Anmerkung: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Section I: Fundamentals of Manufactured Gas -- Chapter 1: Gas and Gasmaking in Massachusetts -- 1.1 Introduction and Objective -- 1.2 Navigating the Gas-Manufacturing Processes Employed in Massachusetts -- 1.2.1 Why Gas Process Identification Matters So Much in Remediation -- 1.3 Wood Gas (Also Known as Resin Gas, Rosin Gas, Fatwood Gas) -- 1.4 Coal Gas -- 1.4.1 Birth of Coal Gas -- 1.4.1.1 Pyrolysis -- 1.4.2 Coal Gas Retorts -- 1.4.2.1 Gas-Generation Working Conditions in General -- 1.4.2.2 Walter Russell's Enlightening Description (1917) -- 1.4.2.3 Later Developments in Coal Gas Operations -- 1.4.2.4 Case Example of a Modern Coal Gas Plant-Worcester, Circa 1910 -- 1.4.3 Vertical Retorts -- 1.5 Early Oil Gas in Massachusetts (1820-1890) -- 1.5.1 Characteristics of Early Oil Gas Works -- 1.5.2 Gas Oil Supply in Massachusetts -- 1.5.3 Petroleum Oil Gas in Massachusetts (1890-1929) -- 1.5.4 Naphtha Gas -- 1.5.5 L.P. Lowe Perfects the Crude Oil Gas Manufacturing Process, in Massachusetts (Lynn, 1887) -- 1.6 Water-Gas -- 1.6.1 Blue Water-Gas -- 1.6.1.1 Producer Gas -- 1.6.2 First Fuel Gas Distributed in the United States (Lynn, Massachusetts, 1883) -- 1.7 Carbureted Water-Gas (Lowe) -- 1.7.1 Rise and Utility of CWG -- 1.7.2 Practical Advantages of CWG -- 1.7.3 Disadvantages of CWG -- 1.7.4 Growth of CWG in Massachusetts -- 1.8 Oil-Enriched Water-Gas -- 1.9 Differentiation of Petroleum Oil Gas From Oil-Enriched Water-Gas -- 1.9.1 Greenough-Jones-Addicks Fuel Gas Patent (1890) -- 1.9.2 Loomis Producer Fuel Gas CWG and Blue Gas (1890) -- 1.9.3 Granger Oil-Enriched Water-Gas -- 1.9.4 Jerzmanowski Oil-Enriched Water-Gas -- 1.9.5 Wilkinson Oil-Enriched Water-Gas. , 1.9.6 Expiration (1894) of Lowe Patents and Decline of the Oil-Enriched Water-Gas Lowe Imitators -- 1.10 Later Water-Gas and Bituminous Coal Technologies -- 1.11 Small-Scale Gas Processes -- 1.11.1 Proprietary German High-BTU Oil Gas Processes -- 1.11.1.1 Pintsch Gas -- 1.11.1.2 Blau Gas -- 1.11.2 "Spirit" Gas (Also Known As Gasolene Gas -- Air Gas) -- 1.12 Late Nineteenth-Century Noncarbureted Fuel Gas -- 1.12.1 Greased Wind (Greased Air) -- 1.13 Combined-Process Gas Plants -- 1.14 By-Product Coke-Oven Gas -- 1.14.1 Transport Influences on By-Product Coke Ovens -- 1.14.2 New England Gas and Coke Company, Everett -- 1.14.2.1 General Nature of the Everett Coke-Oven Plant -- 1.14.3 Coke-Oven Gas and By-Products -- 1.15 1930s High-Btu Water-Gas and Second-Generation Oil Gas -- 1.16 Acetylene as an Illumination and Heating Gas -- 1.16.1 General Rural Nature of Acetylene Gas Plants -- 1.16.2 Acetylene Gas Plants of Rural Massachusetts -- 1.17 Late Period High-BTU Refinery Gas Reforming (1929-1955) -- 1.17.1 Butane/Propane-Air Gas (1929-1955) -- 1.17.2 Second-Generation Oil Gas -- 1.17.3 High-Btu Substitute Natural Gas Reforming (1947-1955) -- 1.18 Late-Period Innovative Gas Technologies -- 1.19 Key Findings -- End Notes -- Chapter 2: Other Aspects of Gas Engineering in Massachusetts -- 2.1 Introduction and Objective -- 2.2 Engineering the Gasworks -- 2.2.1 Art and the Imperative of Gasworks Site Selection and Layout -- 2.2.2 Basic Requirements of Gasworks Historic Site Selection -- 2.2.3 Transportation of Gasworks Feedstock -- 2.2.4 Geotechnical Considerations in Historic Gasworks Siting and Operations -- 2.2.4.1 Bedrock Conditions -- 2.2.5 Case Example of Amherst, Massachusetts -- 2.2.6 Case Example of Springfield, Massachusetts -- 2.3 Fall River Gas Works Company: An Example