Anmerkung: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Introduction -- Contents -- Acronyms -- 1 Blue Economy and Ocean Science: Introduction -- 1.1 Context -- 1.2 Blue Economy -- 1.2.1 Definition -- 1.2.2 Blue Economy Components and Industries -- 1.2.3 Blue Economy and General Limitations -- 1.2.4 Measuring Performance of Blue Economy -- 1.2.5 Science and Technology for Sustainable Blue Economy -- 1.3 Ocean Services and Products, Threats from Human Activities -- 1.3.1 Services Provided by the Ocean -- 1.3.2 Products from the Ocean -- 1.3.3 Human Impacts on the Ocean -- 1.4 The Role of Science in Blue Economies -- 1.5 Goals of the Book -- References -- 2 Coral Reefs and Blue Economy -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Structure, Taxonomy -- 2.2.1 Classification of Coral Reefs -- 2.2.2 Taxonomy of Reef Building Corals -- 2.3 Global Distribution and Status -- 2.4 Ecosystem Services -- 2.4.1 Biodiversity -- 2.4.2 Coastal Protection -- 2.4.3 Blue Carbon -- 2.5 Blue Economic Sectors -- 2.5.1 Tourism -- 2.5.2 Fisheries -- 2.5.3 Marine Biotechnology -- 2.6 Threats and Their Impacts -- 2.6.1 Coral Bleaching -- 2.6.2 Coral Diseases -- 2.6.3 Ocean Acidification -- 2.7 Importance of Global Observing Systems for Coral Reefs -- 2.7.1 The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) -- 2.8 Science and Technology Measures -- 2.8.1 Research on Coral Symbiosis and Coral Bleaching -- 2.8.2 Coral Reef Microbiology -- 2.8.3 Modelling and Monitoring for Threat Alert Systems -- 2.8.4 Coral Ecosystem Restoration and Conservation Tools -- 2.9 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Mangroves and Seagrasses -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Role in the Blue Economy -- 3.2.1 Blue Carbon -- 3.2.2 Fisheries (See Also Chap. 4) -- 3.2.3 Tourism (See Also Chap. 6) -- 3.2.4 Blue Biotechnology -- 3.3 Threats -- 3.3.1 Mangroves -- 3.3.2 Seagrasses -- 3.4 Outlook and Potential Challenges -- 3.4.1 Mapping -- 3.4.2 Conservation. , 3.4.3 Awareness (Perceptions) and Citizen Science -- 3.4.4 Marine Protected Area and Legislation -- 3.4.5 Valuation -- 3.5 Summary -- References -- 4 Coastal Fisheries -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Fishing Over Time -- 4.3 World Fisheries -- 4.3.1 Coastal Fisheries Capture Evolution by Country Economic Class -- 4.3.2 Global Fishing Fleets and Employment -- 4.3.3 Fish Utilization and Consumption -- 4.3.4 Fisheries Subsidies -- 4.3.5 The Modern Cycle of Fisheries Development (An Example) -- 4.4 Fishery Science and Technology -- 4.4.1 The Effects of Fishing -- 4.4.2 Bycatch and Discards -- 4.4.3 Ghost Fishing and Marine Litter -- 4.4.4 Seafood Fraud -- 4.5 Fisheries Management -- 4.5.1 Importance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) -- 4.5.2 Climate Change and Fisheries (See also Chap. 12) -- 4.5.3 The Importance of Fisheries Associations and International Cooperation -- 4.6 Fisheries and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) -- 4.6.1 Fisheries Related Targets of SDG 14-Life Below Water -- 4.7 Fisheries and the Governance of the Blue Economy -- References -- 5 Effects of Groundwater Extraction and River Regulation on Coastal Freshwater Resources -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Coastal Freshwater Resources -- 5.2.1 Climate Control of Groundwater Resources -- 5.2.2 Coastal Groundwater Resources in China -- 5.3 Problems Encountered and the Science and Technology for Their Monitoring and Mitigation -- 5.3.1 Environmental Issues Relating to Groundwater Extraction -- 5.3.2 Saltwater Intrusion, Engineering Measures and Downstream Impacts -- 5.3.3 Human Impacts on Water Resources in the Coastal Zone -- 5.3.4 Human Regulation Impacts on River-Estuary-Aquifer Biogeochemistry -- 5.3.5 Submarine Groundwater Discharge Fuels HABs -- 5.