Schlagwort(e):
Endangered ecosystems.
;
Electronic books.
Materialart:
Online-Ressource
Seiten:
1 online resource (443 pages)
Ausgabe:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9783319425245
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=4660871
DDC:
577.79
Sprache:
Englisch
Anmerkung:
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Preliminaries -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Large Marine Ecosystems -- 1.3 Life in the Ocean -- 1.4 Basics of Marine Ecology -- 1.4.1 Types of Marine Life Forms -- 1.4.2 Controls of the Marine Food Web -- 1.4.3 Spatial and Temporal Scales -- 1.5 Light, Nutrients and Oxygen in the Sea -- 1.5.1 Photosynthesis -- 1.5.2 Light -- 1.5.3 Oxygen -- 1.5.4 Nutrients -- 1.5.5 Nutrient Limitation -- 1.5.6 Mechanisms Limiting Phytoplankton Blooms -- 1.5.7 Nutrient Regeneration -- 1.6 The Carbon Cycle and Oceanic Carbon Pumps -- 1.6.1 Overview -- 1.6.2 The Role of Upwelling in the Carbon Cycle -- 1.7 Early Scientific Expeditions -- 1.8 Long-Term Scientific Monitoring Programs -- 1.9 Summary -- References -- 2 The Functioning of Coastal Upwelling Systems -- Abstract -- 2.1 The Physics of Coastal Upwelling -- 2.1.1 Description of the Upwelling Process -- 2.1.2 Wind Stress and Ekman Transport -- 2.1.3 The Upwelling Index -- 2.1.4 Physical Timescales of the Upwelling Process -- 2.1.5 Significance of Upwelling Jets -- 2.1.6 Coastal Upwelling Regimes -- 2.1.7 Indicators of Upwelling -- 2.1.8 Other Upwelling Mechanisms -- 2.1.9 Location of Significant Upwelling Regions -- 2.2 The Biogeochemistry of Coastal Upwelling Systems -- 2.2.1 General Description -- 2.2.2 Nitrogen Production by Anaerobic Oxidation of Ammonia -- 2.2.3 The Role of Silica -- 2.2.4 Upwelling and Carbon Fluxes -- 2.3 The Ecology of Coastal Upwelling Systems -- 2.3.1 Biological Response to Coastal Upwelling Events -- 2.3.2 The Significance of Upwelling Shadows -- 2.3.3 Timing and Duration of Phytoplankton Blooms -- 2.4 Theories on High Fish Production -- 2.4.1 Bakun's Triad -- 2.4.2 The "Optimal Environmental Window" Hypothesis -- 2.4.3 Lasker's Hypothesis of a "Calm Ocean" -- 2.4.4 Cushing's "Match/Mismatch" Hypothesis.
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2.5 Marine Food Web Structure in Coastal Upwelling Systems -- 2.6 Summary -- References -- 3 Large-Scale Setting, Natural Variability and Human Influences -- Abstract -- 3.1 The Large-Scale Setting, Water Masses and Ventilation -- 3.1.1 Wind-Driven Circulation and Nutricline Structure -- 3.1.2 Source Depth of Upwelled Water and Water Masses -- 3.1.3 Water Mass Properties of Upwelling Water -- 3.2 Seasonal Variability -- 3.3 Climate Variability and Climate Change -- 3.3.1 Modes of Climate Variability -- 3.3.2 Interference with Other Physical Processes -- 3.3.3 Impacts of Climate Change -- 3.4 Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia -- 3.5 Exploitation of Marine Resources -- 3.5.1 Key Locations of Commercial Fisheries -- 3.5.2 Variability of Forage Fish Stocks -- 3.5.3 Overexploitation -- 3.6 Summary -- References -- 4 The California Current Upwelling System -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 History of the Region -- 4.3 Physical Controls -- 4.3.1 Large-Scale Physical Controls -- 4.3.2 Basic Description of the CCS -- 4.4 Water Masses -- 4.5 Circulation Patterns and Variability -- 4.5.1 Overview -- 4.5.2 Key Coastal Currents -- 4.5.3 The Onset of the Upwelling Season -- 4.5.4 Circulation in the Southern California Bight -- 4.5.5 Eddies and Filaments -- 4.6 Influence of Continental Discharges -- 4.7 Chemical and Biological Features -- 4.7.1 Biological Productivity -- 4.7.2 Seasonality -- 4.7.3 Spatial Differences -- 4.7.4 Zooplankton -- 4.7.5 Increase in Hypoxia off Oregon and Washington -- 4.7.6 Features of Northern California and Iron Limitation -- 4.7.7 Features of Southern California -- 4.7.8 Features of Baja California -- 4.7.9 Other Features -- 4.7.10 Harmful Algae Blooms -- 4.7.11 Historical Large-Scale Biological Changes -- 4.8 Fisheries -- 4.9 Climate Change Impacts in the CCS -- 4.9.1 Overview -- 4.9.2 Shoaling of Aragonite Saturation Horizon.
