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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Carbonate cements (calcite, siderite, dolomite, and ankerite) formed throughout the diagenetic history of the Sag River and Shublik Formations. The trace element and isotopic geochemistry of these cements varies as a function of the timing of precipitation. Earliest calcites, formed prior to significant compaction of the sediment, are relatively enriched in Mg (up to 4·4 mol%), and have 87Sr/86Sr values (mean = 0·707898) compatible with the original marine pore waters. Later calcites are relatively Fe-rich (up to 5·0 mol%) and are characterized by increasing 87Sr/86Sr values (up to 0·712823) and Sr content with decreasing age. The Fe content of zoned siderite and dolomite/ankerite rhombs increases towards the outside of the rhombs (i.e. increasing Fe content with decreasing age).These geochemical variations appear principally to result from changes in pore-water chemistry during diagenesis. The increase in 87Sr/86 Sr and Sr content of the cements is most likely due to interaction between pore waters and 87 Sr-rich clay and possibly feldspar in Ellesmerian mudrocks (whole rock 87Sr/86 Sr signatures for the mudrocks are 〉 0·716). Pore-water Fe2+ concentration was probably controlled by diagenetic alterations involving Fe-bearing minerals (e.g. pyrite precipitation). A reconnaissance examination of carbonate cements in the overlying Kingak Shale indicates that similar alterations occurred in the Kingak.The low δ18 O value of some calcite cements (-11·96% PDB) suggests that an influx of meteoric water may have occurred in the mid-Neocomian, though the low value could also result from an abnormally high geothermal gradient associated with mid-Neocomian rifting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 422 (2003), S. 602-606 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Messinian salinity crisis—the desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea between 5.96 and 5.33 million years (Myr) ago—was one of the most dramatic events on Earth during the Cenozoic era. It resulted from the closure of marine gateways between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean ...
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE size and shape of mantle upwelling regions provide important constraints on the thermal budget of the Earth and on models of mantle dynamics. Most hotspot tracks are no more than 200-400 km wide, suggesting that upwelling regions are often relatively narrow features, of the order of a few ...
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: Constraining the long-term variability and average of the Earth's magnetic fi eld strength is fundamental to understanding the characteristics and behavior of the geomagnetic field. Questions remain about the strength of the average field, and the relationship between strength and reversal frequency. The dispersion of data from key time intervals reflects the complexity in obtaining absolute paleointensity values. Here, we focus on the Cretaceous Normal Superchron (CNS; 121-84 Ma), during which there were no reversals. We present new results from 42 submarine basaltic glass (SBG) sites collected on the Nicoya Peninsula and Murci elago Islands, Costa Rica and new and revised 40Ar/39Ar ages along with biostratigraphic age constraints from previous studies that indicate ages ranging from 141 to 112 Ma. One site with a 40Ar/39Ar age of 135 +/-1.5 Ma (2 ) gave a reliable intensity result of 34 +/- 8 uT (equivalent to a paleomagnetic dipole moment, PDM, value of 88 +/- 20 ZAm2), while three sites between 121 and 112 vary from 21 +/- 1 to 34 +/- 4 uT (53 +/- 3 to 87 +/- 10 ZAm2) spanning the onset of the CNS. These results from the CNS are all higher than the long-term average of 42 ZAm2 and similar to data from Suhongtu (46-53 ZAm2) and the Troodos Ophiolite (81 ZAm2, reinterpreted using the same criteria of this study). Together with the reinterpreted data, the new Costa Rica results suggest that the strength of the geomagnetic eld was about the same before and after the onset of the CNS. Therefore, the data do not support a strict correlation between polarity interval length and the strength of the magnetic fi eld.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2020GC009605