of Large Scale Capital Improvement. , 2.3.1 Carbureted Water-Gas in Full-Scale Use: The Fall River Gas Works Company -- 2.3.2 Fall River Gas Works Company's New 1915 Plant -- 2.4 Gas Treatment, Storage, and Distribution -- 2.4.1 Treatment of Raw Gas: Clarification -- then Purification -- 2.4.2 "Clarification" (Mainly Tar Removal) of Raw Gas -- 2.4.2.1 Condensers -- 2.4.2.2 Specific Clarification Technologies Related to Tar Removal -- 2.4.3 Capture and Removal of Ammonia -- 2.4.3.1 Ammonia Recovery -- 2.4.3.2 Historical Perspectives on Ammonia Challenges -- 2.4.3.3 Specific Clarification Technologies Related to Ammonia Concentration and Removal -- 2.4.4 Naphthalene Removal -- 2.5 Purification (Impurity-Removal) of Raw Gas -- 2.5.1 Purification by Absorption in Lime -- 2.5.2 Purification by Absorption in Wood Chips -- 2.5.3 Purification by Absorption in "Oxide" -- 2.6 Gashouse Wastes and their Fates -- 2.6.1 Differentiation of Residuals Versus By-Products and Wastes -- 2.6.2 Gas Liquors, Gas Tars, and Tar Light Oils -- 2.6.3 Wastewater Treatment at Gasworks -- 2.6.3.1 The Broader Role of Wastewater Treatment -- 2.6.3.2 Problems Arising from Gasworks Wastewater: The Lowell Example -- 2.6.3.3 Sizing a Treatment System -- 2.6.4 Waste Purification Media -- 2.6.4.1 Historic Fate of Spent Box Wastes in Massachusetts -- 2.7 Tar-Water Emulsions: The Curse of CWG -- 2.7.1 Gas Industry Begins to Face the Tar-Water Emulsion Problem -- 2.7.2 The Tar-Water Emulsion Problem is Defined (1923) -- 2.7.3 Isolating the CWG Tar-Water Emulsion Problem -- 2.7.4 Mitigating the CWG Tar-Water Emulsion Problem -- 2.7.4.1 The Semet-Solvay De-Emulsifier -- 2.8 Gas Holders as Encountered in Massachusetts -- 2.8.1 Design Features of Massachusetts Gasholders -- 2.8.2 Greenough Concept of Using Gasholders to Control Distribution Pressure -- 2.8.3 Holder Houses of Massachusetts -- 2.8.4 Waterless Gasholders. , 2.8.5 Operational Aspects of Massachusetts Gasholders -- 2.8.6 Gasholder Leaks and Explosions -- 2.8.6.1 Springfield Gas Light Company Explosion, 1908 -- 2.8.6.2 The Vineyard Lighting Company Explosion, 1921 -- 2.8.6.3 Late-Period Explosions and Fires -- 2.9 District (Distribution) Stations -- 2.9.1 Era of Gas District Stations of Massachusetts (1854-1970) -- 2.9.1.1 Basic Purpose and Configuration of District Stations -- 2.9.1.2 Case Example of the Washington Street District Station, Boston (1847-1867) -- 2.9.1.3 Case Example of the Gerard Street District Station No. 2, Dorchester/Roxbury (1875-1950) -- 2.9.1.4 Case Example of the Page Boulevard District Station, Springfield -- 2.9.1.5 Case Example of the Winchester District Station of Arlington Gas Light Co. (1894) -- 2.9.1.6 Case Example of the Suburban Gas & -- Electric Company -- 2.9.1.7 Case Example of "Gassy": Boston's Largest District Station (1914-1930) -- 2.9.1.8 Demise of the District Holder in Massachusetts -- 2.9.2 Relative Prospects of Encountering Hazardous Substances at Derelict Massachusetts District Station Sites -- 2.10 Gas Mains and Gas Distribution in Massachusetts -- 2.10.1 Rights-of-Way and Gas-Main Construction -- 2.10.2 Cost Considerations for Gas Mains -- 2.10.3 Pipe Joints and Testing of Completed Gas Mains -- 2.10.4 Electrolytic Corrosion of Gas Mains -- 2.10.5 Distribution Drips -- 2.10.5.1 Gas Distribution Pressure -- 2.10.5.2 Layout Considerations for Gas Mains -- 2.11 Nature of the Gas-Manufacturing Coal Supply in Massachusetts -- 2.11.1 Old King Coal -- 2.11.2 Bituminous "Gas Coal" -- 2.11.2.1 Anthracite Coal -- 2.11.3 Coal