Note: Intro -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- 1 Wind Industry in Portugal and Its Impacts on Wildlife: Special Focus on Spatial and Temporal Distribution on Bird and Bat Fatalities -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Portuguese Wind Farm Location in Relation to Natural Values -- 1.1.2 Wind Farm Impacts on Wildlife -- 1.2 Bird and Bat Fatalities in Portugal -- 1.2.1 Biogeographic and Phenological Analysis of Bat Fatalities -- 1.2.2 Biogeographic and Phenological Analysis of Bird Fatalities -- 1.2.3 Bat Fatalities Specific Composition -- 1.2.4 Bird Fatalities Specific Composition -- 1.3 Final Notes -- References -- 2 Impacts of On-shore Wind Farms in Wildlife Communities: Direct Fatalities and Indirect Impacts (Behavioural and Habitat Effects) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Evaluating Impacts -- 2.3 On-shore Wind Farm Impacts -- 2.3.1 Direct Impacts -- 2.3.1.1 Bat Collisions -- 2.3.1.2 Bird Collisions -- 2.3.2 Indirect Impacts -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Environmental Impact Assessment Methods: An Overview of the Process for Wind Farms' Different Phases-From Pre-construction to Operation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Wind Farm Industry: General Overview -- 3.1.2 Legal Requirements and Guidelines -- 3.2 Impact Assessment Methods -- 3.2.1 Planning and Project Phase: Evaluation of the Potential Impacts -- 3.2.1.1 Scoping -- 3.2.1.2 EIA Report or Environmental Study -- 3.2.2 Construction and Operation Phase (Evaluation of the Real Impacts) -- 3.2.2.1 Fauna -- 3.2.2.2 Flora and Habitats -- 3.3 Case Study|The Step Forward in Assessing Biodiversity Impacts -- 3.4 Final Remarks -- Appendix -- References -- 4 An Overview on Methods to Assess Bird and Bat Collision Risk in Wind Farms -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Collision Risk Models -- 4.2.1 Tucker Model (Tucker 1996a) -- 4.2.2 Band Model (Band et al. 2007) -- 4.2.3 Other Tucker/Band Based Models. , 4.2.4 The Bayesian Approach Model -- 4.3 Vulnerability Indexes and Other Tools for Collision Risk Assessment -- 4.3.1 The Collision Hazard Index (CHI) (Bio3 2008) -- 4.3.2 Vulnerability Indexes -- 4.3.3 INTACT Micrositing GIS-Tool (Hanssen and May 2015) -- 4.3.4 ProBat Tool (WindBat 2016) -- 4.4 Methodologies Comparison: Advantages and Limitations -- 4.4.1 Collision Risk Models -- 4.4.2 Vulnerability Indexes and Other Tools for Collision Risk Assessment -- 4.5 The Portuguese Context -- 4.5.1 Case Study|Estimating Avian Collision Risk in Portugal: The CHI-A Practical Methodology -- 4.5.1.1 The Collision Hazard Index -- Field Methodology -- Desktop Analysis, Field Data Analysis and Results -- 4.5.1.2 The Common Kestrel Example at a Portuguese Wind Farm -- References -- 5 The Indirect Impacts of Wind Farms on Terrestrial Mammals: Insights from the Disturbance and Exclusion Effects on Wolves (Canis lupus) -- 5.1 General Overview -- 5.2 Wolves and Wind Farms in Portugal -- 5.2.1 Setting the Context: Wolf Distribution, Landscape Specificities and Environmental Issues -- 5.2.2 Methodological Approach -- 5.2.2.1 Sampling Designs -- 5.2.2.2 Wolf Biological Parameters -- 5.2.2.3 Wolf Monitoring Techniques -- 5.2.3 Effects of Wind Farms on Wolves in Portugal -- 5.2.4 Lessons from the Portuguese Experience -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix -- References -- 6 Comparing Field Methods Used to Determine Bird and Bat Fatalities -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Methodologies -- 6.2.1 Carcass Searches -- 6.2.1.1 Search Area -- 6.2.1.2 Search Method -- 6.2.1.3 Search Frequency and Periods -- 6.2.2 Carcass Removal Trials -- 6.2.3 Detection Trials -- 6.3 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Estimating Bird and Bat Fatality at Wind Farms: From Formula-Based Methods to Models to Assess Impact Significance -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Fatality Estimators: A Comparative Analysis. , 7.1.1.1 Commonly Used Estimators -- 7.1.2 Recently Published Estimators -- 7.2 Population Level Impacts-Significance Estimation -- 7.3 Discussion -- Appendix -- References -- 8 How to Design an Adaptive Management Approach? -- 8.1 What Is Adaptive Management? -- 8.2 Adaptive Management of Wind Farm Impacts on Biodiversity -- 8.2.1 Mitigation Hierarchy -- 8.2.2 Monitoring -- 8.3 Step-by-Step Adaptive Management Approach -- 8.4 Case Study-Candeeiros Wind Farm -- 8.5 Final Remarks -- References -- Index.