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: Petroleum systems located at passive continental margins received increasing attention in the last decade mainly because of deep- and ultra‐deep-water hydrocarbon exploration and production. The high risks associated with these settings originate mainly from the poor understanding of inherent geodynamic processes. The new priority program SAMPLE (South Atlantic Margin Processes and Links with onshore Evolution), established by the German Science Foundation in 2009 for a total duration of 6 years, addresses a number of open questions related to continental breakup and post‐breakup evolution of passive continental margins. 27 sub‐projects take advantage of the exceptional conditions of the South Atlantic as a prime “Geo‐archive.” The regional focus is set on the conjugate margins located east of Brazil and Argentina on one side and west of Angola, Namibia and South Africa on the other (Figure 1) as well as on the Walvis Ridge and the present‐day hotspot of Tristan da Cunha. The economic relevance of the program is demonstrated by support from several petroleum companies, but the main goal is research on fundamental processes behind the evolution of passive continental margins.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Book , peerRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: The Cretaceous was characterised by a dramatic increase in ocean crust production and abnormal intraplate volcanism. Many Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) were formed during this period. The south western Pacific is dominated by three LIPs: the Ontong-Java Plateau (〉 1.5 106 km2), the Manihiki Plateau (~0.8 106 km2), and the Hikurangi Plateau (0.35 106 km2). The formation of LIPs in the equatorial western Pacific is still a matter of debate. For example, are they the product of a single “mega (Greater Ontong Java)” or of multiple, smaller volcanic events? Another important question is the time interval over which this volcanism took place: within a few million years or over tens of millions of years? This has implications for our understanding of mantle processes and climate variability. During the eruption of such huge amounts of magma large quantities of CO2 are emitted into the ocean-atmosphere system. LIPs are thus considered to have been responsible for global environmental modifications and ecosystem adaptations. We propose to drill on Manihiki Plateau to recover a complete sedimentary and the upper (1-2 km) basement volcanic rock sequences. The sediments preserved on this plateau record an 120 My-long history of extreme climates , global anoxia, perturbation of geochemical cycles and major changes in marine biota. The overall goal is a quantitative characterisation and understanding of biogeochemical cycles and marine ecosystem reactions to environmental and climate changes at the onset, during and after major greenhouse episodes. We want to determine the spatial and temporal variability of the lysocline carbonate compensation depth (CCD), oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), and primary productivity during the .Cretaceous. The proximity of Manihiki to Ontong Java Plateau and the Galapagos hotspots offers the opportunity to investigate reactions of the ocean/atmosphere system, as well as geochemical fluxes in an area close to emplacement of LIPs.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: Die FS SONNE-Reise SO-232 ist Teil des multidisziplinären Projekts SLIP (Suspec-ted Large Igneous Province), dass vom das vom Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI) und vom Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel (GEOMAR) gemeinsam durchgeführt wird. Während SO-232 wurden reflexionsseismische Vermessungen (AWI), bathymetrische Kartierungen (AWI, GEOMAR) und Hartgesteinsbeprobungen (GEOMAR) am Mozambiquerücken im Südwest-Indik durchgeführt (Abb. 1). Damit soll ein besseres Verständnis der Entstehung des Mozambiquerückens im Verlauf der Öffnung des Südozeans sowie des Zusammenhangs zwischen vulkanisch-tektonischen Aktivitäten und sich verän-dernden Tiefseeströmungsmustern erreicht werden. Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit den geologischen Arbeiten von SO-232, die Geophysik wird von Fischer und Uen-zelmann-Neben, AWI vorgestellt. Der Mozambiquerücken ist ein submarines Plateau, dass nach dem Aufbruch des Superkontinents Gondwana und der Öffnung des Südozeans vor möglicherweise ca. 120 - 140 Mill. Jahren entstand (König und Jokat 2010). Allerdings werden drei völlig unterschiedliche Modelle für seine Bildung diskutiert. Demnach ist der Mozambique-rücken entweder (1) ein kontinentales Fragment, das nach dem Aufbruch von Gondwana in der Ozeankruste verblieben ist, oder (2) eine eigenständige Mikroplatte oder (3) eine ozeanischen Flutbasaltprovinz, die durch großvolumigen Magmatismus entstand. Ein Ziel von SO-232 ist es, Alter und Zusammensetzung der magmati-schen Gesteine des Mozambiquerückens zu charakterisieren, um damit Natur, Ur-sprung und zeitliche und räumliche Entwicklung des Mozambiquerückens zu rekon-struieren. Dies ist z.B. wichtig für die Rekonstruktion der globalen Plattentektonik und für das Verständnis magmatischer Großereignisse. Auch hat die Bildung ozeanischer Plateaus Auswirkungen auf die Ozeanzirkulation und damit auf das Klima. Weiterhin soll die Zusammensetzung der Mantelquelle unter dem Mozambiquerü-cken charakterisiert werden, um neue Erkenntnisse über den Ursprung der "Dupal-Anomalie" (Hart 1984) zu gewinnen. Die Dupal-Anomalie, die nach den Geochemi-kern Dupré und Allègre benannt ist, ist ein bis zu 60° breiter Bereich, der sich in der südlichen Hemisphäre um die Erde erstreckt und geochemisch stark angereicherte Signaturen in Intraplattenvulkaniten aufweist (radiogene Sr- und unradiogene Nd-Isotopenverhältnisse sowie hohes ∆7/4 und ∆8/4). Der Mozambiquerücken befindet sich im Gebiet dieser Anomalie, deren Ursprung kontrovers diskutiert wird. Eine mögliche Erklärung könnten Fragmente unterer kontinentaler Kruste sein (Escrig et al. 2004, Hanan et al. 2004), die infolge des Gondwana-Aufbruchs durch Delaminati-on in den oberen Mantel gelangten oder sich innerhalb der ozeanischen Lithosphäre befinden. Eventuelle kontinentale Teile des Mozambiquerückens könnten ein solches Fragment sein. Alternativ werden für die Dupal-Anomalie tiefe Mantelquellen disku-tiert. Neue Erkenntnisse über diese globale Anomalie in der Zusammensetzung des Erdmantels sind u.a. grundlegend für ein besseres Verständnis von Mantelprozes-sen, die die Funktionsweise des "Systems Erde" maßgeblich beeinflussen. Während SO-232 wurden 59 Dredgezüge durchgeführt, von denen 35 massive magmatische Gesteine und 16 Vulkaniklastika erbrachten (Abb. 1). Damit wurde das magmatische Basement des Mozambiquerückens erstmals erfolgreich umfassend beprobt. Weiterhin lieferten die Dredgen Sedimente, Mangankrusten und Benthos-fauna, die Kooperationspartnern zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Nahezu alle magma-tischen Proben sind vulkanisch oder subvulkanisch, was die Hypothese stützt, dass der Mozambiquerücken vulkanischen Ursprungs ist und eine Flutbasaltprovinz reprä-sentieren könnte. Nur ein Block am Nordostrand des Rückens hat eindeutig eine kontinentale Affinität und ist wahrscheinlich ein Splitter kontinentaler Kruste. Bemer-kenswerterweise befinden sich nahezu überall auf dem Rücken kleine Vulkankegel, die sicherlich nicht 〉100 Mill. Jahre Sedimentation und Tektonik überstehen können und daher auf eine Reaktivierung des Vulkanismus nach Bildung des eigentlichen Rückens hindeuten. Die magmatischen Proben werden in den kommenden ca. 2 Jahren umfassend geo-chemisch analysiert (u.a. Haupt- und Spurenelemente, Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf-Isotopenverhältnisse). Petrographie und Hauptelementzusammensetzung werden genutzt, um die Gesteine zu klassifizieren, auf Ihre Eignung für die weitere Analytik zu überprüfen und die Magmenentwicklung zu rekonstruieren. Spurenelementdaten dienen u.a. als Indikatoren für Aufschmelzgrade bei der Magmenproduktion und können Hinweise auf eine mögliche Krustenkontamination sowie die chemische Zu-sammensetzung der Magmenquelle liefern. Die Verhältnisse radiogener Isotopen geben Informationen über die Entwicklung der Magmenquellen des Mozambiquerü-ckens. Weiterhin soll anhand von 40Ar/39Ar-Altersdatierungen festgestellt werden, wann der Rücken entstand, wie lange der Magmatismus andauerte und ob er durch ein einzelnes Großereignis oder in mehreren Phasen vulkanischer Aktivität entstand. Einen ersten Satz von Hauptelementdaten der SO-232-Proben haben wir kurz vor Einreichen dieser Zusammenfassung erhalten. Mit einer Ausnahme sind alle bisher analysierten Proben Basalte, Trachybasalte und basaltische Andesite mit SiO2-Gehalten zwischen 47 und 53 Gew. % (Abb. 2). Die Entwicklung dieser Laven wurde somit kaum durch krustale Prozesse beeinflusst und die weitere Analytik wird es uns daher erlauben, ihre Mantelquellen zu identifizieren. Wir erwarten, auf dem Sonne-Statusseminar weitere Daten präsentieren zu können, die u.a. erste Informationen über Schmelztiefen und Aufschmelzgrad sowie Mantelquellen liefern werden.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2021-01-25
