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  • Articles  (531)
  • 2000-2004  (531)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dielectric Properties of Ba(Zr,Ti)O3-Based Ferroelectrics for Capacitor Applications (2001)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 84 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The purpose of the present investigation is to describe the influence of the processing parameters on the dielectric behavior of manganese-doped Ba(Ti1−xZrx)O3ceramics, particularly variations in the small-signal aging rate, temperature characteristic, and hysteresis. In this paper, the aging behavior of base-metal electrode materials above the temperature of the permittivity maximum (TM), including the influence of the zirconium content and annealing conditions, is described for the first time. The aging rate at temperatures greater than TM decreases as the oxygen partial pressure increases during annealing and the zirconium content increases, whereas the aging rate exhibits a maximum at temperatures much less than TM. The behavior is explained in terms of a diffuse phase transition. Hysteresis-loop deformation is observed during aging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00738.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-inducible transgene expression in mammalian cells and mice (2004)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature biotechnology 22 (2004), S. 1440-1444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] We describe the design and detailed characterization of a gas-inducible transgene control system functional in different mammalian cells, mice and prototype biopharmaceutical manufacturing. The acetaldehyde-inducible AlcR-PalcA transactivator-promoter interaction of the Aspergillus nidulans ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1021
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Macrolide-based transgene control in mammalian cells and mice (2002)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature biotechnology 20 (2002), S. 901-907 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] Heterologous mammalian gene regulation systems for adjustable expression of multiple transgenes are necessary for advanced human gene therapy and tissue engineering, and for sophisticated in vivo gene-function analyses, drug discovery, and biopharmaceutical manufacturing. The ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt731
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determining point charge arrays that produce accurate ionic crystal fields for atomic cluster calculations (2000)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 2074-2081 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In performing atomic cluster calculations of local electronic structure defects in ionic crystals, the crystal is often modeled as a central cluster of 5–50 ions embedded in an array of point charges. For most crystals, however, a finite three-dimensional repeated array of unit cells generates electrostatic potentials that are in significant disagreement with the Madelung (infinite crystal) potentials computed by the Ewald method. This is illustrated for the cubic crystal CaF2. We present a novel algorithm for solving this problem for any crystal whose unit cell information is known: (1) the unit cell is used to generate a neutral array containing typically 10 000 point charges at their normal crystallographic positions; (2) the array is divided into zone 1 (a volume defined by the atomic cluster of interest), zone 2 (several hundred additional point charges that together with zone 1 fill a spherical volume), and zone 3 (all other point charges); (3) the Ewald formula is used to compute the site potentials at all point charges in zones 1 and 2; (4) a system of simultaneous linear equations is solved to find the zone 3 charge values that make the zone 1 and zone 2 site potentials exactly equal to their Ewald values and the total charge and dipole moments equal to zero, and (5) the solution is checked at 1000 additional points randomly chosen in zone 1. The method is applied to 33 different crystal types with 50–71 ions in zone 1. In all cases the accuracy determined in step 5 steadily improves as the sizes of zones 2 and 3 are increased, reaching a typical rms error of 1 μV in zone 1 for 500 point charges in zone 2 and 10 000 in zone 3. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.480776
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The diffraction signatures of individual vibrational modes in polyatomic molecules (2000)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 1260-1270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Though one normally thinks of single-molecule diffraction studies as tools for eliciting molecular geometry, molecular diffraction patterns are really the Fourier transforms of complete molecular wave functions. There is thus at least the possibility of imaging the vibrational wave functions of polyatomic molecules by means of a pump–probe diffraction experiment: the pump laser could prepare a specific vibrational state and an electron or x-ray could then be diffracted off the molecule some short time later. The present paper develops the general theory of diffraction signatures for individual vibrational wave functions in polyatomic molecules and investigates the feasibility of seeing such signatures experimentally using the example of a linear triatomic molecule modeled after CS2. Although aligned molecules in specific vibrational quantum states turn out to exhibit very characteristic diffraction signatures, the signatures of the vibrational wave functions are partially washed out for the complete isotropy expected from gas phase molecules. Nonetheless, it is possible to design a diffraction experiment using a pump–dump sequence with a polarized laser beam which will select a nonisotropic sample of vibrationally excited molecules. We show that the resulting level of anisotropy should enhance the diffraction signature, helping to distinguish different vibrational components. These model calculations therefore suggest the possibility of observing the dynamics of vibrational wave packets using experimentally realizable diffraction techniques. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.480678
