Note: Front Cover -- Assessing the Environmental Impact of Textiles and the Clothing Supply Chain -- Copyright -- Contents -- Author contact details -- Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles -- 1: The textile supply chain and its environmental impact -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The textile supply chain: an overview -- 1.3 The production of natural fi bres -- 1.4 The production of synthetic fi bres -- 1.5 Spinning -- 1.6 Fabric manufacture -- 1.7 Finishing processes -- 1.8 Apparel manufacture -- 1.9 Distribution and retail -- 1.10 Usage and disposal -- 1.11 Summary: key challenges in assessing and reducing environmental impacts -- 1.12 Sources of further information and advice -- 1.13 References -- 2: Ways of measuring the environmental impact of textile processing: an overview -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Ways of measuring the environmental impact of textile processing and textile products -- 2.3 Environmental legislation relating to textiles -- 2.4 Current environmental standards and schemes in the industry -- 2.5 Summary: key methods reviewed in this book -- 2.6 Sources of further information and advice -- 2.7 References -- 3: Textile processing and greenhouse gas emissions: methods for calculating the product carbon footprint (PCF) of textile products -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The main principles of carbon footprint measurement -- 3.3 Carbon footprint assessment methodology -- 3.4 Applications of product carbon footprint (PCF) assessment to key stages in the supply chain -- 3.5 Application of PCF assessment in textiles -- 3.6 Summary: key challenges in calculating the PCF in textiles -- 3.7 Sources of further information and advice -- 3.8 References -- 4: Calculating the water and energy footprints of textile products -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Water footprints: an introduction -- 4.3 Methods for assessing water footprints. , 4.4 Applications of water footprint assessment to key stages in the textile supply chain -- 4.5 Energy footprints: introduction and methods of assessment -- 4.6 Applications of energy footprint assessment to key stages in the textile supply chain -- 4.7 Summary: key challenges in calculating water and energy footprints -- 4.8 Sources of further information and advice -- 4.9 References -- 5: Textile processing and resource depletion: calculating the ecological footprint of textile products -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Main principles and methods -- 5.3 Application to key stages in the supply chain -- 5.4 Summary: key challenges in calculating ecological footprints (EFs) in textiles -- 5.5 Sources of further information and advice -- 5.6 References -- 6: Estimating the overall environmental impact of textile processing: life cycle assessment (LCA) of textile products -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 History of life cycle assessment (LCA) -- 6.3 Basic principles of LCA -- 6.4 LCA goal and scope defi nition -- 6.5 Life cycle inventory analysis -- 6.6 Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) -- 6.7 Life cycle interpretation -- 6.8 Standards for LCA -- 6.9 Different LCA methods -- 6.10 Different LCIA methods -- 6.11 Tools for calculation of LCAs -- 6.12 Advantages and limitations of LCA -- 6.13 Summary -- 6.14 Sources of further information and advice -- 6.15 References -- 7: Life cycle assessment (LCA) and product carbon footprint (PCF) modelling of textile products -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Modelling for product carbon footprint (PCF) and life cycle assessment (LCA) of textile products -- 7.3 Available databases for LCA and PCF modelling of textiles and the clothing supply chain -- 7.4 Key issues in using databases -- 7.5 Diffi culties in modelling and simulation -- 7.6 Summary -- 7.7 Sources of further information and advice -- 7.8 References. , 8: End-of-life management of textile products -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 End-of-life product management options -- 8.3 Reuse of textile products -- 8.4 Recycling of textile products -- 8.5 Incineration and landfi lling of textile products -- 8.6 Biodegradation of textile products -- 8.7 Summary -- 8.8 Sources of further information and advice -- 8.9 References -- 9: Measuring the environmental impact of textiles in practice: calculating the product carbon footprint (PCF) and life cycle assess -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Cotton clothing: life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of T-shirts -- 9.3 Cotton clothing: LCA studies of jeans -- 9.4 Woollen clothing: LCA study of a sweater -- 9.5 Synthetic clothing: LCA studies of polyester garments -- 9.6 Linen textiles: LCA of a linen shirt -- 9.7 Technical textiles: LCA studies of medical textile products -- 9.8 Nonwovens: LCA studies of nappies (diapers) -- 9.9 Summary -- 9.10 Sources of further information and advice -- 9.11 References -- 10: Assessing the environmental impact of textiles: summary and conclusions -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Which assessment methods to use and when -- 10.3 Current problems in environmental assessment -- 10.4 Future trends -- 10.5 Sources of further information and advice -- 10.6 References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Sustainable City Indicators in Malaysia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Social Indicator: The Movement -- 3 Conflicting Perspectives on Sustainability Indicators -- 4 Social Indicator Reports: The Examples -- 5 Sustainable City Indicators -- 6 Sustainable City Indicators: A Case Study of Malaysia -- 7 Malaysian Urban Rural National Indicators Network (MURNInet) -- 8 Malaysia Happiness Index by MURNInet -- 9 (MURNInet): The Impact -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 A Mining Industry Sustainability Index: Experiences from Gold and Uranium Sectors -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 The Top-Down Approach -- 2.2 The Bottom-Up Approach -- 2.3 The Top-Down and Bottom-Up Hybrid Approach -- 3 Theoretical Framework, Dimensions, and Sub-indicators Identification -- 3.1 Theoretical Framework -- 3.2 The MISI's Dimensions and Sub-indicators -- 3.2.1 Local Development: Mining Industry's Performance and Its Spillover Effects on the Local Economy -- 3.2.2 Social Dimension and Local Communities' Well-Being -- 3.2.3 Environmental Dimension: Damage and Compensation, Green Investment (Clean Technologies, Cleaner Process) -- 3.2.4 Transverse Dimension: Employment and Technological Transfer -- 3.2.5 Mining Sector Governance: Transparency and Fight Against Corruption -- 4 Data Collection, Sources and Periods of Study -- 5 Normalization, Weighting, and Aggregation -- 5.1 Normalization -- 5.2 Weighting -- 5.3 Aggregation -- 5.3.1 Linear Aggregation -- 5.3.2 Non-compensatory Aggregating Method Under Perfect Complementarity Hypothesis -- 5.3.3 Geometric Aggregating Method -- 6 Sensitivity and Robustness Analysis -- 6.1 Sensitivity Analysis -- 6.1.1 Sensitivity Analysis by Variance Decomposition -- 6.