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  • 1
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    Schweizerbart
    In:  Ergebnisse der Limnologie = Advances in limnology / Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, 37 . pp. 265-278.
    Publication Date: 2018-03-19
    Description: The dependency of metabolic rates on cell size and the effect of temperature are demonstrated on a hypothetical size spectrum for a phytoplankton population in an oligotrophic open ocean region under steady-state conditions. The model spectrum illustrates the preponderance of small cells over large ones, especially their much higher weight-specific growth rates. It also shows that the allometric advantage of small cells, for instance in competing for limiting nutrients, is further enhanced by temperature increase. These basic facts are used to characterize the microbial and classical food web in relation to cold- and warm-water ecosystems and to new and regenerated production. It appears that the microbial food web is controlled by grazing and the classical food chain by nutrients. The former is present in all environments but is best adapted to oligotrophic warmwater ecosystems where regenerated production predominates. The microbial food web may be regarded as the original and normal form of life in the pelagic zone and the classical food web more as an exceptional feature depending on new production, which in turn is governed by the changing wind and temperature regime over the world ocean.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Standing stock and size composition of the zooplankton comunity (〉100 μm) were studied in four depth strata of the upper 200 m of the water column during a “Meteor” cruise to the central Red Sea and Gulf of Aden in spring 1987. The central Red Sea was divided into a northern area of higher salinity and a less saline southern part. Both areas exhibited significant differences in zooplankton abundance and standing stock. The latter increased by the ratio 1:2:3 from the northern central Red Sea to its southern part and further south to the Gulf of Aden. For size structure analysis samples were fractionated into three size classes (100 to 300, 300 to 500, 500 to 5000 μm). In the central Red Sea the smallest size was dominant whereas in the Gulf of Aden the largest size fraction played a greater relative role than in the central Red Sea. This shift in size structure of the zooplankton community from the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden is apparently primarily related to ecosystem difference between both areas, leading to a change in species composition. In addition, size reduction of individual species common to both seas may be of some significance in the extreme environment of the Red Sea.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The present paper reviews the literature related to the life cycle of the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis and its controlling factors and proposes novel hypotheses based on unpublished observations in culture and in the field. We chiefly refer to P. globosa Scherffel as most of the observations concern this species. P. globosa exhibits a complex alternation between several types of free-living cells (non-motile, flagellates, microzoopores and possibly macrozoospores) and colonies for which neither forms nor pathways have been completely identified and described. The different types of Phaeocystis cells were reappraised on the basis of existing microscopic descriptions complemented by unpublished flow cytometric investigations. This analysis revealed the existence of at least three different types of free-living cells identified on the basis of a combination of size, motility and ploidy characteristics: non-motile cells, flagellates and microzoospores. Their respective function within Phaeocystis life cycle, and in particular their involvement in colony formation is not completely understood. Observational evidence shows that Phaeocystis colonies are initiated at the early stage of their bloom each by one free-living cell. The mechanisms controlling this cellular transformation are still uncertain due to the lack of information on the overwintering Phaeocystis fomms and on the cell type responsible for colony induction. The existence of haploid microzoospores released from senescent colonies gives however some support to sexuality involvement at some stages of colony formation. Once colonies are formed, at least two mechanisms were identified as responsible of the spreading of colony form: colony multiplication by colonial division or budding and induction of new colony from colonial cells released in the external medium after colony disruption. The latter mechanism was clearly identified, involving at least two successive cell differentiations in the following sequence: motility development, subsequent flagella loss and settlement to a surface, mucus