’s scientific identity and the collective work through which quantitative pollen analysis, or “pollen statistics”, came into being. The four points are, first, that von Post made his career as a geologist; second, that he framed pollen analysis as a means to tackle Quaternary geological issues; third, that his work benefitted from collective work, both in the field and in the laboratory; and fourth, that quantitative pollen analysis was not accepted without criticism, taking some years to break through beyond the Geological Survey, where von Post worked before he became professor.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1617-6278
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Print ISSN: 0939-6314
    Electronic ISSN: 1617-6278
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Tracking changes in biodiversity through time requires an understanding of the relationship between modern diversity and how this diversity is preserved in the fossil record. Fossil pollen is one way in which past vegetation diversity can be reconstructed. However, there is limited understanding of modern pollen-vegetation diversity relationships from biodiverse tropical ecosystems. Here, pollen (palynological) richness and diversity (Hill N 1 ) are compared with vegetation richness and diversity from forest and savannah ecosystems in the New World and Old World tropics (Neotropics and Palaeotropics). Modern pollen data were obtained from artificial pollen traps deployed in 1-ha vegetation study plots from which vegetation inventories had been completed in Bolivia and Ghana. Pollen counts were obtained from 15 to 22 traps per plot, and aggregated pollen sums for each plot were 〉 2,500. The palynological richness/diversity values from the Neotropics were moist evergreen forest = 86/6.8, semi-deciduous dry forest = 111/21.9, wooded savannah = 138/31.5, and from the Palaeotropics wet evergreen forest = 144/28.3, semi-deciduous moist forest = 104/4.4, forest-savannah transition = 121/14.1; the corresponding vegetation richness/diversity was 100/36.7, 80/38.7 and 71/39.4 (Neotropics), and 101/54.8, 87/45.5 and 71/34.5 (Palaeotropics). No consistent relationship was found between palynological richness/diversity, and plot vegetation richness/diversity, due to the differential influence of other factors such as landscape diversity, pollination strategy, and pollen source area. Palynological richness exceeded vegetation richness, while pollen diversity was lower than vegetation diversity. The relatively high global diversity of tropical vegetation was found to be reflected in the pollen rain.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1617-6278
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: The development of palynology since its recognised launch in 1916 by Lennart von Post is examined in terms of its historiography, the biographies of pollen analysts and the role of those who have influenced the discipline. Emphasis is placed upon research beginnings in Scandinavia (especially Sweden), Great Britain and Ireland. Within an analytical narrative which includes archival and published sources, special consideration is given to a ‘proclamation’ on methodology which appeared in 1909, on a supposed geology/botany dichotomy stemming from von Post’s background, on the forgotten early practitioners in Britain and Ireland and their connections, on the role of women up to the end of the Second World War and on issues related to wartime hostilities. Present day palynology can trace a continuity from von Post and palynologists are part of an extended disciplinary genealogy. Ignorance of these can be seen as a loss of heritage and to represent an intellectual impoverishment.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1617-6278
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Quantification of vegetation cover from pollen analysis has been a goal of palynologists since the advent of the method in 1916 by the great Lennart von Post. Pollen-based research projects are becoming increasingly ambitious in scale, and the emergence of spatially extensive open-access datasets, advanced methods and computer power has facilitated sub-continental analysis of Holocene pollen data. This paper presents results of one such study, focussing on the Mediterranean basin. Pollen data from 105 fossil sequences have been extracted from the European Pollen database, harmonised by both taxonomy and chronologies, and subjected to a hierarchical agglomerative clustering method to synthesise the dataset into 16 main groupings. A particular focus of analysis was to describe the common transitions from one group to another to understand pathways of Holocene vegetation change in the Mediterranean. Two pollen-based indices of human impact (OJC: Oleaceae, Juglans, Castanea ; API: anthropogenic pollen indicators) have been used to infer the degree of human modification of vegetation within each pollen grouping. Pollen-inferred cluster groups that are interpreted as representing more natural vegetation states show a restricted number of pathways of change. A set of cluster groups were identified that closely resemble anthropogenically-disturbed vegetation, and might be considered anthromes (anthopogenic biomes). These clusters show a very wide set of potential pathways, implying that all potential vegetation communities identified through this analysis have been altered in response to land exploitation and transformation by human societies in combination with other factors, such as climatic change. Future work to explain these ecosystem pathways will require developing complementary datasets from the social sciences and humanities (archaeology and historical sources), along with synthesis of the climatic records from the region.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1617-6278