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 6 Marine Tourism and the Blue Economy: Perspectives from the Mascarene and Pacific Islands. , 6.1 Introduction-Tourism and the Blue Economy -- 6.2 Mauritius -- 6.2.1 Tourism Revenue -- 6.2.2 Regulatory Frameworks -- 6.2.3 Tourism Impacts and Mitigation -- 6.3 Pacific Islands Countries and Territories -- 6.3.1 Tourism Revenue -- 6.3.2 Economic Value of Marine Tourism in PICTs -- 6.3.3 Regulatory Frameworks -- 6.3.4 Tourism Impacts and Mitigation -- 6.4 Discussion -- References -- 7 Energy Transition to the Blue Economy: The Role of Science and Technology -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Global O& -- G Distribution, Supply and Demand -- 7.3 Net-Zero Carbon and Energy Options -- 7.3.1 Ocean Energy -- 7.3.2 Offshore Wind Energy -- 7.3.3 Floating Solar Photovoltaic Energy -- 7.4 Role of O& -- G in a Transition Economy -- 7.5 Challenges and Environmental Risks of Offshore O& -- G Production -- 7.6 S& -- T for Sustainable O& -- G Offshore Production -- 7.6.1 Role of EOR and CCUS -- 7.6.2 Case Studies: Brazil and Norway -- 7.7 Lessons Learned -- 7.8 Final Remarks -- References -- 8 Coastal and Nearshore Minerals: Blue Economy Potential and Prospects -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Placer Minerals -- 8.2.1 Types of Placer Minerals -- 8.2.2 Global Distribution of Placer Deposits -- 8.3 Offshore Diamond Mining -- 8.4 Offshore Phosphorite Mining -- 8.4.1 Phosphorus and the Modern Food System -- 8.4.2 Phosphate Rock Formation and Distribution -- 8.4.3 Future of Land-Based Phosphate Mining -- 8.4.4 Offshore Mining of Phosphorus-The Needs, Challenges, and Opportunities -- 8.4.5 Marine Phosphate Mining and Environmental Impacts -- 8.5 Legal Frameworks Governing Mining -- 8.6 Environmental and Social Impact of Marine Mining -- 8.7 Regional and National Approaches -- 8.8 Challenges and Science and Technology Response Options -- 8.8.1 Exploration for Minerals -- 8.8.2 Mitigation of Mining Impacts -- 8.9 Summary -- References -- 9 Coastal Pollution. , 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Coastal Eutrophication -- 9.2.1 Global Patterns and Trends -- 9.2.2 Patterns in Developing Countries -- 9.2.3 Impacts of Eutrophication -- 9.3 Heavy Metal Pollution -- 9.3.1 Global Patterns -- 9.3.2 Patterns in Developing Countries -- 9.3.3 Impacts of Heavy Metals on Coastal Ecosystems -- 9.4 Oil Spills -- 9.4.1 Global Patterns -- 9.4.2 Pattern in Developing Countries -- 9.4.3 Impacts of Oil Spills -- 9.5 Plastics Pollution -- 9.5.1 Global Patterns -- 9.5.2 Patterns in Developing Countries -- 9.5.3 Impacts of Plastics Pollution -- 9.6 Radionuclide Pollution -- 9.6.1 Global Patterns -- 9.6.2 Patterns in Developing Countries -- 9.6.3 Impacts of Radionuclide Pollution -- 9.7 Mitigations Against Coastal Pollution -- 9.8 Cases of Coastal Pollution in Developing Countries -- 9.8.1 The Pearl River Delta in China -- 9.8.2 The iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area in South Africa -- 9.8.3 India -- 9.8.4 Thailand -- 9.9 Knowledge and Capacity-Building Gaps -- 9.10 Implications for Blue Economy -- References -- 10 Harmful Algae -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Impacts of HABs on the Blue Economy: Case Studies -- 10.2.1 Chilean Fjords -- 10.2.2 Ostreopsis spp. in the Mediterranean Sea -- 10.2.3 Northeast Atlantic Ocean -- 10.2.4 Ciguatera in the Caribbean and French Polynesia -- 10.2.5 PSP Outbreaks and Fish Kills in the Philippines -- 10.3 Role of Science and Technology in Facing HAB-Related Challenges -- 10.3.1 Increasing Diversity of HAB Species -- 10.3.2 Toxin Detection -- 10.3.3 Observing Systems -- 10.4 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives -- References -- 11 Ocean Acidification and Blue Economies -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Causes of Ocean Acidification -- 11.2.1 Ocean Acidification in the Geological Record -- 11.2.2 Ocean Acidification Since the Industrial Revolution: Observations and Predictions. , 11.3 Impact of Ocean Acidification on Ocean Ecosystems and Their Products and Services -- 11.4 Relevance to Blue Economic Sectors -- 11.4.1 Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Blue Economies -- 11.5 Outreach and Networks -- 11.6 Science to Address Ocean Acidification Impacts on Blue Economy Resources -- 11.6.1 Observations -- 11.6.2 Research -- References -- 12 Climate Change and Coastal Systems -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Climate Change Related Stresses in the Coastal Zone -- 12.2.1 Ocean Warming -- 