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4.10 Summary -- References -- 5 The Peruvian-Chilean Coastal Upwelling System -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Cultural, Social and Economic Relevance -- 5.3 History of Discovery -- 5.4 Bathymetry and Atmospheric Forcing -- 5.5 Physical Oceanography -- 5.6 Regional Aspects -- 5.7 Seasonality -- 5.7.1 Ekman Transport -- 5.7.2 Primary Production and Influences of Sub-Surface Currents -- 5.7.3 Phytoplankton Blooms and Anchoveta Spawning off Peru -- 5.7.4 Phytoplankton Blooms Off Chile -- 5.8 The Peruvian Puzzle -- 5.9 Impacts of El Niño-Southern Oscillation -- 5.10 Longer-Term Variability and Trends -- 5.11 Fisheries and the "Rivalry" Between Anchoveta and Sardines -- 5.12 Effects of the Oxygen Minimum Zone -- 5.13 Carbon Fluxes -- 5.14 Summary -- References -- 6 The Canary/Iberia Current Upwelling System -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Historical and Cultural Context -- 6.3 History of Scientific Discovery -- 6.4 Ecosystem Subregions -- 6.5 Bathymetry, Climate and Atmospheric Forcing -- 6.5.1 Bathymetry -- 6.5.2 Climate and Atmospheric Forcing -- 6.5.3 Atmospheric Nutrient Inputs -- 6.6 Physical Oceanography -- 6.6.1 Circulation -- 6.6.2 Bathymetric Features and Frontal Zones -- 6.6.3 Water Masses and Nutrient Concentrations -- 6.6.4 Spatial Differences in Upwelling Dynamics -- 6.7 Primary Production -- 6.7.1 General Features and Seasonality -- 6.7.2 Features of Iberian Coastal Waters -- 6.7.3 The Canary Eddy Corridor -- 6.8 Zooplankton -- 6.9 Fisheries -- 6.9.1 Overview -- 6.9.2 Food Web Structure and Dominant Forage Fish -- 6.9.3 Seasonal Migration -- 6.9.4 Catch Statistics -- 6.9.5 Social and Economic Relevance -- 6.10 Interannual Variability, Trends and Regime Shifts -- 6.11 Air-Sea Carbon Fluxes -- 6.12 Summary -- References -- 7 The Benguela Current Upwelling System -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction.
