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  • 1
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    Resilience of benthic deep-sea fauna to mining activities (2017)
    In:  EPIC3Marine Environmental Research, 129, pp. 76-101, ISSN: 01411136
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-23
    Description: With increasing demand for mineral resources, extraction of polymetallic sulphides at hydrothermal vents, cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts at seamounts, and polymetallic nodules on abyssal plains may be imminent. Here, we shortly introduce ecosystem characteristics of mining areas, report on recent mining developments, and identify potential stress and disturbances created by mining. We analyze species’ potential resistance to future mining and perform meta-analyses on population density and diversity recovery after disturbances most similar to mining: volcanic eruptions at vents, fisheries on seamounts, and experiments that mimic nodule mining on abyssal plains. We report wide variation in recovery rates among taxa, size, and mobility of fauna. While densities and diversities of some taxa can recover to or even exceed pre-disturbance levels, community composition remains affected after decades. The loss of hard substrata or alteration of substrata composition may cause substantial community shifts that persist over geological timescales at mined sites.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
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    Biogeochemical regeneration of a nodule mining disturbance site: Trace metals, DOC and amino acids in deep-sea sediments and pore waters (2018)
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Marine Science, 5(117)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-09
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 3
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    Strategien zur Renaturierung von Abbaugebieten (Online Publikation) (2018)
    Earth System Knowledge Platform
    In:  EPIC3Wissensplattform des Forschungsbereichs Erde und Umwelt der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft. Themenspezial, Earth System Knowledge Platform, 2
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-13
    Description: Does not include abstract
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Miscellaneous , notRev
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  • 4
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    Abbau- und Managementstrategien (Online Publikation) (2018)
    Earth System Knowledge Platform
    In:  EPIC3Wissensplattform des Forschungsbereichs Erde und Umwelt der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft. Themenspezial, Earth System Knowledge Platform, 2
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-13
    Description: Does not include abstract
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Miscellaneous , notRev
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  • 5
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    Assessing the temporal scale of deep-sea mining impacts on sediment biogeochemistry (2020)
    In:  EPIC3Biogeosciences, 17(10), pp. 2767-2789, ISSN: 1726-4189
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-02
    Description: Deep-sea mining for polymetallic nodules is expected to have severe environmental impacts because not only nodules but also benthic fauna and the upper reactive sediment layer are removed through the mining operation and blanketed by resettling material from the suspended sediment plume. This study aims to provide a holistic assessment of the biogeochemical recovery after a disturbance event by applying prognostic simulations based on an updated diagenetic background model and validated against novel data on microbiological processes. It was found that the recovery strongly depends on the impact type; complete removal of the reactive surface sediment reduces benthic release of nutrients over centuries, while geochemical processes after resuspension and mixing of the surface sediment are near the pre-impact state 1 year after the disturbance. Furthermore, the geochemical impact in the DISturbance and reCOLonization (DISCOL) experiment area would be mitigated to some degree by a clay-bound Fe(II)-reaction layer, impeding the downward diffusion of oxygen, thus stabilizing the redox zonation of the sediment during transient post-impact recovery. The interdisciplinary (geochemical, numerical and biological) approach highlights the closely linked nature of benthic ecosystem functions, e.g. through bioturbation, microbial biomass and nutrient fluxes, which is also of great importance for the system recovery. It is, however, important to note that the nodule ecosystem may never recover to the pre-impact state without the essential hard substrate and will instead be dominated by different faunal communities, functions and services.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 6
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    Environmental Impacts of Deep Seabed Mining (2020)
    Brill Nijhoff
    In:  EPIC3New Knowledge and Changing Circumstances in the Law of the Sea, Deep Seabed Mineral Resources and the Marine Environment, Leiden, The Netherlands, Brill Nijhoff, pp. 327-340
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-01
    Description: Exploitation of mineral ores from the deep sea will impact the abyssal environment by removing the mineral deposits and sediments from the seafloor surface, where most deep-sea benthic life is found. Additional effects are expected from the blanketing of the mined area and the pristine surrounding seabed with sediments and/or mineral debris. As a consequence, seafloor integrity is lost in the impacted area, species densities and biodiversity are reduced, and ecosystem functions are negatively affected. Although a lot of open questions remain regarding, for example, indicator species, disturbance thresholds, and renaturation options, it is becoming increasingly clear that the induced environmental impacts last for at least many decades to centuries and affect all ecosystem compartments.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 7
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    Calcium phosphates in Pacific deep-sea sediments as proxies for the REY distribution in pore waters (2019)