12.2.2 Global Mean Sea Level Rise -- 12.2.3 Storms, Storm Surges and Waves -- 12.2.4 Heavy Precipitation Events and Flooding -- 12.2.5 Acidification -- 12.2.6 Deoxygenation -- 12.3 Impact of Climate Change -- 12.3.1 Geophysical Impacts -- 12.3.2 Ecosystem Impacts -- 12.4 Risks and Impacts on Coastal Resources and Blue Economy -- 12.4.1 Risks and Impacts of Climate Change on Coastal Resources -- 12.4.2 Risks and Impacts of Climate Change on Coastal Economies -- 12.5 Management and Mitigation -- 12.5.1 Coastal Observation: Enabling Resilient and Sustainable Blue Economies -- 12.5.2 Effective Early Warning Systems -- 12.5.3 Flood Management -- 12.5.4 Ecosystem-Based Solution -- 12.5.5 Marine Spatial Planning -- 12.5.6 Hard Engineering Solutions -- 12.6 Summary and Outlook -- References -- 13 Constructing a Blue Economy Architecture for Small Islands -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Ocean Potential and Small Islands -- 13.2.1 Fisheries (See Also Chap. 4) -- 13.2.2 Blue Carbon (See Also Chap. 3) -- 13.2.3 Mineral Resources (See Also Chap. 8) -- 13.2.4 Energy (See Also Chap. 7) -- 13.2.5 Tourism (See Also Chap. 6) -- 13.2.6 Maritime Transport -- 13.2.7 Biotechnology (See Also Chap. 3) -- 13.3 Threats to Small Islands -- 13.3.1 Climate Change Impacts (See Also Chap. 12) -- 13.3.2 Anthropogenic Activities -- 13.4 An STI Roadmap to Establish the Blue Economy. , 13.4.1 Planning and Prioritization.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures and Tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Ch. 1: Introduction -- Ch. 2: Silicate Weathering in South Asian Tropical River Basins -- Ch. 3: Silicon in the Terrestrial Biogeosphere -- Ch. 4: Factors Controlling Dissolved Silica in Tropical Rivers -- Ch. 5: Dissolved Silica Dynamics in Boreal and Arctic Rivers: Vegetation Control over Temperature? -- Ch. 6: Dissolved Silica in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) and Adjacent Coastal Waters of the East China Sea -- Ch. 7: Atmospheric Transport of Silicon -- Ch. 8: Estuarine Silicon Dynamics -- Ch. 9: Physiological Ecology of Diatoms Along the River - Sea Continuum -- Ch. 10: Modeling Silicon Transfer Processes in River Catchments -- Ch. 11: Role of Diatoms in Silicon Cycling and Coastal Marine Food Webs -- Ch. 12: Responses of Coastal Ecosystems to Anthropogenic Perturbations of Silicon Cycling -- Ch. 13: Silicon Isotope-Based Reconstructions of the Silicon Cycle -- Ch. 14: Long-Term Oceanic Silicon Cycle and teh Role of Opal Sediment -- Ch. 15: The Perturbed Silicon Cycle -- Contributors -- SCOPE Series List -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Introduction -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- STI Diplomacy and Developing Countries: Current Issues and Challenges -- 1 Background -- 2 Relevance and Importance of STI Diplomacy -- 3 Leveraging International STI Cooperation -- 4 Needs and Challenges -- 5 Conclusions -- Reference -- Concepts, Global Initiatives and Opportunities -- Internationalization of Science and Diplomacy, Concepts and Practices: Lessons for Developing Countries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of Concepts and Practices of Internationalization of Science and Science Diplomacy -- 2.1 The Internationalization of Science and Scientific Collaboration -- 2.2 Science Diplomacy -- 2.3 A Particular Dimension of Science Studies: The Science of Science Diplomacy -- 2.4 Other Dimensions of Science Diplomacy -- 3 Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- International Science, Technology and Innovation Diplomacy: Global Initiatives -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Concept of STI Diplomacy -- 3 Practicing STI Diplomacy -- 3.1 Institutions and Initiatives -- 3.2 Large International Collaborative Science Projects -- 3.3 Regional and Multilateral Initiatives -- 3.4 Other International Initiatives -- 4 STI Diplomacy and Sustainable Development -- 4.1 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)-The Global Agenda -- 4.2 Global Actions for Sustainable Development -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Science, Technology and Innovation Diplomacy: Opportunities and Challenges