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis by Changing the Aggregating and Weighting Methods. , 6.2 Robustness Analysis: The Loss Information Measure (LIM) -- 6.3 Link with Others Sustainable Development Indices Analysis -- 7 Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- 3 Application of Indicators in Transport Planning: Insight from India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Indicators Based Approach -- 2.1 What are Good Indicators? -- 3 Sustainable Transport Definition and Visions -- 4 Mobility Planning and Role of Indicators in Global Context -- 4.1 Mobility Planning -- 4.1.1 Europe -- 4.1.2 Plans de De´Placements Urbains (PDU) in France -- 4.1.3 Local Transport Plan in UK -- 4.1.4 Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans in European Union -- 4.1.5 North America -- 4.1.6 Latin America -- 4.1.7 Africa -- 4.2 Transport Plans and Indicators in Global Context -- 5 Transport Planning Approaches and Indicators in India -- 5.1 Proposed Indicators for Preparing Plans in India -- 5.2 Application of Indicators in India -- 5.3 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 The Role of Reverse Logistics in Recycling of Wood Products -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 European Legislation -- 1.2 The Role of Wood and Wood Products in the Bioeconomy -- 2 A Concept for Reuse and Upgrading of Waste Wood -- 2.1 Cascade Use of Wood -- 2.1.1 Carbon Storage in Wood Products -- 2.2 Classification of Hazardous and Nonhazardous Waste Wood -- 2.3 Material Considerations for Recovered Waste Wood -- 2.3.1 Outputs of Processed Recovered Wood -- 3 Flows of Waste Wood---a Case Study of Slovenia -- 4 Models of Reverse Logistics -- 4.1 A Model of Reverse Logistics for Wood Recovery -- 4.1.1 Model Entities -- 4.1.2 Optimization Problem -- 4.2 Implementation of the Model -- 4.2.1 System Architecture -- 4.2.2 Using the Application -- Entering the Model -- The Result of a Computation -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Recycling Potential of Building Materials: A Review -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials Used in Building Construction -- 3 Recycling of Building Materials -- 4 Environment and Economic Importance -- 5 Recycling Potential and Its Feasibility -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendation -- References -- 3 Recycling of Wastes into Construction Materials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Recycling of Coal and Biomass Fly Ashes, Coal Bottom Ash, and C& -- D Wastes for Concrete Block Manufacturing -- 2.1 Materials and Methods -- 2.1.1 Materials -- 2.1.2 Block Preparation -- 2.1.3 Insulating Properties -- 2.1.4 Physical and Mechanical Properties -- 2.1.5 Environmental Study -- 2.2 Results and Discussion -- 2.2.1 Physical, Mechanical, and Insulating Properties -- 2.2.2 Environmental Results -- Leaching -- Radiological Test -- 3 Recycling of Biomass and C& -- D Wastes for Façade Solutions -- 3.1 Materials -- 3.2 Panel Preparation. , 3.3 Comparative Façade Solutions -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Enhancing Crop Residues Recycling in the Philippine Landscape -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Crop Residue Recycling: Why Farmers Don't Do It -- 3 On Sugarcane, Why Burn? -- 4 Benefits of no Burn Canes -- 5 Addressing the Challenge of Rice Straw or Sugarcane Trash Burning Through Legal Means -- 6 Exploring Other Paths for Enhancing Crop Residue Recycling -- 7 Conclusion -- Literature Cited -- 5 Dilemmas of Development and the Reconstruction of Fashion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fashionable Development -- 2.1 Liquid Clothes -- 2.2 Design Activism and Recycling -- 3 Sustainable Development and Design -- 3.1 Design Debates -- 3.2 Designing for Sustainable Development -- 4 Globalisation and Recycling -- 4.1 Technology and Ideology -- 4.2 The Global Denim Project: A Detailed Exploration in Recycling -- 5 Putting Theory into Practice -- 5.1 Ketchup Clothes: A Case Study in Recycling -- 5.2 Methods of Enquiry -- 5.3 Definition and Sourcing of Waste Clothes -- 5.4 The Design and Manufacture of Recycled Clothes -- 5.4.1 Rips and Stains -- 5.4.2 Remodelled T-shirts -- 5.4.3 Knitted T-shirts -- 5.4.4 Household Textiles -- 5.5 Engagement in Outreach Work -- 6 Conclusions and Discussion -- Bibliography -- 6 Chitosan Derivatives as Effective Agents in Recycling of Textile Dyes from Waste Waters -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chitosan as an Adsorbent for Dye Removal from Wastewaters -- 3 Recent Advances in Dye Adsorption Using Chitosan Composites -- 4 Chitosan Derivatives for Dye Removal -- 5 Conclusion and Perspectives -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 7 Polyester Recycling---Technologies, Characterisation, and Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Recycling Technologies -- 3 PET Recycling Process -- 3.1 Collection and Sorting. , 3.2 Secondary Recycling---Mechanical Recycling -- 3.3 Tertiary Recycling -- 3.3.1 Glycolysis -- 3.3.2 Methanolysis -- 3.3.3 Hydrolysis -- 3.3.4 Thermolysis or Thermal Depolymerisation -- 3.4 Quaternary Recycling -- 3.5 Bio-Based PET -- 4 Characterisation of Recycled Polyester -- 4.1 Yarn Preparation and Characteristics -- 4.2 Fabric Characteristics -- 5 Applications -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Future Recommendations -- References -- 8 Recycled Fibrous and Nonfibrous Biomass for Value-Added Textile and Nontextile Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Recycling of Colouring Compounds and Auxiliaries for Textile Application -- 2.1 Recycling of Flowers for Textile Dyeing and Finishing -- 2.2 Recycling of Textile Dyes and Auxiliaries -- 2.3 Textile Finishing Using Bio-Waste -- 3 Recycling of Fibres from Waste Textiles and Their Applications -- 3.1 Recycling of Cellulosic Fibres from Waste Textiles/Paper -- 3.2 Recycling of Jute Waste and Its Application -- 3.3 Recycling (Utilisation) of Leather Fibre Waste -- 4 Recovery of Fibrous Material from Textile and Agro-Biomass and Its Application in Composite -- 4.1 Application of Biodegradable Fibrous Waste in Composite -- 4.2 Application of Biodegradable Nonfibrous Waste in Composite and Agriculture -- 5 Microcrystalline, Nano, and Bacterial Cellulose from Fibrous Biomass -- 5.1 Synthesis of Nanocellulose from Agro-Biomass and Nanocomposite -- 5.2 Production of Microcrystalline Cellulose -- 5.3 Production of Bacterial Cellulose from Textile and Agro Wastes -- 6 Recovery of Silk Sericin and Its Value-Added Applications -- 7 Production, Recycling, and Application Lignin and Nanolignin -- 8 Research on Banana Pseudostem Sap -- 9 Biodegradation and Life-Cycle Assessment -- 10 Present Status of Recycling in India -- 11 Summary -- References -- 9 Recycling and Reuse of Textile Effluent Sludge -- Abstract. