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  • 1
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    Ocean Heat Transport Into the Barents Sea: Distinct Controls on the Upward Trend and Interannual Variability
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2019
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 46, No. 22 ( 2019-11-28), p. 13180-13190
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 46, No. 22 ( 2019-11-28), p. 13180-13190
    Kurzfassung: Forcing responsible for the trend and interannual variability of ocean heat transported into the Barents Sea is disentangled The upward trend of the heat inflow stems from warming in the subpolar North Atlantic, while local wind accounts for half of its variance The location of the Atlantic Water boundary current relative to the Barents Sea entrance is crucial in determining the heat inflow
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2019GL083837
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publikationsdatum: 2019
    ZDB Id: 2021599-X
    ZDB Id: 7403-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
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    Seasonal modification of the Arctic Ocean intermediate water layer off the eastern Laptev Sea continental shelf break
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2009
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 114, No. C6 ( 2009-06-11)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 114, No. C6 ( 2009-06-11)
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2008JC005229
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publikationsdatum: 2009
    ZDB Id: 2033040-6
    ZDB Id: 3094104-0
    ZDB Id: 2130824-X
    ZDB Id: 2016813-5
    ZDB Id: 2016810-X
    ZDB Id: 2403298-0
    ZDB Id: 2016800-7
    ZDB Id: 161666-3
    ZDB Id: 161667-5
    ZDB Id: 2969341-X
    ZDB Id: 161665-1
    ZDB Id: 3094268-8
    ZDB Id: 710256-2
    ZDB Id: 2016804-4
    ZDB Id: 3094181-7
    ZDB Id: 3094219-6
    ZDB Id: 3094167-2
    ZDB Id: 2220777-6
    ZDB Id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 3
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    Arctic Ocean Heat Impact on Regional Ice Decay: A Suggested Positive Feedback
    American Meteorological Society ; 2016
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography Vol. 46, No. 5 ( 2016-05), p. 1437-1456
    Details
    In: Journal of Physical Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 46, No. 5 ( 2016-05), p. 1437-1456
    Kurzfassung: Broad, long-living, ice-free areas in midwinter northeast of Svalbard between 2011 and 2014 are investigated. The formation of these persistent and reemerging anomalies is linked, hypothetically, with the increased seasonality of Arctic sea ice cover, enabling an enhanced influence of oceanic heat on sea ice and, in particular, heat transported by Atlantic Water. The “memory” of ice-depleted conditions in summer is transferred to the fall season through excess heat content in the upper mixed layer, which in turn transfers to midwinter via thinner and younger ice. This thinner ice is more fragile and mobile, thus facilitating the formation of polynyas and leads. When openings in ice cover form along the Atlantic Water pathway, weak density stratification at the mixed layer base supports the development of thermohaline convection, which further entrains warm and salty water from deeper layers. Convection-induced upward heat flux from the Atlantic layer retards ice formation, either keeping ice thickness low or blocking ice formation entirely. Certain stages of this chain of events have been examined in a region north of Svalbard and Franz Joseph Land, between 80° and 83°N and 15° and 60°E, where the top hundred meters of Atlantic inflow through the Fram Strait cools and freshens rapidly. Complementary research methods, including statistical analyses of observations and numerical modeling, are used to support the basic concept that the recently observed retreat of sea ice northeast of Svalbard in winter may be explained by a positive feedback between summer ice decay and the growing influence of oceanic heat on a seasonal time scale.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0022-3670 , 1520-0485
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-15-0144.1
    Sprache: Unbekannt
    Verlag: American Meteorological Society
    Publikationsdatum: 2016
    ZDB Id: 2042184-9
    ZDB Id: 184162-2
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  • 4
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    Recent Sea Ice Decline Did Not Significantly Increase the Total Liquid Freshwater Content of the Arctic Ocean
    American Meteorological Society ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 32, No. 1 ( 2019-01-01), p. 15-32
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 32, No. 1 ( 2019-01-01), p. 15-32
    Kurzfassung: The freshwater stored in the Arctic Ocean is an important component of the global climate system. Currently the Arctic liquid freshwater content (FWC) has reached a record high since the beginning of the last century. In this study we use numerical simulations to investigate the impact of sea ice decline on the Arctic liquid FWC and its spatial distribution. The global unstructured-mesh ocean general circulation model Finite Element Sea Ice–Ocean Model (FESOM) with 4.5-km horizontal resolution in the Arctic region is applied. The simulations show that sea ice decline increases the FWC by freshening the ocean through sea ice meltwater and modifies upper ocean circulation at the same time. The two effects together significantly increase the freshwater stored in the Amerasian basin and reduce its amount in the Eurasian basin. The salinification of the upper Eurasian basin is mainly caused by the reduction in the proportion of Pacific Water and the increase in that of Atlantic Water (AW). Consequently, the sea ice decline did not significantly contribute to the observed rapid increase in the Arctic total liquid FWC. However, the changes in the Arctic freshwater spatial distribution indicate that the influence of sea ice decline on the ocean environment is remarkable. Sea ice decline increases the amount of Barents Sea branch AW in the upper Arctic Ocean, thus reducing its supply to the deeper Arctic layers. This study suggests that all the dynamical processes sensitive to sea ice decline should be taken into account when understanding and predicting Arctic changes.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0894-8755 , 1520-0442