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructure of laterally overgrown GaN layers (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 7833-7840 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Transmission electron microscopy study of plan-view and cross-section samples of epitaxial laterally overgrown (ELOG) GaN samples is described. Two types of dislocation with the same type of Burgers vector but different line direction have been observed. It is shown that threading edge dislocations bend to form dislocation segments in the c plane as a result of shear stresses developed in the wing material along the stripe direction. It is shown that migration of these dislocations involves both glide and climb. Propagation of threading parts over the wing area is an indication of high density of point defects present in the wing areas on the ELOG samples. This finding might shed light on the optical properties of such samples. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1370366
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High vacuum feedthrough for angular, linear, and rotary motion (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 73 (2002), S. 1970-1971 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An angular motion feedthrough capable of supporting a large diameter linear motion feedthrough has been designed and built for the large experiment on instabilities and anisotropies at West Virginia University. With a combination of linear, angular, and rotary motion, a probe can be positioned in the vacuum chamber within a cone-shaped volume. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1463696
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy broadening due to photoion space charge in a high resolution laser photoelectron source (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 4098-4105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The results of experimental and theoretical studies, aiming at a quantitative characterization of photoion-induced energy broadening effects in a laser photoelectron source, are reported. The electron source is based on two-step cw laser photoionization of potassium atoms in a collimated beam. In the experimental studies, the attachment spectra for the formation of (N2O)9O− cluster ions through a narrow vibrational Feshbach resonance (full width at half maximum 2.3 meV) were measured as a function of the photocurrent. The theoretical studies involved Monte Carlo simulations of the broadening effects and were based on potential distributions caused by realistic spatial distributions of the photoions. Using the corresponding electric field distribution, trajectories were calculated for a representative ensemble of electrons, and effective electron energy distributions were obtained from averages over the electron trajectories in the volume relevant for electron attachment. Furthermore, the effects of additional weak electric fields, applied along the atomic beam direction, have been simulated. For our geometry (ionization volume about 2 mm3) the effective space charge related energy width is found to be about 16 μeV/pA. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1412861
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A direct electron bombarded charge coupled device for dynamic plasma imaging applications (abstract) : Papers from the thirteenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 651-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A variety of plasma physics experiments require the recording of continuous time history of x-ray emission. Many laboratories have developed x-ray streak camera technology in order to time resolve x-ray spectra or images produced by laser-driven plasma experiments. These cameras record x rays by converting photons to electrons, which in turn are focused and swept across an electron sensitive area detector as a function of time. X-ray photons impinging on a transmission type photocathode generate photoelectrons which are accelerated to energies between 10 and 20 keV and focused onto a phosphor screen. The light from the phosphor image may be intensified using a microchannel plate, and is usually optically coupled directly onto film or an optical charge coupled device. We have designed and built an x-ray sensitive streak camera readout where we replaced the microchannel plate based intensifier and film package with a modified charge coupled device area detector to directly absorb accelerated photoelectrons emitted from the cathode. This system has been integrated into the streak tube arrangement. We will present a set of system performance data, which have been obtained from both bench top experiments on a dc source and dynamic measurements at the Nova laser facility. X-ray images at various exposure times show better spatial resolution, improved signal to noise ratio, and higher dynamic range. Other advantages include instantaneous data readout, which enables fast postprocessing, and no increase in overall cost for an engineered system. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1323481
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimizing data recording for the NIF core diagnostic x-ray streak camera : Papers from the thirteenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 751-754 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Quantitative measurements of the sensitivity, dynamic range, and image resolution of a Nova secondary ion mass-based x-ray streak camera have been made. Comparisons were made using film versus a 4k×4k optical charge-coupled device for data readout. These tests were performed with and without an optical image intensifier tube, and with a direct electron-sensitive microchannel plate. We present results from these tests and recommendations for the National Ignition Facility core x-ray streak camera. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1318263
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