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: In 2016 the 100th birthday of palynology was celebrated: Lennart von Post introduced the scientific discipline in 1916 at lectures in Oslo and Stockholm. However, von Post was not the first to study pollen, and research dates back to the works of Nehemiah Grew and Marcello Malpighi in the late 17th century. Afterwards studies focussed mainly on the role of pollen for plant reproduction, and on pollen morphology. The first scientist who observed fossil pollen was Heinrich Göppert in 1836. However, it was not until the 1890s and 1900s that the study of pollen became a regular component in the reconstruction of past vegetation. Lennart von Post subsequently developed theoretical and practical concepts and methods of pollen analysis, and raised palynology from its infancy into the mature scientific discipline that flourished greatly during the century that followed.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1617-6278
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: We review the history of Quaternary pollen analysis from 1916 to the present-day, with particular emphasis on methodological and conceptual developments and on the early pioneers of the subject. The history is divided into three phases—the pioneer phase 1916–1950, the building phase 1951–1973, and the mature phase 1974–present-day. We also explore relevant studies prior to Lennart von Post’s seminal lecture in 1916 in Kristiania (Oslo) in an attempt to trace how the idea of Quaternary pollen analysis with quantitative pollen counting and stratigraphical pollen diagrams developed.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1617-6278
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: The reaction of vegetation to past climate change provides important insights for vegetation responses to future climate change. A key problem for projections into the future is obtaining estimates of the rates at which plants are able to spread as their environment changes. To address this uncertainty, we review the palaeoecological and phylogeographic literature to estimate the range of observed rates of spread for the major European trees and discuss aspects of their postglacial spread. The review is illustrated with isochrone maps depicting the time when particular thresholds in pollen proportion were reached in pollen diagrams available from the European Pollen Database. We find that rates of at least 1,000 m year −1 were realised by early colonisers including Corylus and Ulmus , while trees spreading later into established woodlands, e.g. Quercus and Tilia , achieved rates of around 500 m year −1 . Phylogeographic investigations are available for most of the abundant European trees, often indicating that populations in the central and southern parts of the three south European peninsulas were not the origins for the postglacial colonization of central and northern Europe. In some cases, the results of these studies clearly show the direction of postglacial spread, while generally providing new information to help in interpreting pollen data. Phylogeographic results for Alnus suggest that the high apparent rates of postglacial spread are due to an initial spread at low population density and a later expansion. This decoupling between spread and population expansion is also seen for late expanding trees such as Picea, Fagus and Carpinus . Here, population expansion was probably not delayed by dispersal, but by a limiting climate as assumed by von Post. While the late Holocene expansion of Picea and Fagus in Sweden was important as a dating tool in the development of pollen analysis by von Post 100 years ago, we remain unable to determine which particular driver caused the late expansion of these two trees.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1617-6278
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: This paper reviews vegetation and climate reconstructions for different time scales based on palynological studies in China. It discusses examples of significant developments in palynological research topics within China: (1) Modern pollen—a modern pollen database (East Asia Surface Pollen Database) has been established through the collaboration of Chinese palynologists. Based on these data, modern pollen distributions and their quantitative relationship with vegetation and climate have been thoroughly studied. (2) Pre-Quaternary vegetation and climate dynamics—scientists have mapped pollen and palaeobotanical data from the Palaeogene. The vegetation distributions confirm a north–south zonal pattern during the Palaeogene that changed to an east–west monsoonal pattern during the Miocene and Pliocene. These results provide key evidence for understanding monsoon evolution. (3) Late-Quaternary vegetation—biome reconstructions based on fossil pollen data show spatial and temporal changes in vegetation since the Last Glacial Maximum, permitting a better understanding of climate change across China. (4) Quantitative climate reconstructions—some reconstructions have successfully detected Holocene climate variability thereby providing insights into monsoon history. At present, there are no comprehensive spatial reconstructions. Major possible future developments should focus on: (1) long-term vegetation reconstructions from lakes to study Asian monsoon dynamics at orbital scales; (2) quantitative reconstructions of vegetation and climate change to help stronger integration with palaeoclimate models and dynamic vegetation models; (3) land-cover and land-use change across China over the last 6,000 years to understand human impacts and provide empirical data for climate modellers; and (4) integration of pollen data with vegetation and climate modelling to understand the CO 2 -vegetation relationship and climate dynamics.
    Print ISSN: 0939-6314
    Electronic ISSN: 1617-6278
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
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