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Water Pollution by Textile Industry -- 2.1 Water Consumption in Textile Processing -- 3 Characteristics of Textile Wastewater -- 3.1 Characteristics of Dye Effluent -- 3.2 Dyes -- 3.3 Environmental Impact of Wastewater -- 3.3.1 Effects on Public Health -- 3.3.2 Effects on Crops -- 3.3.3 Effects on Aquaculture -- 3.3.4 Effects on Soil Resources -- 3.3.5 Effects on Groundwater Resources -- 3.4 Environmental Impacts of Textile Effluent -- 4 Recycling of Textile Wastewater -- 4.1 Preliminary Treatment -- 5 Primary Treatment -- 5.1 Secondary Treatment -- 5.2 Tertiary Treatment -- 5.2.1 Chemical Oxidation -- 5.2.2 Ozonation -- 5.2.3 Photochemical Process -- 5.2.4 Ion Exchange Process -- 5.2.5 Electrochemical Process -- 5.2.6 Membrane Filtration -- Reverse Osmosis -- Ultrafiltration -- Nanofiltration -- Microfiltration -- 5.2.7 Adsorption -- 5.2.8 Photocatalytic Degradation -- 5.3 Choice of Treatment Technologies -- 5.4 Economics of Textile Effluent Treatment Plant -- 6 Sludge Management in the Textile Industry -- 6.1 Classification of Sludge -- 6.2 Characteristics of Sludge -- 6.3 Sludge Management Systems -- 6.3.1 Preliminary Operation -- 6.3.2 Thickening -- 6.3.3 Stabilisation -- 6.3.4 Composting -- 6.3.5 Conditioning -- 6.3.6 Dewatering -- 6.3.7 Drying -- 6.4 Sludge Treatment Process -- 6.4.1 Anaerobic Digestion -- 6.4.2 Aerobic Digestion -- Advantages of Aerobic Digestion -- Disadvantages of Aerobic Digestion -- 6.4.3 Solidification/Stabilisation Method of Sludge Reduction -- 6.5 Environmental Impact of Sludge Disposal -- 6.5.1 Ocean Disposal -- 6.5.2 Incineration -- 6.5.3 Landfill -- 6.5.4 Landfarming -- 6.5.5 Beneficial Land Application -- 6.6 Reuse Potential of Textile Sludge -- 6.6.1 Sludge in Construction Material -- 6.6.2 Sludge in Concrete -- 6.6.3 Sludge in Clay Bricks -- 6.6.4 Sludge as Fertiliser. , 6.6.5 Other Methods Used in Sludge Management -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Recycled Paper from Wastes: Calculation of Ecological Footprint of an Energy-Intensive Industrial Unit in Orissa, India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology for Estimating Ecological Footprint -- 2.1 Process Description -- 2.1.1 Paper Manufacturing Process -- 2.1.2 Sheet-Forming Section -- 2.1.3 Press Section -- 2.1.4 Drying -- 2.1.5 Calendaring -- 2.1.6 Reeling -- 2.2 Study of Boundary and Data Collection -- 2.3 Scope and Limitation of the Study -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- References -- Websites.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part I Use of Materials -- The Lotus Flower Fiber and Sustainable Luxury -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Lotus Flower: Historical and Religious Aspects -- 2.1 Ancient Egypt -- 2.2 Thailand -- 2.3 China -- 2.4 Religious Aspects of the Lotus Flower -- 3 The Lotus Flower Fiber: Aspects and Processing of the Fiber -- 3.1 Properties of the Lotus Fibers -- 3.2 Processing of the Lotus Fibers -- 4 The Lotus Flower and the (Sustainable) Luxury Sector -- 4.1 Emerging Brands and Established Brands in Relation of the Lotus Flower -- 4.1.1 Loro Piana -- 4.1.2 Samatoa -- 5 Conclusions, Analysis and Forward-Looking Concerns -- References -- Flax: Sustainability Is the New Luxury -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 ProjectFlax -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Flax Applications -- 3.1 Flax in Fashion: Ethical, Responsible and Sustainable Clothing as New Luxury -- 3.2 Flax in Agriculture: Food and Medicine Become New Luxury -- 3.3 Flax in Wellbeing: A Return to Natural Healing Materials as New Luxury -- 3.4 Flax in Design: The Results of Innovation in Addressing Physical and Cultural Issues as New Luxury -- 3.4.1 ProjectFlax Design Competition -- 3.4.2 Undergraduate Module -- 3.4.3 Furniture Design -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Great Potential of Stinging Nettle for Sustainable Textile and Fashion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction: History, Production, Yield, General Introduction About Luxury Fibre, Utilisation of Fibre, Sustainability, etc. -- 2 Sustainable Fibre Extraction: Different Methods of Fibre Extraction from Bark, Their Process, Merits and Demerits -- 2.1 Extraction Methods of Nettle Fibre -- 3 Evaluation of Properties: Physical and Chemical Properties of Nettle Fibre -- 3.1 Physical Properties -- 3.2 Chemical Properties -- 3.3 Mechanical Properties of Stinging Nettles. , 4 Sustainable Development of Luxury Textiles and Other Industrial Applications: Sustainable Development Different Luxury and Fashionable Value Added Textiles from Fibre, Yarn and Fabrics, Their Properties and Probable Uses of Nettle in the Luxury World -- 4.1 Sustainable Chemical Processing of Nettle and Value Added Textile, Composite Product Development -- 4.2 Nettle Yarn Spinning for Value Added Products -- 4.3 Nettle for Sustainable Traditional Handicrafts -- 4.4 Nettle Apparel: Its Laundering Behaviour and Disposal -- 4.5 Probable Uses of Nettle in the Luxury World -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Sustainable Luxury Natural Fibers-Production, Properties, and Prospects -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Conventional Luxury Fibers -- 2.1 Silk Fiber -- 2.1.1 Life Cycle of a Mulberry Silk -- 2.1.2 Sustainable Luxury Silk -- Organic Silk -- Peace Silk -- Wild Silk -- Matka Silk -- Recycled and Vintage Silk -- 2.1.3 Silk in Sustainable Luxury Fashion -- 2.2 Cashmere -- 2.3 Alpaca -- 2.4 Vicuna -- 2.5 Guanaco -- 2.6 Camel Hair -- 2.7 Angora -- 3 Unconventional Luxury Fibers -- 3.1 Lotus Fiber -- 3.1.1 History of the Fiber -- 3.1.2 Production