Note: Front Cover -- Secondary Metabolites and Biotherapeutics -- Secondary Metabolites and Biotherapeutics -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the authors -- 1 - Introduction to plant secondary metabolites -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Alkaloids -- 1.2 Terpenes -- 1.3 Flavonoids -- 1.4 Saponins -- 1.5 Tannins -- 1.6 Phytosterols -- 1.7 Quinones -- 2. Conclusion -- References -- 2 - Identification and purification of plant secondary metabolite as medicinal raw materials -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Several classes of SM found in plants -- 3. Alkaloids -- 4. Compounds containing phenol -- 5. Terpenes -- 6. Techniques employed in the processes of extracting, isolating, and purifying bioactive compounds -- 6.1 Extraction with the assistance of ultrasound -- 6.2 Extraction with the help of microwave-assisted extraction -- 7. Use of different solvents in extracting the phenolic compounds -- 8. Extraction and purification methods for active molecules -- 9. Clarification of the structural components of the bioactive molecules -- 10. Infrared rays spectroscopy -- 11. UV-visible spectroscopy -- 12. The use of mass spectrometry in the identification of chemical compounds -- 13. NMR spectroscopy -- 14. Antioxidant components from plants -- 15. Antimicrobial properties of compound derived from plants -- 16. Examination of phytochemicals -- 17. Secondary metabolites' contributions to pharmacological activity -- 18. Conclusion -- References -- 3 - Biochemical characterization of plant secondary metabolites -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Secondary metabolites -- 3. Therapeutic uses of secondary metabolites -- 3.1 Cardiovascular disorders -- 3.2 Cancer -- 3.3 Parasitic diseases -- 3.4 Neurodegenerative disorders -- 3.5 Diabetes mellitus -- 4. Synthesis of plant secondary metabolites -- 5. Isolation and purification of secondary metabolites. , 5.1 Thin-layer chromatography -- 5.2 High-performance thin layer liquid chromatography -- 5.3 High-performance liquid chromatography -- 5.4 Gas chromatography -- 5.5 Column chromatography -- 5.6 Gel permeation chromatography -- 5.7 Affinity chromatography -- 6. Qualitative assessment of plant extract or secondary metabolites -- 7. Spectroscopy techniques for structural characterization of SMs -- 7.1 UV-visible spectroscopy -- 7.2 Infrared spectroscopy -- 7.3 Fluorescence -- 7.4 Mass spectroscopy -- 7.5 Nuclear magnetic resonance -- 7.6 X-ray diffraction -- 8. Miscellaneous methods -- 8.1 Immunoassay -- 9. Dilemma-primary metabolite or secondary metabolite? -- 10. Dereplication databases -- 11. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characterization of SMs -- 11.1 In vitro studies -- 11.2 In vivo studies -- 11.3 In situ model -- 11.4 In silico studies -- 12. Toxicological characterization of SMs -- 13. Conclusion -- References -- 4 - Production of secondary metabolites from medicinal plants through tissue culture -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Medicinal plant -- 3. Secondary metabolite -- 4. Types of secondary metabolites -- 4.1 Phenolics -- 4.2 Alkaloid -- 4.3 Saponin -- 4.4 Terpene -- 4.5 Lipid -- 4.6 Carbohydrate -- 5. Production of secondary metabolites through plant tissue culture -- 6. Methods of secondary metabolites production -- 7. Conventional methods -- 8. Nonconventional methods -- 9. Genetic engineering using microbes -- 10. Precursor feeding -- 11. Biotransformation -- 12. Metabolic engineering -- 13. Conclusion and future perspectives -- References -- 5 - Role of endophytes in the production of secondary metabolites -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of endophytes -- 2.1 Bacterial endophytes -- 2.2 Fungal endophytes -- 3. Interaction of endophytes with the host plant -- 4. Production of the secondary metabolites by endophytes. , 5. Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites -- 6. Conclusion and future prospect -- References -- 6 - Trends in secondary metabolites production from plant sources -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Recent developments in the process of producing secondary metabolites -- 3. Secondary metabolites production derived from medicinal plants by using tissue cultures -- 4. Recent developments in secondary metabolites production by higher plants -- 5. Production of secondary metabolites using organ cultures -- 6. The addition of a precursor to help improve the secondary metabolites production -- 7. Elicitation of products developed in vitro -- 8. Secondary metabolites source-hairy root cultures -- 9. Using hairy root culture with the purpose of secondary metabolites production by means of genetic manipulation -- 10. Endophytes play an important part in the in vitro secondary metabolites production -- 11. Increasing production