Note: Front Cover -- Why and How: Some Problems and Methods in Historical Biology -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. The Fossil Record -- Bias, Adequacy, and Sampling of the Fossil Record -- Continuity and Discontinuity in the Fossil Record -- History of a Fauna -- Periodicity in Vertebrate Evolution -- Chapter 2. Morphology, Homology, and Function -- A Problem of Black on Black -- Braincasts -- A Way to Look Inside Fossils -- A Way to Tell Crocodiles Apart -- Ratio Diagrams -- The Concept and Definition of Homology -- An Exercise in Homology -- An Exercise in Functional Inference and Model-making -- How a Strange and Ancient Animal Got About -- Chapter 3. Paleoecology and Faunal Analysis -- Ecological Analysis of an Ancient Local Fauna -- Faunal Analysis, Fades, and an Evolutionary Principle -- The Long View -- Chapter 4. Systematics and Taxonomy -- Patterns of Cladistic Evolution -- Remarks on Vertebrate Phylogeny -- Higher Categories in Phylogeny and Taxonomy -- Supraspecific Variation and Higher Categories -- The Reality of Higher Categories -- The Concept of Species -- Types, Name-bearers, and Hypodigms in Taxonomy -- Taxonomic Linguistics -- Chapter 5. Some Bits of Biometry -- An Application of Statistical Thinking and Methods -- Range as a Zoological Character -- Standardization of Normal Frequency Distributions -- Chapter 6. Biogeography -- Approach to a Sampling Problem -- A History of an Intercontinental Faunal Resemblance -- Measurement of Faunal Resemblance -- Migration Routes -- An Example of Sweepstakes Dispersal -- Probability and Time -- Species Density of Recent North American Mammals -- Historical Analysis of a Continental Mammalian Fauna -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Relativity and Geometry -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. Newtonian Principles -- 1.1. The Task of Natural Philosophy -- 1.2. Absolute Space -- 1.3. Absolute Time -- 1.4. Rigid Frames and Coordinates -- 1.5. Inertial Frames and Newtonian Relativity -- 1.6. Newtonian Spacetime -- 1.7. Gravitation -- Chapter 2. Electrodynamics and the Aether -- 2.1. Nineteenth-Century Views on Electromagnetic Action -- 2.2. The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Aether -- Chapter 3. Einstein's 'Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies' -- 3.1. Motivation -- 3.2. The Definition of Time in an Inertial Frame -- 3.3. The Principles of Special Relativity -- 3.4. The Lorentz Transformation. Einstein's Derivation of 1905 -- 3.5. The Lorentz Transformation. Some Corollaries and Applications -- 3.6. The Lorentz Transformation. Linearity -- 3.7. The Lorentz Transformation. Ignatowsky's Approach -- 3.8. The "Relativity Theory of Poincaré and Lorentz -- Chapter 4. Minkowski Spacetime -- 4.1. The Geometry of the Lorentz Group -- 4.2. Minkowski Spacetime as an Affine Metric Space and as a Riemannian Manifold -- 4.3. Geometrical Objects -- 4.4. Concept Mutation at the Birth of Relativistic Dynamics -- 4.5. A Glance at Spacetime Physics -- 4.6. The Causal Structure of Minkowski Spacetime -- Chapter 5. Einstein's Quest for a Theory of Gravity -- 5.1. Gravitation and Relativity -- 5.2. The Principle of Equivalence -- 5.3. Gravitation and Geometry circa 1912 -- 5.4. Departure from Flatness -- 5.5. General Covariance and the Einstein-Grossmann Theory -- 5.6. Einstein's Arguments against General Covariance: 1913-14 -- 5.7. Einstein's Papers of November 1915 -- 5.8. Einstein's Field Equations and the Geodesic Law of Motion -- Chapter 6. Gravitational Geometry -- 6.1. Structures of Spacetime. , 6.2. Mach's Principle and the Advent of Relativistic Cosmology -- 6.3. The Friedmann Worlds -- 6.4. Singularities. -- Chapter 7. Disputed Questions -- 7.1. The Concept of Simultaneity -- 7.2. Geometric Conventionalism -- 7.3. Remarks on Time and Causality -- Appendix -- A: Differentiable Manifolds. -- B: Fibre Bundles -- C: Linear Connections -- D: Useful Formulae. -- Notes -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Science and