Importation at Boston -- 2.11.3.1 Canadian Maritime Provinces Coals -- 2.11.3.2 English Gas Coals at Boston -- 2.11.3.3 Arrival of Pennsylvania and West Virginia Gas Coals. , 2.11.3.4 Two of the Railroads Try to Squeeze Boston and Massachusetts Gas Makers -- 2.11.4 Impacts of Coal Mine Strikes -- 2.11.5 Shift from Anthracite to Bituminous Coal -- 2.11.6 Cannel Coal -- 2.11.7 "Peak Coal," Wartime Coal Shortages, and Alternative Materials -- 2.11.8 Coal Exigencies in Massachusetts during the Second World War -- 2.11.9 Transportation of Gasworks Coal Feedstock -- 2.11.10 The Oil Supply -- 2.12 Changes in Gasworks over Time -- 2.12.1 The Pittsfield, Massachusetts East Street Gasworks as an Example of Change Over Time -- 2.12.2 The Curious Use of Dual Gas/Electric Lighting Fixtures (1914c-1922c) -- 2.12.3 Today's Indulgences in Gas Lighting -- 2.13 Other Historic Gasworks Issues -- 2.13.1 Historic Technical Issues Influencing the FMGP Threat in Massachusetts -- 2.13.2 Economic Struggles for Control Over CWG Carbureting Oil -- 2.13.3 Historic Trade in Surplus Gas-Manufacturing Plant and Equipment -- 2.14 Key Findings of Chapter 2: In Consideration of Coal-Tar Site Remediation -- End Notes -- Chapter 3: Historic Gas Industry in Massachusetts -- 3.1 Introduction and Objective -- 3.2 Heyday of Manufactured Gas in Massachusetts (1828-1960) -- 3.3 "Town Gas," Municipal Gas Departments and Utility Merchant MGPs -- 3.3.1 The Gas Company as "Startup" -- 3.3.2 "Opposition" Companies -- 3.4 Nature of "Town Gas" Companies in Massachusetts -- 3.4.1 Relative Historical Statistics of Commercial Manufactured Gas Companies in Massachusetts -- 3.4.2 Period of 1827-1853 -- 3.4.3 Period of 1853-1880 -- 3.4.4 The 1880s-Water-Gas and the Board of Commissioners -- 3.4.5 Period of 1885-1920 -- 3.4.5.1 Blue Water-Gas Remains in Its Fuel Gas Niche -- 3.4.5.2 CWG Becomes the New Standard for Expansion -- 3.4.6 "City Gas" Utility Gas Plants of Massachusetts -- 3.4.7 Municipal Gas Ownership Movement in Massachusetts. , 3.5 Overall Historic Growth of the Massachusetts Gas Industry.

Anmerkung: Intro -- CORAL REEFS: BIOLOGY, THREATS AND RESTORATION -- CORAL REEFS: BIOLOGY, THREATS AND RESTORATION -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ADVANCES IN MARINE ORNAMENTAL AQUACULTURE: BREEDING AND REARING STUDIES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. OVERVIEW OF THE MARINE ORNAMENTAL TRADE -- 2. CAPTIVE BRED ORGANISMS -- 2.1. DEMERSAL SPAWNERS -- 2.1.1. Breeding and Rearing Damselfishes -- A) Clownfishes (Anemonefishes) -- B) Yellow-Tailed Damselfish -- 2.1.2. Breeding and Rearing Gobies -- A) Cleaner Goby -- 2.2. EGG BALL LAYERS -- 2.2.1. Breeding and Rearing Dottybacks -- A) Sunrise Dottyback and Orchid Dottyback -- 2.2.2. Breeding and Rearing the Comet -- 2.3. PELAGIC SPAWNERS -- 2.3.1. Breeding and Rearing Pigmy Angelfishes -- 2.3.2. Breeding and Rearing Wrasses -- CUBAN HOGFISH -- 2.3.3. Breeding and Rearing Sciaenidae -- A) Jackknife Fish -- B) Cubbyu -- 2.4. MOUTH BREEDERS -- 2.4.1. Breeding and Rearing Cardinal Fish -- A) Banggai Cardinal -- 2.5. DECAPOD SHRIMP -- 2.5.1. Breeding and Rearing Cleaner Shrimp Hippolytidae -- A) The Peppermint Shrimp -- B) The Fire Shrimp -- 3. DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- FREE-LIVING ZOOXANTHELLAE: BEHAVIOR, ECOLOGY AND IMPORTANCE ON THE CORAL REEF -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE USE STRATEGIES AND RESTORATION ACTIVITIES FOR CORALS AND CORAL REEFS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MORE CORAL