of secondary metabolites via scaling of bioreactors -- 12. Immobilization increasing the accumulation of secondary metabolites on a larger scale -- 13. Tissue cultures production responsible for interesting pharmaceutical products -- 14. Taxol -- 15. Morphine and codeine -- 16. Diosgenin -- 17. l-DOPA -- 18. Capsaicin -- 19. Camptothecin -- 20. Berberine -- 21. The metabolic pathway engineering and generation of secondary metabolites -- 22. Engineering yeast metabolic pathways to produce plant secondary metabolites -- 23. Yeast's contribution to the production of flavonoids -- 24. Yeast is responsible for the production of terpenoids -- 25. Yeast's role in the production of alkaloids derived from plants -- 26. Conclusion -- References -- 7 - Elicitation of secondary metabolites from plants -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification of elicitors -- 2.1 Biotic elicitors -- 2.2 Abiotic elicitors -- 2.2.1 Hormonal elicitors -- 2.2.1.1 Jasmonic acid. , 2.2.1.1 Jasmonic acid -- 2.2.1.2 Salicylic acid -- 2.2.1.2 Salicylic acid -- 2.2.1.3 Hormones of a different kind -- 2.2.1.3 Hormones of a different kind -- 2.2.1.4 Brassinosteroids -- 2.2.1.4 Brassinosteroids -- 2.2.1.5 Abscisic acid -- 2.2.1.5 Abscisic acid -- 2.2.1.6 SM auxins -- 2.2.1.6 SM auxins -- 2.2.2 Inorganic elicitors (chemical) -- 2.2.2.1 Heavy metals -- 2.2.2.1 Heavy metals -- 2.2.2.2 Effects of undernourishment and toxic metals on root exudate secretion -- 2.2.2.2 Effects of undernourishment and toxic metals on root exudate secretion -- 2.2.3 Elicitors of a physical nature -- 2.2.3.1 Radiation from UV-B rays -- 2.2.3.1 Radiation from UV-B rays -- 2.2.3.2 Salt concentration -- 2.2.3.2 Salt concentration -- 2.2.3.3 The strain of a drought -- 2.2.3.3 The strain of a drought -- 2.2.3.4 Stress caused by heat -- 2.2.3.4 Stress caused by heat -- 3. Mechanism of elicitation in plant cells -- 4. Elicitors that are being used at the present time -- 5. New methods to boost SM production depending on the elicitor signaling pathways -- 6. Summary and remarks -- References -- 8 - Genetic manipulation for secondary metabolite production -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Genes involved in the biosynthesis -- 3. Genes that act as regulators -- 4. Genes involved in the production of indole alkaloids -- 5. Regulatory genes involving indole alkaloids -- 6. Isoquinoline alkaloids -- 7. Pyrrolidine alkaloids and tropane alkaloids -- 8. Terpenoids -- 9. Carotenoids -- 10. Benzoic acid derivatives -- 11. Cyanogenic glucosides -- 12. Stilbene phytoalexins are introduced in transgeneic plants -- 13. Plant protection and plant breeding use of the phytoalexin technology -- 14. Modification of secondary plant metabolism to produce functional food -- 15. Disease resistance is achieved through engineering phytoalexin pathways -- 16. Final thoughts and summaries -- References. , 9 - Scaling up of secondary metabolite production -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Production of secondary metabolites -- 3. Use of organized cultures and metabolic engineering for secondary metabolite production -- 4. Application of hairy roots in secondary metabolites production -- 5. Metabolite engineering in secondary metabolite production -- 6. Engineering considerations in large-scale production of biomass -- 7. Strategies to improve productivity -- 7.1 Screening and selection, medium optimization -- 7.2 Scale-up of plant cell suspension culture: Features of plant cell culture in bioreactors -- 7.3 Application of different bioreactors in secondary metabolites production -- 7.4 Differentiated cells -- 7.5 Immobilized cells -- 7.6 Elicitation -- 7.7 Metabolic engineering -- 7.8 Examples of plant genes in plants or plant cells -- 7.9 Microbial genes in plants or plant cells -- 7.10 Plant genes in microorganisms -- 8. Conclusion -- 9. Future perspective -- References -- Further reading -- 10 - Metabolic engineering and production of secondary metabolites -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Secondary metabolites -- 2.1 Terpenes -- 2.1.1 Diterpenes -- 2.1.2 Triterpenes (C30) -- 2.1.3 Tetraterpenes (C40) -- 2.1.4 Polyterpenes (C5) -- 2.1.4.1 Creation of terpenes -- 2.1.4.1 Creation of terpenes -- 2.2 Phenolics -- 2.2.1 Flavanoinds -- 2.2.2 Flavonols -- 2.2.3 Isoflavonoides -- 2.2.4 Isoflavone coumarins -- 2.2.5 Furano-coumarins -- 2.3 Nonflavonoids -- 2.3.1 Hydroxycinnamates -- 2.4 Alkaloids -- 2.4.1 Alkaloids of quinolizidine -- 2.4.2 Alliinins -- 3. Metabolic engineering -- 3.1 Metabolic engineering for plant secondary metabolites production -- 4. Secondary metabolite production pathways -- 4.1 Shikimic-acid (shikimate) pathway -- 4.2 Malonic-acid (malonate/acetate) pathway -- 4.3 Methylerythritol-phosphate pathway. , 4.4 Agrobacterium: A unique metabolic engineer of plant.