Note: An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry, SECOND EDITION -- Contents -- Boxes -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Acknowledgements -- Symbols and Abbreviations -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 What is environmental chemistry? -- 1.2 In the beginning -- 1.3 Origin and evolution of the Earth -- 1.3.1 Formation of the crust and atmosphere -- 1.3.2 The hydrosphere -- 1.3.3 The origin of life and evolution of the atmosphere -- 1.4 Human effects on biogeochemical cycles? -- 1.5 The structure of this book -- 1.6 Internet keywords -- 1.7 Further reading -- 1.8 Internet search keywords -- 2: Environmental Chemist's Toolbox -- 2.1 About this chapter -- 2.2 Order in the elements? -- 2.3 Bonding -- 2.3.1 Covalent bonds -- 2.3.2 Ionic bonding, ions and ionic solids -- 2.4 Using chemical equations -- 2.5 Describing amounts of substances: the mole -- 2.6 Concentration and activity -- 2.7 Organic molecules - structure and chemistry -- 2.7.1 Functional groups -- 2.7.2 Representing organic matter in simple equations -- 2.8 Radioactivity of elements -- 2.9 Finding more chemical tools in this book -- 2.10 Further reading -- 2.11 Internet search keywords -- 3: The Atmosphere -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Composition of the atmosphere -- 3.3 Steady state or equilibrium? -- 3.4 Natural sources -- 3.4.1 Geochemical sources -- 3.4.2 Biological sources -- 3.5 Reactivity of trace substances in the atmosphere -- 3.6 The urban atmosphere -- 3.6.1 London smog - primary pollution -- 3.6.2 Los Angeles smog - secondary pollution -- 3.6.3 21st-century particulate pollution -- 3.7 Air pollution and health -- 3.8 Effects of air pollution -- 3.9 Removal processes -- 3.10 Chemistry of the stratosphere -- 3.10.1 Stratospheric ozone formation and destruction -- 3.10.2 Ozone destruction by halogenated species -- 3.10.3 Saving the ozone layer. , 3.11 Further reading -- 3.12 Internet search keywords -- 4: The Chemistry of Continental Solids -- 4.1 The terrestrial environment, crust and material cycling -- 4.2 The structure of silicate minerals -- 4.2.1 Coordination of ions and the radius ratio rule -- 4.2.2 The construction of silicate minerals -- 4.2.3 Structural organization in silicate minerals -- 4.3 Weathering processes -- 4.4 Mechanisms of chemical weathering -- 4.4.1 Dissolution -- 4.4.2 Oxidation -- 4.4.3 Acid hydrolysis -- 4.4.4 Weathering of complex silicate minerals -- 4.5 Clay minerals -- 4.5.1 One to one clay mineral structure -- 4.5.2 Two to one clay mineral structure -- 4.6 Formation of soils -- 4.6.1 Parent (bedrock) material (p) -- 4.6.2 Climate (cl) -- 4.6.3 Relief (r) -- 4.6.4 Vegetation (v) -- 4.6.5 Influence of organisms (o) -- 4.7 Wider controls on soil and clay mineral formation -- 4.8 Ion exchange and soil pH -- 4.9 Soil structure and classification -- 4.9.1 Soils with argillic horizons -- 4.9.2 Spodosols (podzols) -- 4.9.3 Soils with gley horizons -- 4.10 Contaminated land -- 4.10.1 Organic contaminants in soils -- 4.10.2 Degradation of organic contaminants in soils -- 4.10.3 Remediation of contaminated land -- 4.10.4 Phytoremediation -- 4.11 Further reading -- 4.12 Internet search keywords -- 5: The Chemistry of Continental Waters -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Element chemistry -- 5.3 Water chemistry and weathering regimes -- 5.3.1 Alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon and pH buffering -- 5.4 Aluminium solubility and acidity -- 5.4.1 Acidification from atmospheric inputs -- 5.4.2 Acid mine drainage -- 5.4.3 Recognizing acidification from sulphate data - ternary diagrams -- 5.5 Biological processes -- 5.5.1 Nutrients and eutrophication -- 5.6 Heavy metal contamination -- 5.6.1 Mercury contamination from gold mining -- 5.7 Contamination of groundwater. , 5.7.1 Anthropogenic contamination of groundwater -- 5.7.2 Natural arsenic contamination of groundwater -- 5.8 Further reading -- 5.9 Internet search keywords -- 6: The Oceans -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Estuarine processes -- 6.2.1 Aggregation of colloidal material in estuaries -- 6.2.2 Mixing processes in estuaries -- 6.2.3 Halmyrolysis and ion exchange in estuaries -- 6.2.4 Microbiological activity in estuaries -- 6.3 Major ion chemistry of seawater -- 6.4 Chemical cycling of major ions -- 6.4.1 Sea-to-air fluxes -- 6.4.2 Evaporites -- 6.4.3 Cation exchange -- 6.4.4 Calcium carbonate formation -- 6.4.5 Opaline silica -- 6.4.6 Sulphides -- 6.4.7 Hydrothermal processes -- 6.4.8 The potassium problem: balancing the seawater major ion budget -- 6.5 Minor chemical components in seawater -- 6.5.1 Dissolved gases -- 6.5.2 Dissolved ions -- 6.5.3 Conservative behaviour -- 6.5.4 Nutrient-like behaviour -- 6.5.5 Scavenged behaviour -- 6.6 The role of iron as a nutrient in the oceans -- 6.7 Ocean circulation and its effects on trace element distribution -- 6.8 Anthropogenic effects on ocean chemistry -- 6.8.1 Human effects on regional seas 1: the Baltic -- 6.8.2 Human effects on regional seas 2: the Gulf of Mexico -- 6.8.3 Human effects on total ocean minor element budgets -- 6.9 Further reading -- 6.10 Internet search keywords -- 7: Global Change -- 7.1 Why study global-scale environmental chemistry? -- 7.2 The carbon cycle -- 7.2.1 The atmospheric record -- 7.2.2 Natural and anthropogenic sources and sinks -- 7.2.3 The global budget of natural and anthropogenic carbon dioxide -- 7.2.4 The effects of elevated carbon dioxide levels on global temperature and other properties -- 7.3 The sulphur cycle -- 7.3.1 The global sulphur cycle and anthropogenic effects -- 7.3.2 The sulphur cycle and atmospheric acidity -- 7.3.3 The sulphur cycle and climate. , 7.4 Persistent organic pollutants -- 7.4.1 Persistent organic pollutant mobility in the atmosphere -- 7.4.2 Global persistent organic polllutant equilibrium -- 7.5 Further reading -- 7.6 Internet search keywords -- Index -- Color plates.