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0237.1
    DOI: 10.1175/jcli-d-18-0237.s1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Meteorological Society
    Publikationsdatum: 2019
    ZDB Id: 246750-1
    ZDB Id: 2021723-7
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  • 5
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    Sensitivity of deep ocean biases to horizontal resolution in prototype CMIP6 simulations with AWI-CM1.0
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2019
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2019-07-05), p. 2635-2656
    Details
    In: Geoscientific Model Development, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2019-07-05), p. 2635-2656
    Kurzfassung: Abstract. Models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) show substantial biases in the deep ocean that are larger than the level of natural variability and the response to enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations. Here, we analyze the influence of horizontal resolution in a hierarchy of five multi-resolution simulations with the AWI Climate Model (AWI-CM), the climate model used at the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, which employs a sea ice–ocean model component formulated on unstructured meshes. The ocean grid sizes considered range from a nominal resolution of ∼1∘ (CMIP5 type) up to locally eddy resolving. We show that increasing ocean resolution locally to resolve ocean eddies leads to reductions in deep ocean biases, although these improvements are not strictly monotonic for the five different ocean grids. A detailed diagnosis of the simulations allows to identify the origins of the biases. We find that two key regions at the surface are responsible for the development of the deep bias in the Atlantic Ocean: the northeastern North Atlantic and the region adjacent to the Strait of Gibraltar. Furthermore, the Southern Ocean density structure is equally improved with locally explicitly resolved eddies compared to parameterized eddies. Part of the bias reduction can be traced back towards improved surface biases over outcropping regions, which are in contact with deeper ocean layers along isopycnal surfaces. Our prototype simulations provide guidance for the optimal choice of ocean grids for AWI-CM to be used in the final runs for phase 6 of CMIP (CMIP6) and for the related flagship simulations in the High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP). Quite remarkably, retaining resolution only in areas of high eddy activity along with excellent scalability characteristics of the unstructured-mesh sea ice–ocean model enables us to perform the multi-centennial climate simulations needed in a CMIP context at (locally) eddy-resolving resolution with a throughput of 5–6 simulated years per day.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1991-9603
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/gmd-12-2635-2019
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Copernicus GmbH
    Publikationsdatum: 2019
    ZDB Id: 2456725-5
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  • 6
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    Evaluation of global ocean–sea-ice model simulations based on the experimental protocols of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (OMIP-2)
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2020-08-21), p. 3643-3708
    Details
    In: Geoscientific Model Development, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2020-08-21), p. 3643-3708
    Kurzfassung: Abstract. We present a new framework for global ocean–sea-ice model simulations based on phase 2 of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP-2), making use of the surface dataset based on the Japanese 55-year atmospheric reanalysis for driving ocean–sea-ice models (JRA55-do). We motivate the use of OMIP-2 over the framework for the first phase of OMIP (OMIP-1), previously referred to as the Coordinated Ocean–ice Reference Experiments (COREs), via the evaluation of OMIP-1 and OMIP-2 simulations from 11 state-of-the-science global ocean–sea-ice models. In the present evaluation, multi-model ensemble means and spreads are calculated separately for the OMIP-1 and OMIP-2 simulations and overall performance is assessed considering metrics commonly used by ocean modelers. Both OMIP-1 and OMIP-2 multi-model ensemble ranges capture observations in more than 80 % of the time and region for most metrics, with the multi-model ensemble spread greatly exceeding the difference between the means of the two datasets. Many features, including some climatologically relevant ocean circulation indices, are very similar between OMIP-1 and OMIP-2 simulations, and yet we could also identify key qualitative improvements in transitioning from OMIP-1 to OMIP-2. For example, the sea surface temperatures of the OMIP-2 