Convention: Essays on Henri Poincaré's Philosophy of Scienceand The Conventionalist Tradition -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1. On the Origin and Significance of Poincaré's Conventionalism -- 1. Programme for an Adequate Account of Poincaré's Philosophy of Science -- 2. Geometric Conventionalism as an Epistemological Elaboration of the "Riemann-Poincaré Principle of the Conventionality of Congruence -- Concluding remarks -- Notes -- Chapter 2. The Physics of the Principles and its Philosophy: Hamilton, Poincaré and Ramsey -- Ramsey on Theories -- Duhem's Instrumentalist Interpretation of "Saving the Phenomena -- Hamilton's Method in Geometrical Optics -- Hamilton and Poincaré -- Notes -- Chapter 3 Duhem's Instrumentalism and its Critique: A Reappraisal -- Two Views Concerning Instrumentalism and its Effect on Natural Science -- The Instrumentalism of Oslander and Bellarmino -- The Instrumentalism of Duhem -- Notes -- Chapter 4. Radical Conventionalism, its Background and Evolution: Poincaré, LeRoy and Ajdukiewicz -- I . THE EVOLUTION OF AJDUKIEWICZ'S PHILOSOPHY -- 2. The Conventionalism of Henri Poincaré -- 3. LeRoy's Nominalism and the Controversy over the existence of a "Universal Invariant -- 4 . The Ajdukiewicz Languages and Radical Conventionalism -- 5 . Beyond Radical Conventionalism -- Notes -- Chapter 5. Poincaré and the Discovery of Special Relativity -- Bora's Reminiscences and Arguments against Whittaker -- Critical Comments on Born's Argumentation -- Observational versus Conceptual Equivalence -- The Question of Equivalence: Lorentz's Research Programme and Poincaré's Epistemology -- Conclusions -- Notes -- Appendix: Logical Comparability and Conceptual Disparity Between Newtonian and Relativistic Mechanics -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Name Index. , Subject Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part I Matter -- 1 Philosophy as Worldview -- 1.1 World and Worldview -- 1.2 Monism and Pluralism -- 1.3 Metaphysics: Commonsensical, Speculative, and Scientific -- 1.4 Determinism and Contingency, Causation and Chance -- 1.5 Epistemology: Skepticism, Subjectivism, Realism -- 1.6 The Epistemology-Ontology Connection -- 1.7 Practical Philosophy -- 1.8 The Political Connection -- Closing Remarks -- 2 Classical Matter: Bodies and Fields -- 2.1 Traditional Concepts and Principles: Mechanism -- 2.2 Further Features of the Classical Picture -- 2.3 The Decline of Mechanism: Fields -- 2.4 Aditional Decline: Thermodynamics -- 2.5 Special Relativity -- 2.6 Gravitation -- Closing Remarks -- 3 Quantum Matter: Weird But Real -- 3.1 Meet the Quanton -- 3.2 Loss of Individuality -- 3.3 Loss of Vacuum and Stability -- 3.4 Neatness Lost -- 3.5 Irreducible Chance -- 3.6 Paradoxes -- 3.7 Materialism vs. Idealism -- Closing Remarks -- 4 General Concept of Matter: To Be Is To Become -- 4.1 Energy -- 4.2 Information -- 4.3 Digital Metaphysics -- 4.4 Whats Out There -- Closing Remarks -- 5 Emergence and Levels -- 5.1 Physical Matter -- 5.2 Chemical Matter -- 5.3 Living Matter -- 5.4 Thinking Matter -- 5.5 Social Matter -- 5.6 Artificial Matter -- 5.7 Emergence -- 5.8 Levels -- 5.9 Epistemological Partner -- Closing Remarks -- 6 Naturalism -- 6.1 Spiritualism -- 6.2 Naturalism -- 6.3 Phenomenalism -- 6.4 Physicalism -- 6.5 Biologism -- 6.6 Naturalisms Three Musketeers -- 6.7 Psychologism -- 6.8 Naturalized Linguistics, Axiology, Ethics, Law, and Technology -- 6.9 Neuro This and Neuro That -- Closing Remarks -- 7 Materialism -- 7.1 Classical Materialism -- 7.2 Dialectical Materialism -- 7.3 Historical and Australian Materialisms -- 7.4 Scientific Materialism: Emergent, Systemic, and Science-Based. , 7.5 Materialist This and That -- 7.6 Hylorealism -- 7.7 Spirituality in a Material World -- Closing Remarks -- Part II Mind -- 8 The Mind-Body Problem -- 8.1 Introductory Dialogue -- 8.2 Science, Philosophy, and Religion Intersect -- 8.3 Classical Psychoneural Dualism -- 8.4 Mind Over Matter? -- 8.5 Dualism is Hazardous -- 8.6 Explaining