at the Time of COVID-19 for Developing Countries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 International Cooperation in Global Health -- 3 Covid-19 and the Imposed Global Challenges -- 4 Iran's Measures in Facing Covid-19 Challenges -- 4.1 Non-pharmaceutical Measures -- 4.2 Vaccination -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- State of STI Diplomacy in Developing Countries. , Recent Developments in STI Diplomacy in the Republic of Mauritius -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Methodology -- 2 Main Approaches Used by the Government -- 3 International Collaboration in Science and Technology -- 3.1 Partnerships -- 3.2 Internationalization of Higher Education and Research -- 3.3 Mauritius-European Union Partnership to Promote Smart Agriculture -- 4 Enhancing Diplomatic Ties Through Science and Technology -- 5 The Innovation Perspective in STI Diplomacy-A New Direction -- 5.1 National Regulatory Measures to Promote Innovation Diplomacy -- 6 Diplomacy for Science and Ecological Disaster -- 7 Future Opportunities -- References -- Science, Technology and Innovation Diplomacy in the Arab Region with Emphasis on the State of Palestine -- 1 Introduction -- 2 STI Diplomacy in the Arab Region -- 3 STI Diplomacy in the State of Palestine -- 4 Discussion of Findings -- 5 Recommendations -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Present Status of Science Diplomacy in Nepal -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Development of S& -- T Through Nepal's History -- 3 Status of Higher Educational Institutions and Universities -- 3.1 Universities and Equivalent Institutions -- 3.2 Human Resources -- 3.3 Government S& -- T Organizations -- 4 Foreign Policy and Diplomatic Relationships -- 5 Role of Science and Technology Diplomacy -- 5.1 Technology Transfer and Nepal's Needs -- 5.2 Adapting to Needs for Global and Regional Engagement -- 5.3 Science Diplomacy and Sustainable Development -- 6 Science and Technology Diplomacy Capacity Building Needs in Nepal -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Role of S& -- T Status on STI Diplomacy -- Development Paradigm of India as an Enabler for Practicing Science, Technology and Innovation Diplomacy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Development of Science and Technology Base in India -- 2.1 STI Administrative Structure. , 2.2 Infrastructure for Research and Development -- 2.3 Policy Approach -- 3 Influencing Role of India in International Science, Technology and Innovation Diplomacy -- 3.1 International Conventions and Treaties: Compliance and Contributions -- 3.2 International Cooperation in Science and Technology -- 4 Summary Observations and Conclusions -- 4.1 India's Global Role in S& -- T -- 4.2 Success Factors -- 4.3 Problems and Challenges -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Science, Technology and Innovation (STI): Its Role in South Africa's Development Outcomes and STI Diplomacy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 STI Development in the Republic of South Africa -- 2.1 The 2019-2024 Medium-Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) -- 2.2 Examples of Challenges in Critical Sectors -- 3 Role of STI in South Africa's Development: Outcomes and Outlook -- 3.1 The White Paper on Science and Technology -- 4 The Key Themes that Influence South African STI Policy -- 4.1 Fourth Industrial Revolution -- 4.2 The Green Economy -- 4.3 Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) -- 5 STI Diplomacy: The Role of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) -- 5.1 Eradication of Transboundary Animal Diseases -- 5.2 Achievements Through Collaboration -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Strengthening Science Diplomacy for Sustainable Development of Nepal -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Science Technology and Innovation Diplomacy -- 3 Sustainable Development of Nepal -- 4 Current and Planned S& -- T Cooperation: The NAST Perspective -- 5 Opportunities and Challenges -- 5.1 Strengthening Science Diplomacy -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Assessing the Current State of Science, Technology, and Innovation