    In:  EPIC3GOLDSCHMIDT Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 2019-08-18-2019-08-23
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-30
    Description: Rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) are often used as proxies to describe past enviromental conditions or to track element sources. Calcium phosphates are commonly used as archives for REY, but our study of the upper 10 m of deep-sea sediments from the equatorial Pacific, where REY are controlled by Ca phosphates, show that the shale-normalized (SN) REY patterns are heavily impacted by early diagenesis. The Ca phosphates incorporate REY from ambient pore waters without major fractionation, and thus, their REYSN patterns are similar to the pore-water REYSN pattern [1]. Our data from the Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) and from the Peru Basin reveal such incorporation of pore-water REY into the Ca phosphates over long geographical distances and over a rather wide range of oxic to suboxic pore-water conditions. The pore-water REYSN patterns from the Peru Basin show similar features as seawater (e.g., heavy REY enrichment, negative CeSN and positive YSN anomalies), whereas the pore-water REYSN patterns from the CCZ display middle REY enrichment, the development of a negative CeSN-anomaly with depth, and either no or a slightly negative YSN-anomaly [1]. The differing pore-water REYSN patterns are possibly due to different REY sources to the pore water. These results cast doubt on the approach of using marine Ca phosphates as archives for the REY distribution or the Nd isotope composition of seawater, because the REY are derived from pore water and the Ca phosphates therefore do not preserve a primary seawater REY signal.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 8
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    Effects of a deep-sea mining experiment on seafloor microbial communities and functions after 26 years (2020)
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, 6(18), pp. eaaz5922, ISSN: 2375-2548
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-17
    Description: Future supplies of rare minerals for global industries with high-tech products may depend on deep-sea mining. However, environmental standards for seafloor integrity and recovery from environmental impacts are missing. We revisited the only midsize deep-sea disturbance and recolonization experiment carried out in 1989 in the Peru Basin nodule field to compare habitat integrity, remineralization rates, and carbon flow with undisturbed sites. Plough tracks were still visible, indicating sites where sediment was either removed or compacted. Locally, microbial activity was reduced up to fourfold in the affected areas. Microbial cell numbers were reduced by ~50% in fresh “tracks” and by 〈30% in the old tracks. Growth estimates suggest that microbially mediated biogeochemical functions need over 50 years to return to undisturbed levels. This study contributes to developing environmental standards for deep-sea mining while addressing limits to maintaining and recovering ecological integrity during large-scale nodule mining.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 9
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    Effects of climate change on methane emissions from seafloor sediments in the Arctic Ocean: A review (2016)
    In:  EPIC3Limnology & Oceanography
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Large quantities of methane are stored in hydrates and permafrost within shallow marine sediments in the Arctic Ocean. These reservoirs are highly sensitive to climate warming, but the fate of methane released from sediments is uncertain. Here, we review the principal physical and biogeochemical processes that regulate methane fluxes across the seabed, the fate of this methane in the water column, and potential for its release to the atmosphere. We find that, at present, fluxes of dissolved methane are significantly moderated by anaerobic and aerobic oxidation of methane. If methane fluxes increase then a greater proportion of methane will be transported by advection or in the gas phase, which reduces the efficiency of the methanotrophic sink. Higher freshwater discharge to Arctic shelf seas may increase stratification and inhibit transfer of methane gas to surface waters, although there is some evidence that increased stratification may lead to warming of sub-pycnocline waters, increasing the potential for hydrate dissociation. Loss of sea-ice is likely to increase wind speeds and sea-air exchange of methane will consequently increase. Studies of the distribution and cycling of methane beneath and within sea ice are limited, but it seems likely that the sea-air methane flux is higher during melting in seasonally ice-covered regions. Our review reveals that increased observations around especially the anaerobic and aerobic oxidation of methane, bubble transport, and the effects of ice cover, are required to fully understand the linkages and feedback pathways between climate warming and release of methane from marine sediments.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 10
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    Impact of anthropogenic disturbances on surface sediments of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, Pacific Ocean (2017)
    In:  EPIC3MiningImpact: "Ecological Aspects of Deep-Sea Mining" Open stakeholder day and final scientific discussion meeting, Natural History Museum, London, 2017-10-18-2017-10-20
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-19
    Description: One of the world‘s biggest manganese nodule fields on Earth is found in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ) in the NE Pacific Ocean at 4-5 km water depth. Commercial deep-sea mining activities will affect the deep-sea environment1. We assess the recovery state of controlled anthropogenic disturbances within the CCZ which were created between 1 day and up to 37 years prior to sampling. Here, we present pore-water and solid-phase data of the upper 20 cm of sediment of disturbed sites in comparison with adjacent undisturbed reference sites. We focus on the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on the geochemical conditions of the sediments.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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