of Lotus Fiber Yarn -- 3.1.3 Weaving of Lotus Fabric -- 3.1.4 Properties of Lotus Fabric -- 3.1.5 Future of Lotus Fiber in Luxury Market -- 3.2 Milkweed Fibers -- 3.2.1 Types of Milkweed Species -- 3.3 Pine Fiber -- 3.3.1 About the Plant -- 3.3.2 Scrapping of Pineapple Leaf -- 3.3.3 Extraction of Pineapple Leaf Fibers -- Pineapple Fiber Extraction by Hard Working Hands -- Extraction of Fibers by Retting Method -- Raspador Method -- Decorticating Machine -- 3.3.4 Pineapple Leaf Fiber Properties -- 3.3.5 Weaving of Pine Fabric -- 3.3.6 Pineapple Fabric Benefits -- 3.4 Soy Protein Fiber -- 3.4.1 Manufacturing of Soy Protein Fiber -- 3.4.2 Woven Fabric -- 3.4.3 Characteristic of Soybean Protein Fiber Fabrics [60, 61]. , 3.4.4 Recycled Soy Fabric Fiber -- 3.5 Future Prospects of Milkweed, Pine, and Soy Fibers in Premium and Luxury Products -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendations Going Forward -- References -- Part II Sustainable Production Processes -- Sustainable Processing of Luxury Textiles -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fibers Used in Luxury Textiles -- 2.1 Fibers from Insects -- 2.2 Goat Fibers -- 2.2.1 Mohair Fiber -- 2.2.2 Cashmere Fiber -- 2.2.3 Cervelt Fiber -- 2.3 Rabbit Fiber -- 2.4 Camelid Fibers -- 2.4.1 Alpaca Fiber -- 2.4.2 Vicuña Fiber -- 2.4.3 Guanaco Fiber -- 2.5 Crossbred Fibers -- 2.6 Rodent Fiber -- 3 Sustainability of Textile Processing -- 3.1 What Is Sustainability? -- 3.2 Why Sustainability Is Important? -- 3.3 Assessment of Sustainability -- 3.3.1 Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) -- 3.3.2 Environmental Impacts of Luxury Textile Processing -- 3.3.3 Carbon Footprint -- 3.3.4 Social and Economic Impacts -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Sustainability in Luxury Textile Applications: A Contradiction or a New Business Opportunity? -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sustainable Resource Use-Conditions for Successful Recycling Concepts for Luxury Textile Goods -- 2.1 Carbon-Fibres -- 2.1.1 Economic or Legal Pressure -- 2.1.2 Energy Consumption -- 2.1.3 Material Properties -- 2.1.4 Available Amount -- 2.2 Polyamide BCF Fibres -- 2.2.1 Economic or Legal Pressure -- 2.2.2 Energy Consumption -- 2.2.3 Material Properties -- 2.2.4 Amount Available -- 3 Different Types of Recycling Strategies to Create Textiles Out of Textiles -- 3.1 Levels of Recycling -- 3.2 Recycling Strategies to Create Textiles Out of Textiles Depending from the Material -- 4 Recycling of Polymers in the Process Chain Using the Example of Carpets -- 4.1 Carpet in General -- 4.1.1 Construction of a Carpet -- 4.2 Requirements for the Reuse of Polymers in Carpets and Carpet Tiles. , 4.3 Chemical Recycling of PA6 -- 4.4 EcoDesign of Carpet Tiles -- 4.5 Separation Layer -- 5 Utilization of Materials in a New Part Using the Example Carbon Fibers -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Specialty Chemical Finishes for Sustainable Luxurious Textiles -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Luxury and Textile -- 3 Sustainable Luxurious Textiles -- 4 Fragrance, Health-Hygiene and Wellbeing Textiles -- 4.1 Fragrance Textile -- 4.2 Health and Hygiene Textiles Using Nano and Bio-materials -- 4.3 Skin Nourishing and Vitamin E Finishing -- 4.4 Moth Proofing of Luxurious Woollen Product -- 4.5 Wellbeing Textile for Yoga and Other Applications -- 5 Improvement in Fabric Comfort, Softness and Aesthetic Feel -- 5.1 Chemical Methods -- 5.2 Physical Methods -- 6 Luxurious Party Wear and Textile -- 6.1 Professional (Luxurious) Party Wear Textile -- 6.2 Wrinkle Resistant Elegant Textile -- 6.3 Camouflaged Fashionable Textiles -- 6.4 Liquid Repellent Self-cleaned Textile -- 6.5 Photo-Induced Self-cleaned Textile -- 7 Luxurious UV Protective Sports and Leisure Wears -- 7.1 Using Inorganic and Organic Nanoparticles -- 7.2 Using Plant Molecule and Natural Polymer -- 8 Challenges and Prospectus of Chemical Finishes in Sustainable Luxury Textiles -- 9 Summery -- References -- Part III Sustainability and Business Management -- Sustainable Practices in Luxury Apparel Industry -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Apparel Industry -- 3 Luxury Apparel -- 3.1 Concept of Luxury -- 3.2 Luxury Fashion: Global Scenario -- 3.3 Apparel Luxury-Characteristics -- 4 Sustainable Luxury -- 4.1 Luxury Apparel and Sustainability -- 4.2 Greening Goliaths Versus Emerging Davids -- 5 Case Study -- 5.1 Case Selection -- 5.2 Analysis -- 5.2.1 Industry Characteristics -- 5.2.2 Sustainable Reporting -- 5.2.3 Content Analysis -- 5.3 Greening Goliaths Versus Emerging Davids -- 6 Conclusion. , References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 The Remanufacturing Industry and Fashion -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Remanufacturing Industry -- 1.3 The Concept of "Remanufacture" -- 1.4 A Definition of Remanufactured Fashion -- 1.5 Upcycle or Remanufacture -- 1.6 Labelling of Remanufactured Clothing -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Closed Loop Systems and Reverse Logistics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Closed Loop Systems, Reverse Logistics-Definitions and Differences -- 2.2.1 Closed Loop Versus Reverse Logistics -- 2.3 The Process of Reverse Logistics -- 2.4 Requirements and Challenges of Closed Loop Systems of Fashion Products -- References -- 3 The Remanufactured Fashion Design Approach and Business Model -- 3.1 The Business Model Concept -- 3.2 Significance of the Business Model Concept -- 3.3 Business Models and Sustainability -- 3.4 Business Models Within a Globalized Fashion Industry -- 3.5 Sustainable Fashion Business Models -- 3.5.1 Incentive Green Business Model -- 3.5.2 Life-cycle Green Business Models -- 3.6 An Examination of the Remanufactured Fashion Business Model -- 3.7 The Remanufactured Fashion Business Model -- 3.7.1 Value Creation -- 3.7.2 Value Architecture -- 3.7.3 Revenue Model -- 3.8 Implications for the Design and Manufacture of Remanufactured Fashion -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Examples and Case Studies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Overview of the Fashion Remanufacturing Process -- 4.2.1 Company A -- 4.2.2 Company B -- 4.2.3 Company C -- 4.2.4 Company D -- 4.2.5 Company E -- 4.3 Implications for Mass Manufacturing -- 4.3.1 Process Input -- 4.3.2 Cutting Operation -- 4.3.3 Garment Assembly -- 4.3.4 Quality Standards -- 4.3.5 Distribution and Retailing -- 4.4 Conclusion -- 5 Systems Requirements for Remanufactured Fashion as an