Subjectivity Objectively -- Closing Remarks -- 9 Minding Matter: The Plastic Brain -- 9.1 Pychoneural Identity -- 9.2 Supervenience and Emergence -- 9.3 The Plastic Brain -- 9.4 Localization-Cum-Coordination -- 9.5 Advantages of Psychoneural Monism -- 9.6 The Qualia Objection to Psychoneural Identity -- 9.7 Reduction and Merger -- Concluding Remarks -- 10 Mind and Society -- 10.1 Development -- 10.2 I and Us -- 10.3 From Bonding Hormones to Mirror Neurons to Morals -- 10.4 Evolution: Preliminaries -- 10.5 Evolution: Biocultural -- 10.6 What Makes Us Human -- Closing Remarks -- 11 Cognition, Consciousness, and Free Will -- 11.1 Cognition and Knowledge -- 11.2 Hebbs Hypothesis -- 11.3 Thought, Proposition, Sentence -- 11.4 Consciousness: The Holy Grail -- 11.5 Kinds of Consciousness -- 11.6 The Neuroscientific Approach -- 11.7 The Dual Role of Consciousness -- 11.8 The Self -- 11.9 Free Will -- 11.10 Explanation by Causes and by Reasons -- Closing Remarks -- 12 Brain and Computer: The Hardware/Software Dualism -- 12.1 Do Computers Reason? -- 12.2 The Computer Metaphor -- 12.3 Criticism -- 12.4 Software is Rather Hard -- 12.5 Machine vs. Man? -- Closing Remarks -- 13 Knowledge: Genuine and Bogus -- 13.1 Science and Pseudoscience -- 13.2 Philosophical Matrix of Scientific Progress -- 13.3 Pseudoscience -- 13.4 Immaterialism in the Study of Matter -- 13.5 Exploring the Unconscious: Fact and Fancy, Science and Business -- 13.6 Speculative Evolutionary Psychology -- 13.7 Borderline Minefields: Proto and Semi. , 13.8 The Pseudoscience-Politics Connection -- 13.9 Mercenary Science -- 13.10 Philosophy: Genuine and Bogus, Proscience and Antiscience -- Closing Remarks -- Part III Appendices -- 14 Appendix A: Objects -- 14.1 Individuals and Properties -- 14.2 Material Objects -- 14.3 Emergence and Levels -- 14.4 State and Process -- 14.5 Ideal Objects -- Closing Remarks -- 15 Appendix B: Truths -- 15.1 Ontological Concept of Factual Truth -- 15.2 The Correspondence Functions -- 15.3 Methodological Concept of Truth -- 15.4 Partial Truth -- 15.5 The Problem is Still Open -- Closing Remarks -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Introduction -- Part I: Emergence -- 1 Part and Whole, Resultant and Emergent -- 1 Association and Combination -- 2 Emergence and Supervenience -- 3 Levels and Evolution -- 4 Structure and Mechanism -- 5 Emergence and Explanation -- Concluding Remarks -- 2 System Emergence and Submergence -- 1 System Emergence -- 2 Emergence ex nihilo? -- 3 Submergence: System Dismantling -- 4 System Types -- 5 The CESM Model -- Concluding Remarks -- 3 The Systemic Approach -- 1 The Systemic Approach -- 2 Conceptual and Material Systems -- 3 The Systemic Approach to Physical and Chemical Processes -- 4 The Systemic Approach to Life -- 5 The Systemic Approach to Brain and Mind -- Concluding Remarks -- 4 Semiotic and Communication Systems -- 1 Words, Ideas, and Things -- 2 Semiotic System -- 3 Languages as Semiotic Systems -- 4 Speech and Language -- 5 Speech Learning and Teaching -- 6 Communication System -- Concluding Remarks -- 5 Society and Artefact -- 1 The Systemic Approach to Society -- 2 Microsocial and Macrosocial, Sectoral and Integral -- 3 Emergence by Design -- 4 Social Invention -- 5 Philosophical Dividends of the Systemic Approach -- Concluding Remarks -- 6 Individualism and Holism: Theoretical -- 1 Individual and Individualism, Whole and Holism -- 2 Ontological -- 3 Logical -- 4 Semantic -- 5 Epistemological -- 6 Methodological -- Concluding Remarks -- 7 Individualism and Holism: Practical -- 1 Value Theory, Action Theory, and Ethics -- 2 Historical and Political Individualism -- 3 First Alternative to Individualism: Holism -- 4 Hybrids -- 5 The Systemic Alternative -- Concluding Remarks -- 8 Three Views of Society -- 1 The Two Classical Views of Society -- 2 The Systemic Approach -- 3 From Statistics to Theoretical Models -- 4 The Science-Technology-Market Supersystem -- 5 Implications for Social-policy Design. , 6 Social Studies Are about Social Systems -- 7 The Competitive Advantage of Systemism -- Concluding Remarks -- Part II: Convergence -- 9 Reduction and Reductionism -- 1 Reduction Operations -- 2 Micro-levels, Macro-levels, and Their Relations -- 3 Same-level and Inter-level Relations -- 4 Inter-level Hypotheses and Explanations -- 5 From Physics to Chemistry -- 6 Biology, Ecology, and Psychology -- 7 From Biology to Social Science: Human Sociobiology and the IQ Debate -- 8 Kinds and Limits of Reduction -- 9 Reduction and Materialism -- 10 Concluding Remarks -- 10 A Pack of Failed Reductionist Projects -- 1 Physicalism -- 2 Computationism -- 3 Linguistic Imperialism -- 4 Biologism I: Sociobiology -- 5 Biologism II: Evolutionary Psychology -- 6 Psychologism -- 7 Sociologism, Economism, Politicism, and Culturalism -- Concluding Remarks -- 11 Why Integration Succeeds in Social Studies -- 1 The B-E-P-C Square -- 2 Social Multidisciplinarity -- 3 Social Interdisciplinarity -- Concluding Remarks -- 12 Functional Convergence: The Case of Mental Functions -- 1 Informationist Psychology -- 2 Mark II Model: Connectionism -- 3 Localization of Mental Functions -- 4 Functional Interdependence of Neural Modules -- 5 Consciousness: From Mystery to Scientific Problem -- 6 Two Convergence Processes -- Concluding Remarks -- 13 Stealthy Convergence: Rational-choice Theory and Hermeneutics -- 1 Divergence and Convergence -- 2 Methodological Individualism -- 3 Subjective Process and Observable Behaviour -- 4 Inverse Problems -- 5 Figuring Out Mediating Mechanisms -- 6 Example: The Delinquency-Unemployment Relation -- Concluding Remarks -- 14 Convergence as Confusion: The Case of 'Maybe' -- 1 Logical Possibility -- 2 Factual Possibility -- 3 Likelihood -- 4 Relation between Frequency and Probability -- 5 Probability, Chance, and Causation -- 6 Credibility. , 7 Probabilistic Epistemology -- 8 Plausibility or Verisimilitude -- 9 Towards a Plausibility Calculus -- Concluding Remarks -- 15 Emergence of Truth and Convergence to Truth -- 1 The Nature of Truth -- 2 Towards an Exact Concept of Correspondence -- 3 Partial Truth -- 4 The Emergence of the Knowledge of Truth -- 5 Truth-centred Ethics and Ideology -- Concluding Remarks -- 16 Emergence of Disease and Convergence of the Biomedical Sciences -- 1 Multilevel Systems and Multidisciplinarity -- 2 What Kind of Entity Is Disease? -- 3 Diagnosis as an Inverse Problem -- 4 Knowledge of Mechanism Strengthens Inference -- 5 Bayesian Number Juggling -- 6 Decision-theoretic Management of Therapy -- 7 Medicine between Basic Science and Technology -- Concluding Remarks -- 17 The Emergence of Convergence and Divergence -- 1 Divergence -- 2 Convergence -- 3 Caution against Premature Unification -- 4 Why Both Processes Are Required -- 5 Logic and Semantics of Integration -- 6 Glue -- 7 Integrated Sciences and Technologies -- Concluding Remarks -- GLOSSARY -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- REFERENCES -- INDEX OF NAMES -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- V -- W -- Y -- Z -- INDEX OF SUBJECTS -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Introduction to the Transaction Edition -- Preface -- Biographical Notes on the Contributors -- Part I: The critical approach to philosophy -- Chapter 1: William W. Bartley III, Rationality versus the Theory of Rationality -- Chapter 2: Paul Bernays, Reflections on Karl Popper's Epistemology -- Chapter 3: Herbert Feigl, What Hume Might Have Said to Kant -- Chapter 4: Jerzy Giedymin, Strength, Confirmation, Compatibility -- Chapter 5: R. M. Hare, A Question about Plato's Theory of Ideas -- Chapter 6: Peter Munz, Popper and Wittgenstein -- Chapter 7: John W. N. Watkins, Confirmation, the Paradoxes, and Positivism -- Chapter 8: J. O. Wisdom, Some Overlooked Aspects of Popper's Contributions to Philosophy, Logic, and Scientific Method -- Part II: The Critical Approach to Logic and Mathematics -- Chapter 9: Haskell B. Gurry, The Elimination of Variables by Regular Combinators -- Chapter 10: William Kneale, On Popper's Use of the