in Mauritius for Improving Economic Growth and Development -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) -- 2.1 STI and Sustainable Economic Development -- 3 STI in Africa. , 4 STI Education in Mauritius -- 4.1 Role of Academic Institutions -- 4.2 Role of Science Centers -- 4.3 Gender Balance -- 5 Current Status of Student Enrollment and Subject Preferences -- 5.1 Comparison of Academic Fields of Study of Students in Secondary Schools -- 5.2 University Enrollment for Science and Technology Fields -- 6 Research Outputs -- 6.1 Research Publications in STI -- 7 Recent Initiatives to Promote STI Education -- 7.1 Role of Food and Agricultural Research and Extension Unit -- 8 State of Innovation and Competitiveness -- 9 Emerging Sectors for Economic Development of Mauritius -- 10 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Responsibilities of the Governments of Developing Countries in Building Up South-South STI Diplomacy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 What is STI Diplomacy? -- 3 Standards of STI at Higher Education Level in South -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 South-South STI Diplomacy: Needs and Modes -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Role of STID in Strengthening S& -- T Base -- Role of India in South-South Cooperation to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Why South-South Cooperation? -- 2.1 Role of India in South-South Cooperation -- 3 Building R& -- D Capacity, Strengthening of Institutions -- 4 India-Africa: Special Initiatives -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- In Search for Scientific Collaboration: South Africa's Science Diplomacy Towards Africa -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Mozambique -- 3.2 Cote D'Ivoire -- 3.3 Ethiopia -- 3.4 Kenya -- 3.5 Mali -- 3.6 Uganda -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Case Studies in International Science Diplomacy: ASRT Contribution to Developing S& -- T in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 ASRT's Role in STI Diplomacy -- 2.1 The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). , 2.2 Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science and Application in the Middle East (SESAME) -- 2.3 The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) -- 3 Conclusions -- The Academy of Science of South Africa and Science Diplomacy -- 1 International Cooperation -- 2 Overseas Collaboration -- 3 African Collaborations -- 4 Young Scientists and Gender-Related Activities -- 5 Conclusion -- Experience from Regional and Bilateral Cooperation -- Coordinating State, Academic, and Donor Stakeholders in an International Knowledge Sharing Program: A Perspective on Science and Innovation Diplomacy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Program -- 2.1 The Process -- 2.2 The Development Model -- 2.3 The Seoul Workshop -- 2.4 The Beijing Workshop -- 2.5 The Kuala Lumpur and New Delhi Workshops -- 2.6 The Summary Workshop at the ADB -- 3 The Outcome -- 3.1 The Training Programs in South Korea -- 3.2 The Concluding Workshops in the DMCs -- 3.3 The Final Report -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Mauritius in Regional Science Technology and Innovation Diplomacy: Case Study in Radio Astronomy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) -- 2.1 History -- 2.2 Description -- 2.3 The SA SKA Consortium -- 3 South Africa's Bid for the SKA -- 3.1 University of Mauritius and SKA: Contact at Senior Officials' and Ministers' Meetings -- 3.2 SKA-Related Projects of Mauritius and Related Path-Finder Initiatives -- 4 Mauritius SKA Relevant Involvement -- 4.1 Sarao HCD -- 4.2 African Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) Network (AVN) -- 4.3 SKA-Related Local Path-Finder Initiatives -- 5 Benefits to Mauritius -- 6 Regional Science and Diplomacy -- 6.1 Mauritius Signing Cooperation in Radio Astronomy in Africa MoU -- 6.2 Mauritian SKA Steering Committee -- 7 Challenges and Future Perspectives -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- India's S&. , T Cooperation with Japan and France: Initiatives and Partnerships.

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