Industry. , 5.1 Introduction: A Comparison Between Conventional and Remanufactured Fashion Design Processes -- 5.2 Remanufactured Fashion as a Reverse Supply System -- 5.3 The Current Fashion System -- 5.4 A Conceptual System for Remanufactured Fashion -- 5.5 Marketing and Strategic Considerations for the Remanufacturing Company -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Issues Raised for Sustainability Through Remanufactured Fashion -- 6.1 Retailing of Remanufactured Fashion -- 6.2 Eco-Labels -- 6.3 Remanufactured Certificates -- 6.4 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction to the Eco-Design Methodology and the Role of Product Carbon Footprint -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Benefits and Opportunities of Eco-Design Implementation -- 2.1 The Scope of Eco-Design -- 2.2 Eco-Design Implementation -- 3…Overview of the Eco-Design Methodology -- 4…Qualitative Tools for the Environmental Assessment -- 4.1 Qualitative Assessment of Life Cycle Criteria -- 5…Quantitative Tools for the Environmental Assessment -- 5.1 Life Cycle Assessment -- 5.2 Product Carbon Footprint as an Assessment Tool -- 6…Eco-Briefing: Design Requirements Definition -- 7…Definition and Selection of Strategies -- 7.1 Strategies Definition -- 7.2 Strategy Selection -- 7.3 Product Carbon Footprint as a Communication Tool -- 8…Design of the Prototype -- 9…Conclusions -- References -- 2 Carbon Footprint Estimation in the Agriculture Sector -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Agriculture as a Source of Greenhouse Gases -- 3…Agricultural Management as a Carbon Offsetting Option -- 4…Understanding Product Carbon Footprints: Concept, Scope, and Calculation -- 4.1 Scope of Product Carbon Footprinting -- 4.2 Calculation of Product Carbon Footprints -- 4.2.1 Selection of GHGs -- 4.2.2 Setting Boundaries -- 4.2.3 Collection of GHG Data -- 4.2.4 Footprint Calculation -- 5…Carbon Footprinting as a Tool to Estimate Agriculture's Contribution to Atmospheric Stock of Greenhouse Gases -- 6…Calculating Carbon Footprints for Agricultural Products -- 6.1 Selection of Boundary and Tiers -- 6.2 Estimation of GHG Emissions/Removals -- 6.3 Footprint Calculation -- 7…Case Studies -- 8…Sources of Uncertainty -- 9…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Methodology for Determining the Carbon Footprint of the Construction of Residential Buildings -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Case Study -- 3…Methodology. , 3.1 Determination of the Emission Factors -- 3.2 Determination of the Carbon Footprint of Energy Consumption -- 3.3 Determination of the Carbon Footprint of Water Consumption -- 3.4 Determination of the Carbon Footprint of Food Consumption -- 3.5 Determination of the Carbon Footprint of Mobility -- 3.6 Determination of the Carbon Footprint of Construction Materials -- 3.7 Determination of the Carbon Footprint of Waste -- 4…Results -- 4.1 Carbon Footprint of Energy Consumption -- 4.2 Carbon Footprint of Water Consumption -- 4.3 Carbon Footprint of Food Consumption -- 4.4 Carbon Footprint of Mobility -- 4.5 Carbon Footprint of Construction Materials -- 4.6 Carbon Footprint of Waste -- 4.7 Total Carbon Footprint -- 5…Conclusions -- References -- 4 Carbon Footprint of Food Products -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Challenges in Calculating the Carbon Footprint of Food Products -- 2.1 Functional Unit -- 2.2 System Boundaries and Allocation -- 2.3 Land Use Change -- 2.4 Carbon Sequestration in Soils -- 2.5 Risk of Pollution Swapping -- 3…Uncertainties and Variation -- 3.1 Introduction to Uncertainties and Variation -- 3.2 Variability in Agricultural Systems -- 3.3 Uncertainties in Emissions from Soil, Animals, and Manure -- 3.4 Modeling Land Use Change -- 3.5 Handling Uncertainties -- 4…Examples of Uses and Results -- 4.1 Identification of Hotspots and Mitigation Options -- 4.2 Consumer Communications -- 5…Conclusions -- 6…Future Challenges and Research Needs -- References -- 5 The Carbon Footprint of Ceramic Products -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…General Information on Ceramic Manufacturing -- 2.1 Characterization of Ceramic Industry -- 2.2 Ceramic Manufacturing -- 2.2.1 Preparation of Raw Materials -- 2.2.2 Shaping -- 2.2.3 Drying -- 2.2.4 Surface Treatment and Firing -- 2.2.5 Subsequent Treatment -- 3…Case Studies. , 3.1 Carbon Footprint of Ornamental Earthenware Pieces -- 3.1.1 Goal of the Study -- 3.1.2 Functional Unit -- 3.1.3 System Definition and Boundary -- 3.1.4 Data Collection -- 3.1.5 Multifunctionality and Allocation -- 3.1.6 Results -- 3.1.7 Improvement Measures and BAT -- 3.2 Carbon Footprint of Bricks -- 3.2.1 Goal of the study -- 3.2.2 Functional Unit -- 3.2.3 System Boundary and Data Collection -- 3.2.4 Multifunctionality and Allocation -- 3.2.5 Results -- 3.2.6 Improvement Measures and BAT -- 3.3 Carbon Footprint of Roof Tiles -- 3.3.1 Goal of the Study -- 3.3.2 Functional Unit -- 3.3.3 System Boundary and Data Collection -- 3.3.4 Multifunctionality and Allocation -- 3.3.5 Results -- 3.4 Carbon Footprint of Wall and Floor Tiles -- 3.4.1 Goal of the Study -- 3.4.2 Functional Unit, System Boundary, and Data Collection -- 3.4.3 Multifunctionality and Allocation -- 3.4.4 Results -- 3.5 Carbon Footprint of Sanitary Ware Products -- 3.5.1 Goal of the Study -- 3.5.2 Functional Unit, System Boundary, and Data Collection -- 3.5.3 Multifunctionality and Allocation -- 3.5.4 Results -- 4…Discussion -- 4.1 Specific GHG Emissions of Ceramic Products -- 4.2 Contribution of Manufacturing Stage to the Carbon Footprint of Ceramic Products -- 4.3 Improvement Measures and BAT -- 4.4 Cradle-to-Gate and Cradle-to-Grave Assessments -- 5…Challenges in Calculating the Carbon Footprint of Ceramic Products -- 6…Conclusions -- References -- 6 Carbon Footprint of Mobile Devices: Open Questions in Carbon Footprinting of Emerging Mobile ICT Technologies -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction: The Rapid Emergence of Smartphones -- 2…How to Get a Reliable Life Cycle Inventory for Components and Subassemblies? -- 3…What are the External Influences to Networks and Servers? -- 4…What is the Effect of Consumer Behavior on Recycling?. , 5…How to Account for the Increases in Other Personal Consumption? -- 6…Can Green Applications Offset the Other Emissions? -- 7…Summary -- References -- 7 The Carbon Footprint of Pigmeat in Flanders -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Background -- 3…Methodology -- 3.1 Standard and Method Used -- 3.2 Scope and System