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- 1 Report Group 1 - Physical processes in the microlayer and the air-sea exchange of trace gases -- Surface films -- Sources, sinks, and properties of surface films -- Surface films and gas exchange -- Surface films and bulk material -- Extent and viscoelastic properties of surface films -- Physical processes in the microlayer -- Comparison of surface-renewal and boundary-layer models of near surfacetransfer -- Short capillary waves -- The relation between heat and mass transfer -- Wave breaking and bubbles -- The role of bubbles in heat flux -- The role of bubbles in gas exchange -- The effect of surfactants on bubble-mediated gas exchange -- The effects of wave breaking on microlayer composition -- Bubble floatation and aerosol formation processes -- The effect of rain on exchange processes -- Horizontal transport and deposition of surface slicks in coastal zones -- Review of experimental data on gas transfer -- Gas transfer velocities -- Discrepancy between 14C-based and inert gas exchange rates -- Do catalysts exist in the microlayer which may enhance CO2 gas exchange? -- Review of experimental techniques -- 'New' techniques for measuring air-sea gas exchange rates -- Dual tracer technique -- How can we deal with the large spatial variability ofpCQ2? -- Controlled flux technique -- Are direct measurements of the heat flux possible? -- Novel ocean-surface sampling techniques -- Parameterization of air-sea exchange processes -- Best parameterization for momentum, heat, and material fluxes -- Parameterizations including viscoelasticity of the air-sea interface -- Conclusions and recommendations -- References -- 2 Report Group 2 - Biological effects of chemical and radiative change in the sea surface -- Introduction -- Samplers and sampling techniques. , The prism-dipping technique -- The screen sampler -- Plate and drum samplers -- Techniques for sampling neuston -- Characteristics of the surface microlayer -- Enrichment factors -- Surface excess concentrations -- Variability of organisms and contaminants -- Thickness of sea-surface films -- Biology of the sea surface -- Piconeuston -- Nano- and microneuston -- Mesozooneuston -- Macroneuston -- Freshwater neuston -- Chemistry in the sea surface -- Organic components of natural origin -- Organic components of anthropogenic origin -- Trace elements -- Organotin compounds -- Radionudides -- Freshwater chemistry -- Effects of ultraviolet radiation -- Effects of chemical contamination -- Effects of greenhouse warming -- Global change and the microlayer -- Conclusions and recommendations -- References -- 3 Report Group 3 - Photochemistry in the sea-surface microlayer. -- Introduction -- Photochemistry in the upper ocean -- Major photochemical reactions -- Photoalteration and photoproducts of CDOM -- Hydrocarbon degradation -- Probable photochemical processes in the microlayer -- In situ trace gas production -- Atmospheric inputs of trace species -- In situ halogen chemistry -- Conversion of DOC -- Hydrocarbon degradation -- Global change issues -- Changes in ultraviolet radiation -- Radiation balance -- Conclusions and recommendations -- References -- 4 Transport processes in the sea-surface microlayer -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Basic concepts -- Equations of motion and boundary conditions -- Secondary motions: polygonal cells and helicoidal rolls -- Secondary motions: surface drift, waves, and wave breaking -- Surface streaming -- Observations of surface streaming -- Assessment -- Influence of rain -- Salinity -- Momentum transfer -- Rain-induced turbulence and wave damping -- Heatflux. , Experimental studies of the microlayer: miscellaneous techniques -- Early investigations -- Turbulence generation at the boundary -- Radon evasion technique -- Velocity profiles near the interface -- Temperature profiles at the interface -- Forced heat flow technique -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 The role of organic films in air-sea gas exchange -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The microlayer and air-sea processes -- Air-sea gas exchange -- The role ofbiogenous organic matter -- Surface-active matter in the marine microlayer -- Sources and chemical nature -- Surface physical properties -- Surfactants and mechanisms of gas exchange -- Static versus dynamic effects of surfactant films -- Physical models of air-water gas transfer -- Experimental studies of films in stirred systems -- Experimental studies of films in wind-wave systems -- Influence of waves on gas exchange -- Gas exchange in the presence of films -- Influence