    Description: William’s Ridge, a ~300-km-long salient extending southeast from the Central Kerguelen Plateau, and Broken Ridge are conjugate divergent margins in the southern Indian Ocean that separated at ~43 Ma. In early 2020, scientists aboard Australia’s Marine National Facility, RV Investigator, acquired multichannel seismic reflection (MCS), sub-bottom profiling, multibeam bathymetry, and gravity data on these margins, as well as dredged rock samples, on a 57-day voyage. The research project constitutes the first-ever case study of conjugate oceanic plateau end-member tectonic plates, with the goal of advancing knowledge of lithospheric rifting, breakup, and initial plate separation processes. The first-ever dedicated multibeam mapping of William’s and Broken ridges encompassed ~52,000 km2 and ~43,000 km2, respectively. Four new RV Investigator MCS profiles (500 line-km) across William’s Ridge complement one legacy RV Rig Seismic and three new RV Sonne MCS profiles; five new RV Investigator MCS profiles (603 line-km) across the conjugate portion of Broken Ridge are the first to be acquired on that feature. Multibeam bathymetry and MCS transects of William’s Ridge show multiple linear ridges and troughs interpreted as horst and graben. In contrast, multibeam bathymetry and MCS transects of Broken Ridge show a prominent E-W scarp (Diamantina Escarpment) with a complex morphology of emanating en echelon crustal blocks and depressions at the base of the scarp. Prominent angular unconformities (middle Eocene hiatus?) characterize the sedimentary section on some ridges, and dipping reflection sequences within interpreted igneous basement suggest subaerial basalt flows. Rock dredges on the facing conjugate margin fault scarps targeted all stratigraphic levels exposing basement rocks. Nine on William’s Ridge yielded both oceanic and (in situ?) continental rocks; eight on Broken Ridge yielded solely oceanic rocks. The new geophysical data and geological samples may justify a new or revised submission to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend Australia’s marine jurisdiction on and around William’s Ridge under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-10-20
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2015-12-02
    Description: The SO-232 cruise took place in April-May 2014 at the Mozambique Ridge, a presumably 120-140 Ma-old submarine volcanic plateau located in the SW Indian Ocean. The major goal of this multi-disciplinary project is to better understand the formation of the Mozambique Ridge, in relation to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the break-up of the Gondwana supercontinent. Three different models have been proposed for the origin for this plateau: 1) a continental fragment formed during the break-up of Gondwana, 2) an independent microplate, or 3) an oceanic Large Igneous Province (LIP). Our studies aim to characterize age and geochemical composition of magmatic sam-ples in order to reconstruct the nature, origin, and spatial and temporal evolution of the plateau. The rock sampling mainly yielded basaltic lava (SiO2 = 47-52 wt. %) indicating a volcanic origin of the plateau. Bathymetry data show small cones scattered on the plateau, which represent the latest stage of volcanism. The samples form tight correlations with fluid-immobile trace elements ratios such as Nb/Yb and Th/Yb. Most of the samples have relatively flat REE pattern. A few, however, show steeper Heavy REE patterns, indicating a more enriched source or lower degrees of mantle melting. The REE patterns are consistent with a LIP origin of the plateau basement and a less voluminous, younger phase of volcanism. Sr and Nd isotope ratios extend from present-day South Indian mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORB) and ocean island basalts (OIB) to slightly more enriched values. Prelim-inary age correction improves the Sr-Nd isotope correlation, and thus superimposed alteration effects can be excluded. On the uragonenic Pb isotope diagram, the samples extend to higher Δ7/4 than the South West Indian array and overlap the South Atlantic MORB field. This observation implies that initial opening of the SW-Indian Ocean was rather influenced by South Atlantic than Indian MORB mantle.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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