Boundaries -- 3.3 Functional Unit -- 3.4 Allocation Method -- 3.5 Land Use and Land-Use Change -- 4…Data Sources -- 4.1 Raw Materials and Husbandry Level -- 4.2 Meat Processing -- 5…Data Analysis -- 5.1 Emissions from Fodder Production -- 5.2 Emissions from Pig Production -- 5.3 Emissions from Manure Storage and Usage -- 5.3.1 Methane -- 5.3.2 Nitrous Oxide -- 5.3.3 Manure Usage for Crop Production -- 5.4 Emissions from Transport -- 5.5 Emissions from Meat Processing -- 6…Results -- 6.1 The CF of Pigmeat -- 6.2 The Sensitivity of the CF of Pigmeat -- 7…Discussion -- 7.1 Relative Importance of the Results -- 7.2 Mitigation Measures -- 8…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- A.x(118). Annex -- A.x(118). Necessary Data to Calculate the CF for Pigmeat Production on Farm Level -- A.x(118). Necessary Data for Resources of Fodder -- References -- 8 Carbon Emission and Carbon Footprint of Different Industrial Spaces in Different Regions of China -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 1.1 Research on Carbon Emissions -- 1.2 Researches on Carbon Footprint -- 1.3 The Purpose of This Study -- 2…Data and Methods -- 2.1 Data Sources -- 2.2 Methods -- 2.2.1 Calculation Method of Carbon Emissions -- 2.2.2 Carbon Emission Intensity of Different Industrial Spaces -- 2.2.3 Calculation Method of Carbon Footprint -- 3…Carbon Emission and Carbon Footprint of Different Industrial Spaces in China -- 3.1 Carbon Emissions of Different Industrial Spaces -- 3.2 Carbon Footprint of Different Industrial Spaces. , 4…Carbon Emission and Carbon Footprint of Different Regions in China -- 4.1 Methods for Carbon Sink Estimation in Different Regions -- 4.2 Changes of Carbon Emissions in Different Regions -- 4.3 Changes in the Carbon Footprint in Different Regions -- 5…Discussions and Policy Implications -- 5.1 About Carbon Emissions -- 5.2 About Carbon Footprint -- 5.3 Uncertainty Analysis -- 5.4 Policy Implications -- 6…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Eco-Design and Product Carbon Footprint Use in the Packaging Sector -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Eco-Design and Carbon Footprint in Packaging -- 3…Case Studies and Methodology -- 4…Overview of the PCF of Packaging Systems -- 5…Packaging for the Industrial Sector -- 6…Packaging for Chemical Products -- 7…Packaging for Technical Products (Lighting Sector) -- 8…Packaging for the Food Sector -- 9…Packaging for Food Retail -- 10…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Carbon Footprint of Crop Production and the Significance for Greenhouse Gas Reduction in the Agriculture Sector of China -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction: General Issues of China's Crop Production -- 2…Methods for Quantifying Carbon Footprint in Agriculture -- 2.1 Rational of Accounting Approach -- 2.2 Procedure of Carbon Emission Accounting -- 2.3 Data Used for CF Accounting -- 2.3.1 Statistical Data -- 2.3.2 Farm Survey Data -- 3…Overall Carbon Footprints of China's Crop Production -- 3.1 General Feature of Carbon Footprint -- 3.2 Change in CF with Agricultural Development -- 4…Carbon Footprint of Staple Crop Production in China -- 4.1 CF of Staple Crop Production -- 4.2 Difference in CF Between Major Crops -- 5…Carbon Footprint of Vegetable Production -- 5.1 General Feature of the Carbon Footprint of Vegetable Crops -- 5.2 Proportion of Different Inputs to Total Carbon Cost. , 6…From Carbon Footprint to Carbon Management: Future of China's Crop Production.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Effect of Textile Parameters on Microfiber Shedding Properties of Textiles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microfiber Shedding Mechanism -- 3 Microfiber Generations in Different Phases of Life Cycle -- 3.1 Production Stage -- 3.2 Consumption Stage -- 3.3 Disposal Stage -- 4 Effect of Textile Parameters in Microfiber Shedding -- 4.1 Effect of Fiber Properties -- 4.2 Effect of Yarn Parameters -- 4.3 Effect of Fabric Parameters and Properties -- 4.4 Effect of Surface Finishes -- 4.5 Effects of Aging -- 5 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Current State of Microplastics Research in SAARC Countries-A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Knowledge of Microplastics Research in SAARC Nations -- 3 India -- 3.1 Coastal Environment -- 3.2 Riverine Environment -- 3.3 Lacustrine Environment -- 3.4 Groundwater -- 3.5 Biota -- 3.6 Salt -- 3.7 Dust/Atmospheric Deposition -- 4 Pakistan -- 5 Maldives -- 6 Bangladesh -- 7 Sri Lanka -- 8 Nepal -- 9 Recommendations for Future Studies -- 10 Conclusion -- References -- Distribution and Impact of Microplastics in the Aquatic Systems: A Review of Ecotoxicological Effects on Biota -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Review Methods and Data Treatment -- 3 The Occurrence of Microplastics in Aquatic Biota -- 4 Interaction and Uptake Mechanism of Microplastics by Aquatic Biota -- 5 Ecotoxicological Effects of Microplastics on Aquatic Biota -- 5.1 Toxicity Effect at Subcellular, Cellular, and Organ Level of Biota -- 5.2 Toxicity Effects on the Behavioral Pattern -- 6 Microplastics Associated Contaminants Effects on Biotas -- 7 Conclusion, Future Research, and Recommendation -- References -- Microplastic Pollution in Marine Environment: Occurrence, Fate, and Effects (With a Specific Focus on Biogeochemical Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles) -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Concept and Composition of Microplastics. , 1.2 Sources of Microplastics -- 2 Environmental Fate and Transport of Microplastics -- 2.1 The Transport of Microplastics in the Marine Environment -- 2.2 The Fate of Microplastics in the Marine Environment -- 3 The Impact of Microplastics on Ecosystems -- 3.1 Impacts on Marine Phytoplankton and Zooplankton -- 3.2 Impacts on Marine Benthic Communities -- 3.3 Effects of Microplastics on Microbial Diversity, Community Structure, and Function -- 4 Effects on Biogeochemical Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles -- 4.1 Effect of Microplastics on Carbon Cycles -- 4.2 Effect of Microplastics on Nitrogen Cycles in Sediments -- 5 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Domestic Laundry and Microfiber Shedding of Synthetic Textiles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microfiber Shedding and Laundry -- 2.1 Effect of Detergent/Detergent Concentration on Microfiber Shedding -- 2.2 Effect of Laundry Temperature on Microfiber Shedding -- 2.3 Effect of Laundry Cycle/Time on