ATTRIBUTES -- THE CORAL (GOLDEN) TRIANGLE -- 2.1. More about the Tropical Coral Marine Environment -- 2.2. The Coral Triangle -- 2.3. Coral Habitat Provision -- Coral Biodiversity -- 3. FISHERIES AND CORALS -- 3.1. Tropical Reefs -- 3.2. Fisheries and Deep Sea Corals -- 3.3. Coral Triangle Fisheries -- 4. THREATS TO CORALS AND REEF FISHERIES -- 4.1. Threat Overview -- 4.2. Marine Predators--the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish -- 5. MORE ON ANTHROPOGENIC THREATS. , 5.1. Temperature and Sea Level Rise Impacts -- 5.2. Loss of Marine Carbonite Material from Increased Atmospheric CO2 -- 5.3. Tourism -- 6. PROTECTION, PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION MEASURES -- 6.1. Reserves -- 6.2. The Nwhi Monument -- 6.3. The PIPA of the Kiribati Republic -- 6.4. Rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) -- 6.5. Marine Park Areas -- 7. RESTORATION -- 8. SOCIO-ECONOMIC VALUES -- 8.1. Social Cost versus Private Returns to Destructive Activities -- 8.2. MPA Benefits -- 8.3. Non-Market Valuation -- the Contingent Valuation Method -- 8.4. Unintended Consequences of Land Use Regulation -- 9. SOME CLOSING COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- ANTHROPOGENIC SURFACE OCEAN ACIDIFICATION WITH INCREASING ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE AND ITS IMPACT ON CORAL CALCIFICATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CORAL CULTURE EXPERIMENTS -- CORAL CALCIFICATION -- PREDICTED CORAL CALCIFICATION IN FUTURE -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL THREATS TO CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS*,1 -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODOLOGY -- Overall Approach -- Coral Reef Functions, Goods and Services -- Economic Benefits of Coral Reefs -- Valuation Techniques -- Data Collection to Quantify Costs and Benefits -- Tourist and Resident Survey -- Benefits Transfer -- Literature Review and Key Informant Interviews -- THE MODEL -- Ecological Module -- Tourist Module -- Amenity Module -- Fisheries Module -- Biodiversity Module -- CASE STUDY NEGRIL - JAMAICA -- Introduction -- Background -- The Survey -- Model Results -- CASE STUDY HOL CHAN - BELIZE -- Introduction -- Background -- The Survey -- Model Results -- CASE STUDY GRAND ANSE - GRENADA -- Introduction -- Background -- Threats -- The Survey -- Model Results -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- PRECIOUS CORAL EXPLOITATION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION. , 2. ECOLOGY OF PRECIOUS CORALS -- 2.1. Taxonomic and Functional Classification and Definition -- 2.2. General Biological Traits and Ecological Role of Precious Corals -- 2.3. Tropical Pink and Red Corals (Corallium sp.) -- 2.4. Mediterranean Red Coral (Corallium rubrum) -- 2.5. Black Coral (Antipatharia spp.) -- 2.6. Gold Corals (mainly Gerardia spp.) -- 2.7. Other Precious Corals -- 3. CULTURE AND HISTORY OF PRECIOUS CORAL EXPLOITATION -- 3.1. Cultural Importance and Use of Precious Corals -- 3.2. History of Coral Exploitation -- 4. MANAGEMENT AND SOCIOECONOMY -- 4.1. Modern Exploitation Methods -- 4.1.1. Harvesting Methodology Using SCUBA -- 4.1.2. Modern SCUBA technology -- 4.1.3. ROVs and Manned Submersibles -- 4.2. Use of Precious Corals -- 4.3. Economy and Trade -- 4.4. Recent Yield Data -- 4.5. Conservation and Management -- 4.5.1. Hawaiian Black Coral -- 4.5.2. Mediterranean Red Coral -- 4.5.3. Habitat Conservation Considerations -- 4.6. Active Restoration -- 4.7. Recommendations -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- ASSESSMENT OF MARINE POLLUTION IN TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL REGION USING TRACE ELEMENTS IN CORAL SKELETONS* -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CARBONATE REFERENCE MATERIALS -- 2-1. Necessity of Reference Material for Studies Using a Coral Skeleton -- 2-2. Preparation of Carbonate Reference Material JCp-1 and JCt-1 -- 2-3. Analytical Methods -- 2-4. Analytical Results -- 3. CORAL SAMPLES AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE -- 3-1. Coral Samples -- 3-2. Sub-sampling Procedure for Bulk Samples -- 3-3. Sub-sampling Procedure for Time Series Samples -- 3-4. Analytical Method -- 3-5. Stepwise Pretreatment Experiments -- 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4-1. Evaluation of the Data -- 4-1-1. Reliability of the Analytical Method -- 4-1-2. Comparison with Previous Values. , 4-2. Results of the Pretreatment Experiments on Copper and Tin in a Coral Skeleton and its Possibility as Proxies for Marine Pollution by Antifouling Paints -- 4-2-1. Lattice-bound Copper and Tin in Coral Aragonite -- 4-2-2. Copper and Tin Outside Aragonite Lattice -- 4-2-3. Possible Proxies for Marine Pollution by Antifouling Paints -- 4-2-4. Copper and Tin in Coral Bulk Samples -- 4-3. Spatial and Temporal Variations of Anthropogenic Lead in the Western Pacific -- 4-3-1. Previous Studies on Environmental Pollution by Anthropogenic Lead -- 4-3-2. Spatial Variation of Lead in the Western Pacific and the Java Sea -- 4-3-3. Historical Variations of Lead -- 4-4. Manganese and Barium in Coral Skeletons as a Proxy for Terrestrial Inputs -- 4-5. Variation of Vanadium Contents in Coral Bulk Samples -- 4-6. Uranium in Coral Bulk Samples as an Indicator of Regional Sea Surface Temperature -- 5. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- EL -NIÑO AND CORAL REEFS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EL- NINO -- CORALS AND CORAL BLEACHING -- CORAL BLEACHING AND EL-NINO -- EASTERLY WAVES, HURRICANES AND EL-NINO -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- REVIEW: CAPACITY BUILDING IN SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF CORAL REEFS. AN EXAMPLE FROM THE MESOAMERICAN BARRIER REEF. -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MARINE RESERVES IN SOUTHERN BELIZE AND THEIR MANAGEMENT -- Sapodilla Cayes Marine Reserve (Scmr) -- Port Honduras Marine Reserve (PHMR) -- METHODS -- Field Research Capacity Building -- Management Planning Capacity Building -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHANGES OF CASPASES IN THE BRAINS OF HYPOXIC FISH - A COMPARISON BETWEEN A CORAL REEF AND A FRESHWATER TELEOST -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES. , A SIMPLE NUMERICAL MODEL FOR THE DAMAGE OF CORALS BY TSUNAMI -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. METHODS -- 3. RESULTS -- 4. IMPLICATIONS FOR CORAL DAMAGE -- 5. MODEL IMPROVEMENTS -- 6. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Anmerkung: Cover -- The Theory and Practice of Strategic Environmental Assessment Towards a More Systematic Approach -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- About This Book -- Acknowledgements -- Figures, Tables and Boxes -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 1 What is Strategic Environmental Assessment? -- 2 Strategic Environmental Assessment Process, Methods and Techniques -- 3 Identifying Appropriate Issues and Alternatives to be addressed in SEA: The Importance of a Tiered Approach -- 4 Comparative Review of 11 Established Strategic Environmental Assessment Systems -- 5 The European SEA Directive: Its Transposition and Implementation in the Member States -- 6 Spatial and Land Use Case Studies -- 7 Summary and Conclusions -- Annexes -- Annex 1 EU SEA Directive-based environmental report quality review table -- Annex 2 Post-Directive SEA case studies in EU member states -- Annex 3 Suggestions for exercise questions -- Bibliography -- Index.

