Description: A benthic isotope record has been measured for core SO75-26KL from the upper Portuguese margin (1099 m water depth) to monitor the response of thermohaline overturn in the North Atlantic during Heinrich events. Evaluating benthic δ18O in TS diagrams in conjunction with equilibrium δc fractionation implies that advection of Mediterranean outflow water (MOW) to the upper Portuguese margin was significantly reduced during the last glacial (〈 15% compared to 30% today). The benthic isotope record along core SO75-26KL therefore primarily monitors variability of glacial North Atlantic conveyor circulation. The 14C-accelerator mass spectrometry ages of 13.54±.07 and 20.46±.12 ka for two ice-rafted detritus (IRD) layers in the upper core section and an interpolated age of 36.1 ka for a third IRD layer deeper in the core are in the range of published 14C ages for Heinrich events H1, H2, and H4. Marked depletion of benthic δ13C by 0.7–1.1‰ during the Heinrich events suggests reduced thermohaline overturn in the North Atlantic during these events. Close similarity between meltwater patterns (inferred from planktonic δ18O) at Site 609 and ventilation patterns (inferred from benthic δ13C) in core SO75-26KL implies coupling between thermohaline overturn and surface forcing, as is also suggested by ocean circulation models. Benthic δ13C starts to decrease 1.5–2.5 kyr before Heinrich events Hl and H4, fully increased values are reached 1.5–3 kyr after the events, indicating a successive slowdown of thermohaline circulation well before the events and resumption of the conveyor's full strength well after the events. Benthic δ13C changes in the course of the Heinrich events show subtle maxima and minima suggesting oscillatory behavior of thermohaline circulation, a distinct feature of thermohaline instability in numerical models. Inferrred gradual spin-up of thermohaline circulation after Hl and H4 is in contrast to abrupt wanning in the North Atlantic region that is indicated by sudden increases in Greenland ice core δ18O and in marine faunal records from the northern North Atlantic. From this we infer that thermohaline circulation can explain only in part the rapid climatic oscillations seen in glacial sections of the Greenland ice core record.

Description: Carbonate deposition at two core sites in the subarctic Pacific (48°N, 133°W; 2.9 km and 3.7 km water depth) follows the standard Pacific carbonate cycles, with glacial values being increased over interglacial values. Benthicδ13C follows the global trend; that is, glacial values are more negative than interglacial values. Comparison with the benthicδ13C record of North Atlantic DSDP Site 552 (56°N, 23°W; 2.3 km water depth) shows the North Pacific records to be nearly in phase with and continuously more negative relative to the North Atlantic record. This suggests that concentrations of∑CO2(org) were permanently higher in the North Pacific than in the North Atlantic during the past 750,000 years conceivably supporting the hypothesis that there was no deep-water forming in the late Pleistocene North Pacific. Whereas one would expect that the North Pacific deep waters were continuously more corrosive to carbonates than deep waters in the North Atlantic, carbonate deposition at the deep North Pacific core sites is enhanced during glacial periods, and occasionally higher than at shallow North Atlantic Site 552 even though Site 552 was probably above lysocline-depth during most of the late Pleistocene. This apparent paradox can be resolved only by invoking an increase in alkalinity in the glacial North Pacific which would have increased the degree of carbonate ion saturation and thereby improved the state of carbonate preservation.