Microfiber Shedding -- 2.4 Effect of Softener Treatment on Microfiber Shedding -- 2.5 Effect of Washing Machine Type/Method on Microfiber Shedding -- 2.6 Other Influencing Parameters Influencing Microfiber Shedding -- 3 Summary and Recommendation -- References -- Microplastics in Dentistry-A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Dental Materials and Microplastics -- 2.1 Poly Methyl Methacrylate Based Denture Base Materials -- 2.2 BIS Phenol A from Orthodontic Appliances -- 2.3 BIS Phenol A from Composites and Pit and Fissure Sealants -- 2.4 Toothpastes and Microplastics -- 3 Polymer Degradation and Impacts -- 3.1 Saliva Components -- 3.2 Masticatory Forces -- 3.3 Thermal and Chemical Changes -- 3.4 Oral Microbes -- 4 Environmental Impact -- 5 Impact on Human -- 6 Recommendations for Future Studies -- 7 Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 What is Additive Manufacturing? -- References -- Sustainable Impact Evaluation of Support Structures in the Production of Extrusion-Based Parts -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Additive Manufacturing -- 2.1 Material Extrusion -- 2.2 Powder Bed Fusion -- 2.3 Vat Photopolymerization -- 2.4 Material Jetting -- 2.5 Binder Jetting -- 2.6 Sheet Lamination -- 2.7 Directed Energy Deposition -- 3 Case Study -- 3.1 Relationship Between Dissolution Time and Material Volume -- 3.2 Super Rugby Trophy 2015 and Klein Bottle -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- A New Variant of Genetic Programming in Formulation of Laser Energy Consumption Model of 3D Printing Process -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experiment Details for the SLS Process in the Measurement of Laser Energy Consumption and TAS -- 3 Evolutionary Algorithms -- 3.1 Complexity-Based Evolutionary Approach of Genetic Programming (CN-GP) -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Statistical Validation of Energy Consumption Models Against the Experimental Data -- 4.2 Relationships Between Laser Energy Consumption and TAS and Inputs via Sensitivity and Parametric Analysis of the Best Model -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 3D Printing Sociocultural Sustainability -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Creating Connections -- 3 Craft Discourse and Sustainability -- 4 Making Context -- 5 Digital Crafting -- 6 Creating Balance -- 7 Digital Adaptation -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Additive Manufacturing and its Effect on Sustainable Design -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Planned Obsolescence -- 1.2 Sustainable Design Approaches -- 1.2.1 Eco-design -- 1.2.2 Sustainable Design -- 1.2.3 Road-Map for Sustainable Product Development -- 1.2.4 Cyclic-Solar-Safe Principles -- 1.2.5 Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development -- 1.2.6 Cradle to Cradle -- 1.2.7 Circular Economy. , 2 Relationship Between Design Quality and Sustainability -- 3 Additive Manufacturing -- 3.1 Complexity for Free -- 3.2 Mass Customization -- 3.3 Freedom of Design -- 3.4 Sustainability of Additive Manufacturing Beyond Design Freedom -- 3.5 Speculations on the Impact of Additive Manufacturing -- 3.6 New Sustainability Challenges Associated with Additive Manufacturing -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Sustainable Design for Additive Manufacturing Through Functionality Integration and Part Consolidation -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 AM Enabled Design Methods -- 2.1 Impact of AM on Conventional DTM -- 2.1.1 Design Considerations for Manufacturing -- 2.1.2 Design Considerations for Assembly -- 2.1.3 Design Considerations for Performance -- 2.2 AM-Related Design Method -- 2.2.1 Design Guidelines and Design Rules -- 2.2.2 Modified DTM for AM -- 2.2.3 Design for Additive Manufacturing -- 2.3 On-Going AM-Related Design Research on Sustainability -- 3 Sustainable Design Methodology for AM -- 3.1 General Design Flow -- 3.2 Functional Design -- 3.3 Design Optimization -- 3.4 Design Refinement -- 3.5 Environmental Impact Evaluation -- 4 Case Study -- 5 Summary -- References -- Redesigning Production Systems -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction: Systems in Crisis -- 2 The Change Is Now -- 3 Global Connectivity, Drivers for Change and Opportunities for Change -- 4 Additive Manufacturing and Global Connectivity for Sustainable Design and Production -- 5 Supply Chain Management (SCM) Implications of 3D Printing -- 5.1 The Development Cycle -- 5.2 Inventory Management: Production and Distribution -- 5.3 Logistic Postponement -- 5.4 Management of Spare Parts -- 6 Humanitarian Logistic Case Study -- 7 Changing Consumer Relationships -- 8 Contraction and Convergence -- 9 New Patterns of Production -- 10 Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Verifiable Water Use Inventory Using ICTs in Industrial Agriculture -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Case Study Description -- 2.2 Use of ICTs to Measure and Optimize Water Use -- 2.3 Water Footprint Inventory -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Irrigation Management Supported by ICT Applications -- 3.2 Inventory of Orange and Tomato Water Footprint -- 3.3 The Water Footprint of Orange and Tomato Crops in Spain -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Industrial Water Footprint: Case Study on Textile Industries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 How Can an Individual Reduce the Water Footprint? -- 2.1 Direct Footprint Reduction -- 2.2 Indirect Footprint Reduction -- 3 Water Footprint Concept -- 4 Cotton Textile Industry -- 5 Conversion of Fiber to Yarn -- 6 Production of Fabrics from Yarn -- 7 Weaving Fabric Manufacture -- 8 Knitting Fabric Manufacture -- 9 Fabric Processing Unit -- 10 Pretreatment Techniques -- 10.1 Singeing -- 10.2 Desizing -- 10.3 Scouring -- 10.4 Bleaching -- 10.5 Mercerising -- 10.6 Dyeing -- 10.7 Printing -- 10.8 Finishing -- 11 Water Footprint Network of Textile Industry -- 12 Agricultural Processes -- 12.1 Blue and Green Water Footprint in Cotton Cultivation -- 12.2 Grey Water Footprint in Cotton Cultivation -- 12.3 Effect of Agricultural Practices on the Water Footprint of Cotton Production -- 13 Industrial Processes -- 13.1 Water Utility: Process Operation -- 13.2 Dry Processing Unit -- 13.3 Intermediate Processing Unit -- 13.4 Wet Processing Unit -- 14 Blue Water Footprint in Textile Industrial Processes -- 14.1 Grey Water Footprint in Textile Industrial Processes -- 14.2 Water Utility: Other Operations -- 15 