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7.2 History of Exploration in the Benguela -- 7.3 History of Marine Mining and Other Extractive Industries -- 7.4 Physical Controls and Subsystems -- 7.4.1 Large-Scale Atmospheric Controls -- 7.4.2 Water Masses in the Benguela -- 7.4.3 The Northern and Southern Frontal Zones -- 7.5 Large-Scale and Coastal Circulation Patterns -- 7.5.1 General Circulation -- 7.5.2 Inter-annual and Seasonal Variability -- 7.5.3 Mesoscale Variability and Coastal Circulation -- 7.6 Chemistry and Related Processes -- 7.6.1 Overview -- 7.6.2 Upwelling Chemistry: Oxygen and Nutrients -- 7.6.3 Primary Productivity and Nutrient Cycling -- 7.6.4 Zooplankton -- 7.6.5 Carbon Fluxes -- 7.7 Fisheries -- 7.7.1 General Description -- 7.7.2 Hake -- 7.7.3 Sole -- 7.7.4 Horse Mackerel -- 7.7.5 Tuna -- 7.7.6 Small Pelagic Species -- 7.7.7 Rock Lobster -- 7.7.8 Fish Stock Variability and Regime Shifts -- 7.7.9 Marine Birds and Mammals -- 7.8 Climate Change and the Benguela -- 7.9 Summary -- References -- 8 Seasonal Wind-Driven Coastal Upwelling Systems -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Overview -- 8.1.2 Southeast Asia: A Centre of Global Seafood Production -- 8.2 West Pacific and Eastern Indian Ocean -- 8.2.1 South China Sea -- 8.2.2 East China Sea -- 8.2.3 Indonesian Seas (Excluding South China Sea) -- 8.2.4 Australia's Southern Shelf -- 8.2.5 Upwelling Around New Zealand -- 8.3 Northern Indian Ocean -- 8.3.1 Overview -- 8.3.2 Somali Current -- 8.3.3 Southwest Indian Shelf -- 8.3.4 Sri Lanka -- 8.3.5 Chemistry and Productivity -- 8.4 Atlantic Ocean -- 8.4.1 Gulf of Mexico -- 8.4.2 Caribbean Sea -- 8.4.3 Brazil -- 8.4.4 Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea -- 8.5 Summary -- References -- Introduction -- South China Sea -- East China Sea -- Indonesian Seas (excluding South China Sea) -- Australia's Southern Shelf -- Around New Zealand -- Northern Indian Ocean -- Gulf of Mexico.
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Caribbean Sea -- Brazil -- Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea -- 9 Other Important Upwelling Systems -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Southern Ocean Upwelling -- 9.3 Equatorial Upwelling -- 9.4 Upwelling Domes -- 9.5 Current-Driven Upwelling in Western Boundary Currents -- 9.5.1 Overview -- 9.5.2 Western Boundary Currents of Subtropical Gyres -- 9.5.3 Western Boundary Currents of Subpolar Gyres -- 9.6 Other Current-Driven Upwelling Systems -- 9.6.1 The Green Belt of the Bering Sea -- 9.6.2 The Grand Banks of Newfoundland -- 9.6.3 The Guinea Current Upwelling System -- 9.6.4 Island-Induced Upwelling -- 9.7 Tidal-Mixing Ecosystems -- 9.8 Ice-Edge Upwelling -- 9.9 Summary -- References -- 10 Comparison, Enigmas and Future Research -- Abstract -- 10.1 Overview -- 10.2 The Big Four Coastal Upwelling Systems Compared -- 10.2.1 Introduction -- 10.2.2 Similarities and Differences -- 10.2.3 Overall Productivity -- 10.2.4 Seasonal Variations -- 10.2.5 Large-Scale Setting -- 10.2.6 Air-Sea Carbon Fluxes -- 10.2.7 Multi-decadal Variability and Global Trends -- 10.2.8 Fisheries -- 10.3 Research Gaps and Enigmas -- 10.3.1 Overview -- 10.3.2 Ocean Acidification and Expanding OMZs -- 10.3.3 Lack of Systematic Monitoring -- 10.3.4 Uncertainty of Future Continental Runoff -- 10.3.5 Global Warming Versus Geological Records -- 10.3.6 Zooplankton -- 10.3.7 Interconnections of Biomes -- 10.3.8 Role of Fish in Carbon Fluxes -- 10.4 Future Research -- References -- Index.
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