Description: Records of benthic foraminiferal assemblage variations and benthic δ13C along 12 sediment cores from the western Iberian Margin, between 36° and 42°N at water depths from 820 to 3580 m, are used to monitor fluctuations of the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) during the past 30 ka. The chronostratigraphy of the cores is based on planktonic δ18O records, 14C AMS-dating, and the recognition of Heinrich Events H1 through H4. Increased abundances of suspension feeding benthic foraminifers, denoted as ’Epibenthos Group‘, closely match areas where the recent MOW core layers impinge on the continental slope at 800 and 1300 m water depth, and near-bottom current velocities are enhanced. Elevated ‘Epibenthos Group’ abundances, increased benthic δ13C, and sedimentological evidence for winnowing and erosion are found in glacial sections up to the earliest Termination I in cores at water depths between 1600 and 2200 m off southern Portugal. The combined evidence reveals enhanced current activity at these depths due to a deep glacial MOW. The MOW advection at the Portuguese margin during the last Glacial was about 700 m deeper than today, conceivably forced by increased MOW density due to higher salinity and colder temperatures of Mediterranean waters. The deep MOW current gradually decreased in strength and shoaled to 1300 m water depth during the Termination and early Holocene. A shallow MOW core layer became active with the onset of Termination I at depths between 600 and 1000 m. Both the shallow and deep MOW current culminated during the Younger Dryas period. The present flow pattern with two MOW core layers centred at 800 and 1300 m water depth was established between 7.5 and 5.5 ka.

Description: Benthic (Uvigerina spp., Cibicidoides spp., Gyroidinoides spp.) and planktonic (N. pachyderma sinistral, G. bulloides) stable isotope records from three core sites in the central Gulf of Alaska are used to infer mixed-layer and deepwater properties of the late glacial Subarctic Pacific. Glacial-interglacial amplitudes of the planktonic δ18O records are 1.1–1.3‰, less than half the amplitude observed at core sites at similar latitudes in the North Atlantic; these data imply that a strong, negative δw anomaly existed in the glacial Subarctic mixed layer during the summer, which points to a much stronger low-salinity anomaly than exists today. If true, the upper water column in the North Pacific would have been statically more stable than today, thus suppressing convection even more efficiently. This scenario is further supported by vertical (i.e., planktic versus benthic) δ18O and δ13C gradients of 〉1‰, which suggest that a thermohaline link between Pacific deep waters and the Subarctic Pacific mixed layer did not exist during the late glacial. Epibenthic δ13C in the Subarctic Pacific is more negative than at tropical-subtropical Pacific sites but similar to that recorded at Southern Ocean sites, suggesting ventilation of the deep central Pacific from mid-latitude sources, e.g., from the Sea of Japan and Sea of Okhotsk. Still, convection to intermediate depths could have occurred in the Subarctic during the winter months when heat loss to the atmosphere, sea ice formation, and wind-driven upwelling of saline deep waters would have been most intense. This would be beyond the grasp of our planktonic records which only document mixed-layer temperature-salinity fields extant during the warmer seasons. Also we do not have benthic isotope records from true intermediate water depths of the Subarctic Pacific.

Description: Benthic δ18O data from 95 core sites are used to infer possible temperature-salinity (T-S) fields of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). A constraint of stable density stratification yields logically consistent scenarios for both T and S. The solutions are not unique but are useful as a thinking tool. To better constrain the inferences drawn from the spatial distribution of benthic δ18O, we must reduce scatter in the δ18O data with more high-quality measurements in high sedimentation rate cores. Also, we must intercalibrate mass spectrometers at different isotope laboratories more accurately, to insure our isotope data are compatible.

Description: The Agulhas Current is the major western boundary current of the Southern Hemisphere [Lutjeharms, 2006] and a key component of the global ocean “conveyor” circulation controlling the return flow to the Atlantic Ocean [Gordon, 1986]. As such, it is increasingly recognized as a key player in ocean thermohaline circulation, with importance for the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) of the Atlantic Ocean. Unusual dynamics pervade the motion of this warm-water current—as it moves west around the southern tip of Africa, it is retroflected back east by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Not all waters are captured by this sudden diversion of course—parts of the Agulhas Current leak away into the South Atlantic Ocean (Figure 1).

Description: AGU Chapman Conference: The Agulhas System and Its Role in Changing Ocean Circulation, Climate, and Marine Ecosystems; Stellenbosch, South Africa, 8–12 October 2012