secretion and colony formation, colonial cell division and colony growth. Aggregate formation, cell motility development and subsequent emigration from the colonies, release of non-motile cells after colony lysis on the other hand, were identified as characteristics for termination of Phaeocystis colony development. These pathways were shown to occur similarly in natural environments. In the early stages of the bloom however, many recently-formed colonies were found on the setae of Chaetoceros spp, suggesting this diatom could play a key-rôle in Phaeocystis bloom inception. Analysis of the possible environmental factors regulating the transition between the different phases of the life cycle, suggested that nutrient status and requirement of a substrate for attachment of free-living cells would be essential for initiation of the colonial form. Physical constraints obviously would be important in determining colony shape and fragmentation although autogenic factors cannot be excluded. Some evidence exists that nutrients regulate colony division, while temperature and nutrient stress would stimulate cell emigration from the colonies.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2018-03-05
    Description: Within the framework of the JGOFS Pilot Study in 1989 mesozooplankton (0.2–20 mm) was sampled by means of a Hydro-Bios multinet in five depth strata (0–25, 25–50, 50–100, 100–200, 200–500 m) during four Lagrangian drift experiments of 8–14 days' duration at 18, 33, 46 and 58°N, to follow the seasonal progress of the phytoplankton spring bloom development in the northeast Atlantic. Mesozooplankton standing stock, measured as dry weight and ash-free dry weight, increased by a factor of about 6 from 18 to 58°N. Day/night differences amounted to 10–20% of the average and were—with one exception at 18°N—not statistically significant. Using the data on weight-specific respiration rates measured by colleagues on the same cruise, the ingestion rates and potential community grazing of mesozooplankton on phytoplankton within the upper 100 m of the water column were calculated. During all four drift experiments, quasi-steady-state conditions were observed in phyto- and zooplankton standing stock, primary production and daily sedimentation at 100 m depth. The maximum potential grazing rate by mesozooplankton accounted for about half of the daily primary production. Since sedimentation of fresh phytoplankton was negligible, it is concluded that the grazing pressure exercised by mesozooplankton together with micro- and nanozooplankton was responsible for keeping the phytoplankton standing stock at a more or less constant level during the investigated spring bloom in the four areas. Particle flux was thus dominated by zooplankton faecal material.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 5
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    Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde
    In:  Hydrologie und Wasserbewirtschaftung, 55 (4). pp. 188-198.
    Publication Date: 2019-09-24
    Description: An vier Tidenzyklus-Stationen von 21 bis 36 Std. Dauer wurde auf einem Längsschnitt von Hamburg bis zur Außenelbe untersucht, welchen Anteil die Bakterien am Abbau der organischen Substanz haben. Der Gesamt-Abbau durch die planktische Organismengemeinschaft wurde aus dem Sauerstoffverbrauch mit einem angenommenen Respirationsquotienten von 0,85 bestimmt. Der bakterielle Abbau wurde über die Biomasse-Produktion und die Wachstums-Effizienz der Bakterien ermittelt. Die Tidenzyklus-Stationen mit einer hohen zeitlichen Auflösung zeigten eine große Variabilität der Abbauprozesse während der Gezeiten. Die Mittelwerte ergaben, dass der Gesamt-Abbau im oberen noch limnischen Bereich 10,2 μg C l-1 h-1 betrug mit einem bakteriellen Anteil von 82%. Flussabwärts ging der Gesamt-Abbau auf 2,7 μg C l-1 h-1 zurück und der bakterielle Anteil belief sich auf rd. 50 %. Der Längsschnitt von Hamburg bis Neuwerk mit einer hohen räumlichen Auflösung zeigte eine grundsätzlich ähnliche regionale Verteilung. Der hohe Anteil des bakteriellen Abbaus in dem oberen limnischen Ästuarbereich geht darauf zurück, dass das hier aus dem Mittellauf der Elbe eingeschwemmte Phytoplankton infolge Lichtmangels größtenteils abstirbt. Die Ursachen liegen in der großen Wassertiefe des Hamburger Hafengebietes und der starken Gezeitendurchmischung der Wassersäule. Dadurch vermindert sich die Respiration des Phytoplanktons und die Abbautätigkeit ist daher im Wesentlichen auf die Bakterien und das Zooplankton beschränkt. Von diesen beiden verbleibenden Hauptkomponenten des Flussplanktons spielen die Bakterien die wichtigere Rolle beim Abbau der organischen Substanz im Elbe-Ästuar.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 6
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    Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde
    In:  Hydrologie und Wasserbewirtschaftung, 54 (1). pp. 18-28.