of surfactants on the wave field -- Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Bubbles and their role in gas exchange -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Mechanisms of air-sea gas transfer -- Properties of bubble-mediated transfer -- The oceanic distribution of bubbles -- Estimates of bubble-mediated gas transfer -- Discussion -- Summary -- References -- 7 The physical chemistry of air-sea gas exchange -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Thermodynamics: the steady-state model -- Kinetics: 1. A surface-renewal model -- Kinetics: 2. Incorporation of a turbulent air layer -- Comparison of theory and experiment -- General comments -- Detailed comparison with the data ofLiss et al. (1981) -- Detailed comparison with data of Smith and Jones (1985) -- Detailed comparison with data of Smith et al. (1991) -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 The sea-surface microlayer and its effect on global air-sea gas transfer. , Abstract -- Introduction -- Motivation and purpose -- Background information on surfactants in the microlayer -- Processes affecting gas transfer -- Air-sea gas exchange background -- Barrier effects and changes in ∆PX> -- Scy and Kh -- Hydrodynamic effects -- Breaking waves and the microlayer -- Microlayer effects on global fluxes -- Description of model -- Global air-sea CO2 flux -- NH3flux in the Pacific Ocean -- Conclusions, implications for further research -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Chemistry of the sea-surface microlayer -- Abstract -- Prologue -- Methods for sampling the microlayer -- The screen sampler -- The glass plate sampler -- Hydrophobic samplers -- Rotating drum samplers -- The prism-dipping method -- The bubble microtome -- Enrichment factors and microlayer thickness -- Enrichment factor EF -- Surface excess concentration -- Organic chemical composition of the microlayer -- Lipids and hydrocarbons -- Dissolved and particulate organic carbon -- Plant pigments -- Organic pollutants -- UV absorption and fluorescence -- Electrochemical methods -- Trace elements in the microlayer -- Dissolved trace elements -- Major cations of seawater -- Particulate trace metals -- Physico-chemical properties of sea-surface films -- Sea slicks y capillary waves and film pressures -- Film pressure-area measurements -- Epilogue -- References -- 10 Biophysics of the surface film of aquatic ecosystems -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental studies -- Effects of surf ace-living organisms -- References -- 11 Biological effects of chemicals in the sea-surface microlayer -- Abstract -- The aquatic surface layer -- Sea-surface sample collection -- Membrane filter: -- Glass plate: -- Screen: -- Pump: -- Nets: -- Biology of the aquatic surface layer -- Piconeuston -- Autotrophic nano- and microneuston -- Heterotrophic nano- and microneuston. , Mesozooneuston -- Macroneuston -- Anthropogenic chemical enrichment of the sea surface -- Sources of contamination -- Metals -- Radio nuclides -- Organics -- Biological effects of sea-surface contamination -- Effects on intertidal biota -- Effects on fish eggs and larvae -- Effects on microneuston and gas exchange -- Relation of effects to visible slicks -- Global effects of sea-surface stress -- Summary -- References -- 12 Neuston of seas and oceans -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The extreme surface of the sea as a specific habitat -- Neuston and pleuston communities of marine organisms adapted to specific life conditions in the uppermost sea layer -- Structure and taxonomic composition of the neuston -- Numbers ofneustonic organisms -- Neuston as a connecting link in the biosphere -- Anthropogenic influences on neuston -- Neuston as a factor influencing the air-sea exchange -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Photochemistry in the sea-surface microlayer -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Optical properties of microlayer and bulk-water chromophores -- Photochemical reactions -- Singlet dioxygen (1O2 -- 1∆g) -- Superoxide/hydroperoxyl radical (O2~/HO2) -- Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) -- Hydroxyl radical (OH) -- Peroxy radicals (RO2) -- Low molecular weight organic compounds and trace gases -- Trace metals (Fe, Mn) -- Estimated production rates and fluxes of photochemical species in the microlayer -- Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Hydrocarbon breakdown in the sea-surface microlayer -- Abstract -- Microlayer samplers -- Compound groups found in the microlayer -- Sources and sinks of hydrocarbons in the microlayer -- Sensitized photooxidation of hydrocarbons -- Model experiments and natural phenomena -- References -- 15 Applications of laser technology and laser spectroscopy in studies of the ocean microlayer -- Abstract. , Introduction.

Note: Chapter 1: Short-lived trace gases in the surface ocean and the atmosphereChapter 2: Transfer across the air-sea interface -- Chapter 3: Air-sea interactions of natural long-lived greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O, CH4) in a changing climate -- Chapter 4: Ocean-Atmosphere interactions of particles -- Chapter 5: Perspectives and Integration in SOLAS science.

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