Notion of Absolute Logical Probability -- Chapter 11: Nicholas Rescher, Aristotle's Theory of Modal Syllogisms and Its Interpretation -- Chapter 12: Gerold Stahl, Logical Terminology and Theory of Meaning -- Part III: The Critical Approach to Science -- Chapter 13: Joseph Agassi, The Nature of Scientific Problems and Their Roots in Metaphysics -- Chapter 14: David Bohm, On the Problem of Truth and Understanding in Science -- Chapter 15: P. W. Bridgman,* The Mach Principle -- Chapter 16: Mario Bunge, Phenomenological Theories -- Chapter 17: J. T. Davies, The Simple Laws of Science and History -- Chapter 18: J. C. Eccles, The Neurophysiological Basis of Experience -- Chapter 19: Paul K. Feyerabend, Realism and Instrumentalism: Comments on the Logic of Factual Support -- Chapter 20: O. R. Frisch, Observation and the Quantum. , chapter 21: Adolf Griinbaum, Popper on Irreversibility -- Chapter 22: F. A. Hayek, The Theory of Complex Phenomena -- Chapter 23: Jean Ullmo, The Agreement between Mathematics and Physical Phenomena -- Chapter 24: Wolfgang Yourgrau, On the Reality of Elementary Particles -- Part IV: The Critical Approach to Society and History -- Chapter 25: Hans Albert, Social Science and Moral Philosophy -- Chapter 26: W. B. Gallie, Popper and the Critical Philosophy of History -- Chapter 27: Pieter Geyl, The Open Society and Its Enemies -- Chapter 28: Ernst H. Gombrich, The Tradition of General Knowledge -- Chapter 29: George H. Nadel, Philosophy of History before Historicism Writings of Karl R. Popper -- Writings of Karl R. Popper.

Note: Front Cover -- Relativity: The Theory and its Philosophy -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedicated -- Preface -- List of Logical Symbols -- Chapter 1. Mathematical Preliminaries -- Sets, Relations, Functions -- N-tuples, Vectors, Matrices, and other Items -- A Trigonometric Digression -- Vector Algebra -- The Calculus -- Bibliography for Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2. Relativity and Newtonian Mechanics -- The Concept of Relativity -- Elementary Foundations of Newtonian Mechanics -- The Principle of Classical Relativity -- Bibiliography for Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3. The Principle of Special Relativity -- The Breakdown of Classical Relativity -- Relativistic Kinematics -- Four-Vector Formalism and Space-Time Geometry -- Relativistic Mechanics -- The Principle of Special Relativity -- Bibliography for Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4. Empiricism, Rationalism and Special Relativity -- Relativity and the A Priori in the Philosophy of Eddington -- The Transcendentalism of J. R. Lucas -- The Radical Empiricism of Percy Bridgman -- The Liberalized Empiricism of the Logical Positivists -- Bibliography for Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5. Special Relativity and Conventionalism -- The Conventionality of Simultaneity -- Bibliography for Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6. The Commensurability of Classical and Relativistic Mechanics -- Bibliography for Chapter 6 -- Chapter 7. More Mathematics -- Motivation -- Curvilinear Coordinates -- Tensors and their Algebra -- Tensor Calculus -- The Riemann-Christoffel Tensor -- Bibliography for Chapter 7 -- Chapter 8. The Path to General Relativity -- The Classical Theory of Gravitation -- The Field-Theoretic Standpoint -- Mach's Principle -- The Principle of Equivalence -- The Principle of General Covariance -- Bibliography for Chapter 8 -- Chapter 9. An Outline of General Relativity -- Bibliography for Chapter 9. , Chapter 10. Relativity and Covariance -- Bibliography for Chapter 10 -- Chapter 11. Spacetime and Geometry -- The Distinction Between Pure and Applied Mathematics -- The Geometric Conventionalism of Henri Poincaré -- The Geometric Empiricism of Hans Reichenbach -- Geochronometric Conventionalism -- A Critique of Geochronometric Conventionalism -- General Relativity and Space-time Structure -- The Ontology of Spacetime -- Bibliography for Chapter 11 -- Index.