simulations reproduce the observed global warming during the 1980s and 1990s, as well as the warming slowdown in the 2000s and the more recent accelerated warming, which were absent in OMIP-1, noting that the last feature is part of the design of OMIP-2 because OMIP-1 forcing stopped in 2009. A negative bias in the sea-ice concentration in summer of both hemispheres in OMIP-1 is significantly reduced in OMIP-2. The overall reproducibility of both seasonal and interannual variations in sea surface temperature and sea surface height (dynamic sea level) is improved in OMIP-2. These improvements represent a new capability of the OMIP-2 framework for evaluating process-level responses using simulation results. Regarding the sensitivity of individual models to the change in forcing, the models show well-ordered responses for the metrics that are directly forced, while they show less organized responses for those that require complex model adjustments. Many of the remaining common model biases may be attributed either to errors in representing important processes in ocean–sea-ice models, some of which are expected to be reduced by using finer horizontal and/or vertical resolutions, or to shared biases and limitations in the atmospheric forcing. In particular, further efforts are warranted to resolve remaining issues in OMIP-2 such as the warm bias in the upper layer, the mismatch between the observed and simulated variability of heat content and thermosteric sea level before 1990s, and the erroneous representation of deep and bottom water formations and circulations. We suggest that such problems can be resolved through collaboration between those developing models (including parameterizations) and forcing datasets. Overall, the present assessment justifies our recommendation that future model development and analysis studies use the OMIP-2 framework.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1991-9603
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/gmd-13-3643-2020
    DOI: 10.5194/gmd-13-3643-2020-supplement
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Copernicus GmbH
    Publikationsdatum: 2020
    ZDB Id: 2456725-5
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  • 7
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    Cloud-based framework for inter-comparing submesoscale-permitting realistic ocean models
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development Vol. 15, No. 14 ( 2022-07-27), p. 5829-5856
    Details
    In: Geoscientific Model Development, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 15, No. 14 ( 2022-07-27), p. 5829-5856
    Kurzfassung: Abstract. With the increase in computational power, ocean models with kilometer-scale resolution have emerged over the last decade. These models have been used for quantifying the energetic exchanges between spatial scales, informing the design of eddy parametrizations, and preparing observing networks. The increase in resolution, however, has drastically increased the size of model outputs, making it difficult to transfer and analyze the data. It remains, nonetheless, of primary importance to assess more systematically the realism of these models. Here, we showcase a cloud-based analysis framework proposed by the Pangeo project that aims to tackle such distribution and analysis challenges. We analyze the output of eight submesoscale-permitting simulations, all on the cloud, for a crossover region of the upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) altimeter mission near the Gulf Stream separation. The cloud-based analysis framework (i) minimizes the cost of duplicating and storing ghost copies of data and (ii) allows for seamless sharing of analysis results amongst collaborators. We describe the framework and provide example analyses (e.g., sea-surface height variability, submesoscale vertical buoyancy fluxes, and comparison to predictions from the mixed-layer instability parametrization). Basin- to global-scale, submesoscale-permitting models are still at their early stage of development; their cost and carbon footprints are also rather large. It would, therefore, benefit the community to document the different model configurations for future best practices. We also argue that an emphasis on data analysis strategies would be crucial for improving the models themselves.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1991-9603
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/gmd-15-5829-2022
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Copernicus GmbH
    Publikationsdatum: 2022
    ZDB Id: 2456725-5
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  • 8
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    AWI-CM3 coupled climate model: description and evaluation experiments for a prototype post-CMIP6 model
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development Vol. 15, No. 16 ( 2022-08-29), p. 6399-6427
    Details
    In: Geoscientific Model Development, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 15, No. 16 ( 2022-08-29), p. 6399-6427
