Description: Surface meteorology, upper ocean current, and hydrographic measurements, collected along a repeated survey pattern and from a central mooring in the western equatorial Pacific during late 1992 to early 1993, were used to analyse upper ocean momentum balances on the intraseasonal time scale. Wind stresses derived from meteorological measurements were compared with numerical weather prediction products. Advection terms in the momentum equations were estimated by planar fits to the current and hydrographic data. Pressure gradient terms were derived from planar fits to the dynamic heights calculated from the hydrographic data, referenced by balancing the momentum equation in a selected layer below the mixed layer. Under prevailing westerly winds, westward pressure gradient forcings of 2 x 10 -7 ms -2 were set up in the western equatorial Pacific, countering the surface wind, while the total advection tended to accelerate the eastward momentum in the surface layer. During both calm wind and westerly wind burst periods, zonal turbulent momentum fluxes estimated from the ocean budgets were comparable with those estimated from microstructure dissipation rate measurements and with zonal wind stresses, so that the zonal momentum could be balanced within error bars. The meridional momentum balances were noisier, which might be due to the fact that the short meridional length scale of the equatorial inertial-gravity waves could contaminate the dynamic signals in the mixed temporal/spatial sampling data, so that the meridional gradient estimates from the planar fits could be biased.

Description: Ocean boundary current systems are key components of the climate system, are home to highly productive ecosystems, and have numerous societal impacts. Establishment of a global network of boundary current observing systems is a critical part of ongoing development of the Global Ocean Observing System. The characteristics of boundary current systems are reviewed, focusing on scientific and societal motivations for sustained observing. Techniques currently used to observe boundary current systems are reviewed, followed by a census of the current state of boundary current observing systems globally. The next steps in the development of boundary current observing systems are considered, leading to several specific recommendations.

Description: We use 25 years of Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data from NOAA Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites received by six Australian and two Antarctic reception stations to construct a detailed climatology of sea surface temperature (SST) around Australasia. The data have been processed following international GHRSST protocols to help reduce instrument bias using in situ data, with only night-time nearly cloud-free data used to reduce diurnal bias and cloud contamination. A pixel-wise climatology (with four annual sinusoids) and linear trend are fit to the data using a robust technique and monthly non-seasonal percentiles derived. The resulting Atlas, known as the SST Atlas of Australian Regional Seas (SSTAARS), has a spatial resolution of ~2 km and thus reveals unprecedented detail of regional oceanographic phenomena, including tidally-driven entrainment cooling over shelves and reef flats, wind-driven upwelling, shelf winter water fronts, cold river plumes, the footprint of the seasonal boundary current flows and standing mesoscale features in the major offshore currents. The Atlas (and associated statistics) will provide a benchmark for high-resolution ocean modelers and be a resource for ecosystem studies where temperatures, and their extremes, impact on ocean chemistry, species ranges and distribution. Highlights • 25 years of de-biased and tightly navigated sea surface temperature data underpin a unique 2 km seasonal Atlas of the Australasian Seas • Wind-driven upwelling, tidal mixing, boundary jets, the change in dynamics from shelf to offshore, are clearly detectable • Long-term warming occurs nearly everywhere over the region, though it is not uniform due to different dynamical mechanisms • Percentiles of anomalies from the seasonal climatology allow extremes to be quantified routinely