Future Scope and Limitations -- 16 Conclusion -- References -- A Model for the Assessment of the Water Footprint of Gardens that Include Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). , 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Water Footprint -- 1.2 Economic Evaluation: Budgeting Model -- 1.3 Environmental Evaluation: ArDiTec Model -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Model for Quantifying the Direct Water Footprint -- 2.2 Model for Quantifying the Indirect Water Footprint -- 3 Scenarios -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Future Lines of Research -- References -- From Field to Bottle: Water Footprint Estimation in the Winery Industry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of the Wine-Making Process -- 3 Water Use and Conservation -- 3.1 Water Usage During Viticulture -- 3.2 Water Usage During Vinification -- 3.3 Other Areas of Water Usage -- 4 Wastewater Generation, Handling and Fate -- 4.1 Wastewater During Viticulture -- 4.2 Wastewater During Vinification -- 4.3 Wastewater in Other Areas -- 4.4 Effluent Disposal and Reuse -- 5 Water Footprint Calculations -- 5.1 Overview and Definitions -- 5.2 Green Water Footprint -- 5.3 Blue Water Footprint -- 5.4 Grey Water Footprint -- 5.5 Considerations and Limitations -- 6 Case Studies -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Water Footprint in Leather Tanning and Steel Production -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Leather Industry: Concepts and Processing -- 3 Beam House Stage Activities -- 4 Tanning Process -- 5 Post-Tanning Operations -- 6 Pollution Derived from Tanning Process of Leather -- 7 Wastewater Treatment Processes in the Leather Tanning Industry -- 8 Toxicity of Some Chemicals Used During Leather Processing -- 9 Water Footprint Assessment in Leather Tanning Processes -- 10 Waterless Chrome Tanning Technology: A Breakthrough to Reduce Water Footprint from the Leather Industry -- 11 Steel Production in the World -- 12 Production Chain of Steel -- 13 System Boundary in Steel Industry -- 14 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Method -- 15 Impacts of Water Footprint on Steel Industry -- 16 Water Footprint Based on LCA. , 16.1 Water Footprint Notions, Methodology, and Formulation -- 17 Water Footprint Measurement and Recommendations -- 18 Conclusion -- References -- Employing Input-Output Model to Assess the Water Footprint of Energy System -- 1 Introduction: Water Crisis Induced by Energy System -- 2 Water Footprint -- 2.1 Water Footprint Assessment -- 2.2 Water Footprint Assessment Based on Bottom-Up Method (LCA) -- 2.3 Water Footprint Assessment Based on Top-Down Method (IO Model) -- 3 Input-Output (IO) Model -- 3.1 The Emergence of IO Method -- 3.2 The Features of IO Method -- 3.3 Applying IO Model to Perform Environmental Analysis -- 3.4 Performing an Input-Output Analysis -- 3.5 Constructing the Input-Output Table -- 3.6 Mathematical Models for Input-Output Analysis -- 3.7 Basic Assumptions of the Input-Output Model -- 4 Case Study 1: Using Input-Output Model to Assess the Water Footprint of China's Coal-Fired Power Generation -- 4.1 Methodology -- 4.2 Results -- 4.3 Discussion and Conclusion -- 5 Case Study 2: Using Input-Output Model to Assess the Water Footprint of China's Fossil Fuels Production -- 5.1 Methodology -- 5.2 Results -- 5.3 Discussion and Conclusion -- 6 Case Study 3: Using Input-Output Model to Assess the Water Footprint of Energy Consumption by Chinese Households -- 6.1 Methodology -- 6.2 Results -- 6.3 Discussion and Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Carbon Footprint Assessment with LCA Methodology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Carbon Footprint -- 3 Environmental Concern and Regulations for Carbon Footprint -- 4 Probable Mitigation of These Concerns -- 5 Need for an Assessment -- 6 What Is LCA? -- 6.1 Evolution of LCA and the Purpose of the Study [34] -- 6.2 Code for Impactful Conduct of LCA [36] -- 7 LCA Methodology in Terms of Carbon Footprint Assessment -- 7.1 Goal and Scope -- 7.2 Inventory Generation -- 7.3 Impact Assessment -- 7.4 Interpretation and Recommendation -- 8 Other LCA Examples -- 8.1 LCA of the Metallurgical Sintering Process for Carbon Footprint Assessment [27] -- 8.2 Carbon Footprint Assessment in Agriculture [49] -- 8.3 Carbon Footprint Assessment for Aluminum Production [50] -- 8.4 Carbon Footprint from the Building and Construction Sector [44, 45] -- 8.5 Carbon Footprint Assessment of the Municipal Waste [51] -- 8.6 Carbon Footprint Associated with the Textile Industry [52, 53] -- 8.7 Carbon Footprint of a Windmill [38, 54, 55] -- 9 Tools and Software's Used for LCA -- 9.1 Air.e HdC -- 9.2 Ecodesign+ -- 9.3 CleanMetrics -- 9.4 Clean CO2 -- 9.5 SimaPro -- 9.6 One-Click LCA -- 10 Summary -- References -- Evaluating Impacts of Traffic Incidents on CO2 Emissions in Express Roads -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Model to Estimate CO2 Emissions -- 4 Case Study -- 4.1 Emissions and Exploratory Analysis -- 5 Discussion of Policies and Actions to Minimize Incidents -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Carbon Footprint Estimation for Academic Building in India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Life Cycle Assessment -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Case Study -- 3.2 Functional Unit -- 3.3 Limitations -- 4 Case Study -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Toward a Low-Carbon Economy: The Clim'Foot Project Approach for the Organization's Carbon Footprint. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Standards for Carbon Footprint Organization -- 3 The Clim'Foot Approach to Carbon Footprint of Organizations -- 3.1 The Toolbox -- 3.2 The Voluntary Program -- 3.3 The Policymakers' Involvement -- 4 Application of the Approach in the Italian Context -- 4.1 The Italian National Database of EFs -- 4.2 Toward a Growing Use of CFO by the Organizations: The Voluntary Program for a Bottom-Up Process -- 4.3 The Involvement of Italian Policymakers -- 4.4 The Post-life Phase -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Carbon Footprint Estimation of an Indian Thermal Power Plant Towards Achieving Sustainability Through Adoption of Green Options and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Review of Literature -- 3 Goals and Objectives -- 4 Research Methods and Data Sources -- 5 Results -- 6 Green Options Adopted by the Unit and SDGs Achieved -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References.