    Kurzfassung: Abstract. We developed a new version of the Alfred Wegener Institute Climate Model (AWI-CM3), which has higher skills in representing the observed climatology and better computational efficiency than its predecessors. Its ocean component FESOM2 (Finite-volumE Sea ice–Ocean Model) has the multi-resolution functionality typical of unstructured-mesh models while still featuring a scalability and efficiency similar to regular-grid models. The atmospheric component OpenIFS (CY43R3) enables the use of the latest developments in the numerical-weather-prediction community in climate sciences. In this paper we describe the coupling of the model components and evaluate the model performance on a variable-resolution (25–125 km) ocean mesh and a 61 km atmosphere grid, which serves as a reference and starting point for other ongoing research activities with AWI-CM3. This includes the exploration of high and variable resolution and the development of a full Earth system model as well as the creation of a new sea ice prediction system. At this early development stage and with the given coarse to medium resolutions, the model already features above-CMIP6-average skills (where CMIP6 denotes Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6) in representing the climatology and competitive model throughput. Finally we identify remaining biases and suggest further improvements to be made to the model.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1991-9603
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/gmd-15-6399-2022
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Copernicus GmbH
    Publikationsdatum: 2022
    ZDB Id: 2456725-5
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  • 9
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    Programming as a soft skill for project managers: How to have a computer take over some of your work
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2018
    In:  Advances in Geosciences Vol. 45 ( 2018-10-18), p. 295-303
    Details
    In: Advances in Geosciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 45 ( 2018-10-18), p. 295-303
    Kurzfassung: Abstract. Large part of the project manager's work can be described in terms of retrieving, processing, analysing and synthesizing various types of data from different sources. The types of information become more and more diverse (including participants, task and financial details, and dates) and data volumes continue to increase, especially for large international collaborations. In this paper we explore the possibility of using the python programming language as a tool for retrieving and processing data for some project management tasks. python is a general-purpose programming language with a very rich set of libraries. In recent years python experienced explosive growth leading to development of several libraries that help to efficiently solve many data related tasks without very deep knowledge of programming in general and python in particular. In this paper we present some of the core python libraries that can be used to solve some typical project management tasks and demonstrate several real-world applications using a HORIZON 2020 type European project and as example.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1680-7359
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/adgeo-45-295-2018
    DOI: 10.5194/adgeo-45-295-2018-supplement
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Copernicus GmbH
    Publikationsdatum: 2018
    ZDB Id: 2625759-2
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  • 10
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    Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) v2.0 – an extended set of large-scale diagnostics for quasi-operational and comprehensive evaluation of Earth system models in CMIP
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2020-07-30), p. 3383-3438
    Details
    In: Geoscientific Model Development, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2020-07-30), p. 3383-3438
    Kurzfassung: Abstract. The Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) is a community diagnostics and performance metrics tool designed to improve comprehensive and routine evaluation of Earth system models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). It has undergone rapid development since the first release in 2016 and is now a well-tested tool that provides end-to-end provenance tracking to ensure reproducibility. It consists of (1) an easy-to-install, well-documented Python package providing the core functionalities (ESMValCore) that performs common preprocessing operations and (2) a diagnostic part that includes tailored diagnostics and performance metrics for specific scientific applications. Here we describe large-scale diagnostics of the second major release of the tool that supports the evaluation of ESMs participating in CMIP Phase 6 (CMIP6). ESMValTool v2.0 includes a large collection of diagnostics and performance metrics for atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial variables for the mean state, trends, and variability. ESMValTool v2.0 also successfully reproduces figures from the evaluation and projections chapters of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and incorporates updates from targeted analysis packages, such as the NCAR Climate Variability Diagnostics Package for the evaluation of modes of variability, the Thermodynamic Diagnostic Tool (TheDiaTo) to evaluate the energetics of the climate system, as well as parts of AutoAssess that contains a mix of top–down performance metrics. The tool has been fully integrated into the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) infrastructure at the Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ) to provide evaluation results from CMIP6 model simulations shortly after the output is published to the CMIP archive. A result browser has been implemented that enables advanced monitoring of the evaluation results by a broad user community at much faster timescales than what was possible in CMIP5.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1991-9603
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/gmd-13-3383-2020
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Copernicus GmbH
    Publikationsdatum: 2020
    ZDB Id: 2456725-5
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