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Der Nord-Ostsee-Kanal ist ein Brackwasserbiotop, der sich durch einen relativ hohen Salzgehalt in seinem östlichen Teil, einem fast ausgesüßten mittleren Bereich und einem leichten Salzgehaltsanstieg auf den letzten westlichen Kilometern auszeichnet. In seiner westlichen Hälfte ist die Wassertrübung deutlich höher als in der östlichen. Die Bakterienzahl lag nahe der Schleuse Kiel-Holtenau zwischen 3,6 und 7,9 x 10 hoch 9 l hoch -1 Zellen, von denen 0 bis 9,5 % an Partikeln angeheftet waren. In Richtung Westen nahmen die Bakterienzahl und der Prozentsatz der partikelgebundenen Bakterien fast linear zu und erreichten in der Nähe der Schleuse Brunsbüttel mit 11,5 bis 18,0 x 10 hoch 9 l hoch -1 Zellen und 80-94 % partikelgebundenen Bakterien ihre Maxima. Trübungsgehalt, Bakterienzahl und Prozentsatz der partikelgebundenen Bakterien waren hoch signifikant miteinander korreliert. Die Mittelwerte der bakteriellen Aktivität (gemessen als Leucin-Inkorporation), die zwischen 45 pmol l hoch -1 h hoch -1 im Januar und 383 pmol l hoch -1 h hoch -1 im Juli lagen, zeigten den großen Einfluss der sommerlichen Temperaturzunahme. Die maximalen Werte der spezifischen Leucin-Inkorporation erreichten rd. 80 pmol h hoch -1 10 hoch -9 Bakterien. Die Umsatzraten von Acetat, das als Repräsentant für die niedermolekularen gelösten organischen Verbindungen verwendet wurde, beliefen sich auf Werte zwischen 7 und 34,1 % h-1 (Mittelwerte über den gesamten NOK). Die Erneuerungszeit für den Acetat-"Pool" lag demnach zwischen rund 14 h (Januar) und 3 h (April).
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 7
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    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 26 (3). pp. 357-369.
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The so-called ‘turbulence incubator’ overcomes an essential disadvantage of static in situ incubations where at high irradiances an artificial photoinhibition is caused by neglecting turbulent mixing in the upper water column. It is operated on deck and simulates the changing light conditions for vertically mixed phytoplankton cells by moving the sample bottles horizontally through a circular water bath covered by a glass lid of neutral optical density filters. In this way the exponentially decreasing irradiance within the euphotic zone is simulated and photoinhibition near the surface is avoided. A crucial point is the choice of revolution rate for simulating turbulent mixing under natural conditions. The incubator is characterized by its handy size, a relatively simple and inexpensive construction and a battery-driven motor. It can thus even be operated on small vessels without an electric generator. The incubator is especially suited for vertically mixed waters such as shallow bays, tidal estuaries and rivers. Its reliability was successfully tested by a simultaneous comparison with in situ measurements at various stations representing different water types and environmental conditions, ranging from the turbid River Elbe to the clear open Baltic Sea. In 9 out of 11 experiments, higher primary production rates were obtained in the turbulence incubator than in static in situ incubations. The majority of the latter were characterized by a pronounced photoinhibition in the upper two incubation depths representing the 100 and 50% light levels. The average rate increase amounted to 22%, with a range between 11 and 53% depending on light attenuation and irradiance.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 8
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    Institut für Polarökologie Kiel
    In:  Mitteilungen zur Kieler Polarforschung, 8 . pp. 12-13.
    Publication Date: 2017-09-12
    Description: Den Begriff 'Polynya' sucht man meist auch in anspruchsvollen Nachschlagewerken vergeblich. Er stammt aus dem Russischen und bezeichnet eine größere, sich über einen Zeitraum von Wochen bis Monaten erhaltende eisfreie Wasserfläche inmitten der zugefrorenen oder mit dichtem Treibeis bedeckten Meeresgebiete der Arktis und Antarktis. Ihre Größenausdehnung kann sich über hunderte und tausende von Quadratkilometern erstrecken. (...)
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 9
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    In:  (Professorial dissertation), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 144, [18] pp
    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 10
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    Institut für Meereskunde Kiel
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 205 . Institut für Meereskunde Kiel, Kiel, Germany, pp. 1-166, 167 pp.
    Publication Date: 2013-12-19
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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