Anmerkung: Front cover -- Half title page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Kinematics, thermodynamics and fluid transport properties -- 1.1 Kinematic preliminaries -- 1.2 Equilibrium thermodynamics -- 1.3 Compressible subsonic and supersonic flows -- 1.4 Turbulent flows and compressible turbulence -- Chapter 2. The dynamics of compressible flows -- 2.1 Mass conservation -- 2.2 Momentum conservation -- 2.3 Energy conservation -- 2.4 Solenoidal velocity fields and density changes -- 2.5 Two-dimensional flow and a Reynolds analogy -- Chapter 3. Compressible turbulent flow -- 3.1 Averaged and filtered variables -- 3.2 Density-weighted variables -- 3.3 Transport equations for the mean/resolved field -- 3.4 Fluctuation transport equations -- 3.5 Momentum and thermal flux relationships -- Chapter 4. Measurement and analysis strategies -- 4.1 Experimental constraints for supersonic flows -- 4.2 Measurement methods -- 4.3 Analysis using modal representations -- 4.4 Reynolds- and Favre-averaged correlations -- Chapter 5. Prediction strategies and closure models -- 5.1 Direct numerical simulations -- 5.2 Large eddy simulations and hybrid methods -- 5.3 Closure of the Reynolds-averaged Navier--Stokes equations -- Chapter 6. Compressible shear layers -- 6.1 Free shear flows -- 6.2 Wall-bounded flows -- Chapter 7. Shock and turbulence interactions -- 7.1 Homogeneous turbulence interactions -- 7.2 Inhomogeneous turbulence interaction -- References -- Index.

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Econometrics and Risk Management -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. Fast Solution of the Gaussian Copula Model -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Synthetic CDO Structure -- 3. Valuation Assumptions -- 4. The Model -- 5. Pricing -- 6. A Decomposition -- 7. Intrinsic Simplicity of the Intrinsic Value -- 8. Time Stability of the Time Value -- 9. The Time Value Computation -- References -- Chapter 2. An Empirical Study of Pricing and Hedging Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO) -- 1. Introduction to Collateralized Debt Obligation -- 2. Methodology of Pricing CDO -- 3. Methodology of Calculating Default Delta Sensitivity -- 4. Empirical Results -- 5. Conclusions -- Note -- References -- Chapter 3. The Skewed t Distribution for Portfolio Credit Risk -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Skewed t Distributions and the EM Algorithm -- 3. Copulas -- 4. Measures of Dependence -- 5. Single Name Credit Risk -- 6. Portfolio Credit Risk -- 7. Pricing of Basket Credit Default Swaps: Elliptical Copulas Versus the Skewed t Distribution -- 8. Summary and Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4. Credit Risk Dependence Modeling with Dynamic Copula: An Application to CDO Tranches -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Dynamic Archimedean Copula Processes -- 3. Specific Dynamic Archimedean Copula Process -- 4. Pricing of a Correlation Product: CDO -- 5. Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5. Perturbed Gaussian Copula -- 1. Asymptotics -- 2. Density of the Perturbed Copula -- 3. Conclusion -- References -- Appendix. Explicit Formulas -- Chapter 6. The Determinants of Default Correlations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A Brief Digression on Measures of Dependence -- 3. Default Risk and Correlations -- 4. Data and Methodology -- 5. Empirical Evidence -- 6. Conclusion -- Notes -- Acknowledgment -- References. , Appendix A. Structural Models -- Appendix B. Factor Analysis -- Chapter 7. Data Mining Procedures in Generalized Cox Regressions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Part I: Generalized Cox Regression with Time-Independent Covariates -- 3. Part II: Generalized Cox Regression with Time-Dependent and Hidden Covariates -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Appendix A. Counting and Intensity Processes -- Appendix B. Gamma and Variance Gamma Processes -- Chapter 8. Jump Diffusion in Credit Barrier Modeling: A Partial Integro-Differential Equation Approach -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Modeling Credit Index with Lévy Processes -- 3. Credit Rating Migration Model -- 4. Calibration to Historical Rating Transition Matrices -- 5. Change to the Risk-Neutral Measure -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9. Bond Markets with Stochastic Volatility -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Pricing Bonds -- 3. Affine Models -- 4. The Vasicek Model with Stochastic Volatility -- 5. The Bond Price with Stochastic Volatility -- 6. Group Parameter Reduction -- 7. Calibration of the Model -- 8. Connection to Default Able Bonds -- References -- Chapter 10. Two-Dimensional Markovian Model for Dynamics of Aggregate Credit Loss -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Model -- 3. Calibration -- 4. Dynamic Applications -- 5. Conclusions -- Notes -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Appendix A. Single Tranche CDO -- Appendix B. Local Volatility and Local Intensity -- Appendix C. Discretization of Intensity -- Chapter 11. Credit Derivatives and Risk Aversion -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Indifference Valuation for Defaultable Bonds -- 3. The Yield Spread -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter One -- Chapter Two -- Chapter Three -- Chapter Four -- Chapter Five -- Chapter Six -- Chapter Seven -- Chapter Eight -- Chapter Nine -- Glossary -- References -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Kinematics, Thermodynamics and Fluid Transport Properties -- 1.1 Kinematic Preliminaries -- 1.1.1 Motion of Material Elements -- 1.1.2 Deformation -- 1.1.3 Reynolds Transport Theorem -- 1.2 Equilibrium Thermodynamics -- 1.3 Compressible Subsonic and Supersonic Flows -- 1.4 Turbulent Flows and Compressible Turbulence -- Compressible Flow Dynamics -- 2.1 Mass Conservation -- 2.2 Momentum Conservation -- 2.2.1 Surface Forces: The Stress Tensor -- 2.2.2 Body Forces -- 2.3 Energy Conservation -- 2.4 Solenoidal Velocity Fields and Density Changes -- 2.5 Two-Dimensional Flow and a Reynolds Analogy -- Compressible Turbulent Flow -- 3.1 Averaged and Filtered Variables -- 3.1.1 Reynolds Average -- 3.1.2 Average Over Fixed Phase -- 3.1.3 Temporal LES Filters -- 3.1.4 Spatial LES Filters -- 3.2 Density-Weighted Variables -- 3.3 Transport Equations for the Mean/Resolved Field -- 3.4 Fluctuation Transport Equations -- 3.5 Momentum and Thermal Flux Relationships -- 3.5.1 Strong Reynolds Analogy -- 3.5.1.1 Morkovin's Relations -- 3.5.1.2 Extended Forms -- 3.5.2 Morkovin's Hypothesis -- Experimental