Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Priority Substances and Emerging Organic Pollutants in Portuguese Aquatic Environment: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Surface Waters -- 2.1 Industrial Compounds -- 2.2 Natural and Synthetic Estrogens -- 2.3 Phytoestrogens and Phytosterols -- 2.4 Pharmaceuticals -- 2.5 Pesticides -- 2.6 Portuguese vs European Surface Water: Occurrence of PSs and EOPs -- 3 Groundwater and Drinking Waters -- 3.1 Pesticides -- 3.2 Pharmaceuticals -- 3.3 Portuguese vs European Groundwater and Drinking Water: Occurrence of PSs and EOPs -- 4 Influent and Effluent Wastewaters -- 4.1 Pharmaceuticals -- 4.2 Personal Care Products -- 4.3 Portuguese vs European Wastewaters: Occurrence of PSs and EOPs -- 5 Summary -- References -- Lead Toxicity, Antioxidant Defense and Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemical Form and Properties of Lead -- 3 Lead and Environment -- 4 Lead Effect on Health -- 4.1 Effect on the Nervous System -- 4.2 Effect on the Hematopoietic System -- 4.3 Effect on the Reproductive System -- 4.4 Effect on the Kidney -- 4.5 Effect on the Bone -- 5 Molecular Mechanism of Lead Toxicity: Oxidative Stress and Cation Action -- 6 The Role of Antioxidants in Protecting Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress -- 6.1 Flavonoids and Polyphenols -- 6.2 Vitamins -- 6.3 Antioxidants Availability and Nanoparticles -- 7 Summary -- References -- Persistent Organic Pollutants and Concern Over the Link with Insulin Resistance Related Metabolic Diseases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 POPs and Metabolic Disorders of Insulin Resistance -- 3.1.1 Epidemiological Evidences -- 3.1.2 Experimental Evidences -- 3.2 POPs and Inflammation -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Pharmaceuticals May Disrupt Natural Chemical Information Flows and Species Interactions in Aquatic Systems: Ideas and Perspect. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Natural Information Transfer via Infochemicals in Aquatic Ecosystems -- 3 Current Levels of Pharmaceuticals Affect Organisms -- 3.1 Direct and Indirect Effects -- 3.2 Infodisruption and Mimicry -- 4 Conclusions and Future Directions -- 5 Summary -- References -- Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) in the Oil and Gas Industry: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Reported Levels of Natural Radionuclides in the Oil Industry -- 3 NORM Action Limits -- 4 Radiological Exposure for Public, Workers, and Environmental Impact of TENORM -- 5 The Acceptability of Occupational Risks in Industry -- 6 Health Effects of Ionizing Radiations -- 7 Recommended Radiation Dose Limits -- 8 Recommendations -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Summary -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- A Review on the Abundance, Distribution and Eco-Biological Risks of PAHs in the Key Environmental Matrices of South Asia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Abundance of PAHs in SAR -- 2.1 Atmospheric Levels -- 2.2 Water Bodies -- 2.3 Soil/Sediments -- 2.4 Biota -- 3 Regional Comparison -- 3.1 Atmospheric PAHs -- 3.2 Region Abundance of PAHs in the Water Bodies -- 3.3 Soil/Dust/Sediments -- 4 Source Apportionment Techniques -- 5 Ecological Risk Assessment -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Pollution, Toxicity Profile and Treatment Approaches for Tannery Wastewater and Its Chemical Pollutants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Leather Production and Chemicals Used in Tanning Process -- 3 Tannery Wastewater: Nature and Characteristics -- 4 Environmental Pollution and Toxicity Profile of Tannery Wastewater -- 5 Treatment Approaches for Tannery Wastewater and Chemicals -- 5.1 Physico-Chemical Treatment Approaches -- 5.1.1 Coagulation/Flocculation -- 5.1.2 Adsorption -- 5.2 Biological Treatment Approaches -- 5.2.1 Aerobic Treatment -- 5.2.2 Anaerobic Treatment -- 5.2.3 Constructed Wetlands and Treatment Ponds -- 5.3 Emerging Treatment Approaches -- 5.3.1 Membrane Technologies -- 5.3.2 Membrane Bioreactors -- 5.3.3 Anammox Technology -- 5.3.4 Advanced Oxidation Processes -- 5.4 Combinatorial Treatment Approaches -- 6 Waste Minimization, Operation, Treatment and Management in Leather Industries -- 6.1 Solid Waste Generation, Treatment and Management -- 6.2 Gaseous Emission and Control -- 6.3 Clean Technologies for Hazards Minimization -- 7 International Legislations Scenario for Tannery Wastewater and Chemicals -- 7.1 Legislations for Discharge Limits of Tannery Wastewater -- 7.2 Legislations for Leather Chemicals -- 8 Challenges and Future Prospects -- 9 Summary and Conclusion -- References. , Disposal of Unused Drugs: Knowledge and Behavior Among People Around the World -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Methods of Unwanted Residential Medication Disposal -- 4.2 An Overview on Available Legal Framework and Take Back Programs -- 4.3 Impact of Knowledge and Educational Campaigns on Disposal Practices of Unwanted Residential Medication -- 4.4 Future Perspectives and Possible Solution -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Summary -- References -- Alkyl Mercury-Induced Toxicity: Multiple Mechanisms of Action -- 1 Preface -- 1.1 How Alkyl Mercury Compounds Get into the Food Web -- 2 Introduction -- 3 Methylmercury: Mechanisms of Toxic Action -- 3.1 Altered Membrane Permeability -- 3.2 Altered Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis -- 3.3 Oxidative Stress/Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) -- 3.4 Effects on Receptor Binding/Neurotransmitter Release -- 3.5 Effects Involving Arachidonic Acid -- 3.6 Effects on Cell Cycle/Cell Division -- 3.7 Effects on Glutathione (GSH) Activity -- 3.8 Involvement with Nitric Oxide Synthetase -- 3.9 Effects on Glial Cells and Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake and Homeostasis -- 3.10 Other Mechanisms -- 4 Ethylmercury: Mechanisms of Toxic Action -- 4.1 Mobilization of Intracellular Ca++ -- 4.2 Effects on Mitochondria (Membrane and ROS) -- 4.3 Effects on Arachidonic Acid, Leukotriene Synthesis, and Membrane Integrity -- 4.4 Effects on Glutathione (GSH) -- 4.5 Effects on Glutamate Transport -- 4.6 Effects on Neurotransmitter Availability -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Arsenic Induction of Metallothionein and Metallothionein Induction Against Arsenic Cytotoxicity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Metallothionein Induction and the Role of As -- 3 Interaction of As with Blood Proteins -- 4 Interaction of As with Metallothionein -- 5 Accumulation and Metabolism of As -- 6 As Cytotoxicity and the Role of Essential Metals. , 7 Conclusion -- 8 Summary -- References -- Mobility and Fate of Pollutants in the Aquifer System of the Northwestern Suez Gulf, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 2 Study Area Description (Geology and Hydrogeology) -- 3 Study Approach and Discussion -- 3.1 Structure Pattern, Intensive Use of Groundwater and Contamination Mixtures Mobilization Scenario -- 4 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Index.