Measurement and Analysis Strategies -- 4.1 Experimental Constraints for Supersonic Flows -- 4.1.1 Constraints on Wind Tunnel Testing -- 4.1.2 Constraints on Data Collection and Measurement Apparatus -- 4.2 Measurement Methods -- 4.2.1 Intrusive Method: Hot-Wire Anemometry -- 4.2.1.1 Anemometers and Probes -- 4.2.1.2 Data Reduction -- 4.2.2 Non-Intrusive Methods -- 4.2.2.1 With Particles: LDV, PIV, and DGV -- 4.2.2.2 Without Particles: Rayleigh-Scattering Methods -- 4.3 Analysis Using Modal Representations -- 4.4 Reynolds- and Favre-Averaged Correlations -- Prediction Strategies and Closure Models. , 5.1 Direct Numerical Simulations -- 5.1.1 Homogeneous Turbulence -- 5.1.2 Homogeneous Sheared Turbulence -- 5.1.3 Inhomogeneous Sheared Turbulence -- 5.2 Large Eddy Simulations and Hybrid Methods -- 5.3 Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Formulation -- 5.3.1 Turbulent Stress and Stress Anisotropy -- 5.3.1.1 Turbulent Stress and Kinetic Energy Transport Equations -- 5.3.1.2 Turbulent Stress Anisotropy Transport Equation -- 5.3.2 Turbulent Energy Dissipation Rate -- 5.3.2.1 Dilatation Dissipation Rate -- 5.3.2.2 Solenoidal Dissipation Rate Transport Equation -- 5.3.3 Velocity-Pressure Gradient Correlation -- 5.3.3.1 Pressure-Dilatation -- 5.3.3.2 Pressure-Strain Rate -- 5.3.4 Scalar Fluxes and Variances -- 5.3.4.1 Heat Flux and Temperature Variance -- 5.3.4.2 Mass Flux and Density Variance -- 5.3.5 Other Closure Issues -- 5.3.5.1 Polynomial Representations for Second-Moments and Scalar Fluxes -- 5.3.5.2 Wall Proximity Effects -- Compressible Shear Layers -- 6.1 Jets -- 6.2 Mixing-Layers -- 6.2.1 Flow Structure -- 6.2.2 Spreading Rate -- 6.2.2.1 Subsonic Spreading Rate -- 6.2.2.2 Supersonic Spreading Rate -- 6.2.2.3 Fluctuating Pressure Field and Prediction -- 6.3 Wakes -- 6.3.1 Base Flows -- 6.3.2 Flat Plate Wakes -- 6.4 Boundary Layers -- 6.4.1 Inner Layer: Mean Field Structure -- 6.4.1.1 Viscous Sublayer -- 6.4.1.2 Equilibrium Layer -- 6.4.1.3 Law of the Wall -- 6.4.2 Outer Layer: Law of the Wake -- 6.4.3 Integral Parameters -- 6.4.3.1 Skin-Friction -- 6.4.3.2 Shape Factor -- 6.4.3.3 Total Energy Thickness -- 6.4.4 Turbulent Field -- 6.4.4.1 Turbulent Velocity Field -- 6.4.4.2 Turbulent Thermodynamic Fields -- Shock and Turbulence Interactions -- 7.1 Homogeneous Turbulence Interactions -- 7.1.1 Application of Linear Theory -- 7.1.2 Numerical Simulations -- 7.1.3 Experiments -- 7.2 Inhomogeneous Turbulence Interactions -- 7.2.1 Free Shear Flows. , 7.2.1.1 Jet/Shock Wave Interactions -- 7.2.1.2 Mixing-Layer/Shock Wave Interactions -- 7.2.1.3 Wake/Shock Wave Interactions -- 7.2.2 Wall-Bounded Flows -- 7.2.2.1 Shock Wave/Boundary-Layer Interaction: Compression Corner -- 7.2.2.2 Shock Wave/Boundary-Layer Interaction: Impinging Shock -- Elements of Compressible Flow Control -- 8.1 Characteristic Features -- 8.1.1 Scaling Effects -- 8.1.2 High Speed Effects of Actuators -- 8.2 Actuators -- 8.2.1 Control Jets Issuing from Fluidic Actuators -- 8.2.1.1 Steady Jet Actuators -- 8.2.1.2 Unsteady Jet Actuators -- 8.2.2 Energy Deposition Type Actuators -- 8.2.2.1 Laser Based Actuators -- 8.2.2.2 Plasma Based Actuators -- 8.2.3 Surface Plasma Actuators -- 8.3 Shear Flow Control -- 8.3.1 Jets and Mixing-Layers -- 8.3.1.1 Passive Control -- 8.3.1.2 Fluidic Control -- 8.3.2 Cavity Flows -- 8.3.3 Flows with Shocks -- 8.3.3.1 Control of Lead Shock -- 8.3.3.2 Control of Normal (Transonic) SWBLI -- 8.3.3.3 Control of Oblique (Supersonic) SWBLI -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X.