Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Principles, Philisophy and Applications of Climate Services -- 1 Introducing Climate Services and Their Applications -- Introduction -- Experiences from This Book -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 BASIEC: A Coastal Climate Service Framework for Community-Based Adaptation to Rising Sea-Levels -- Introduction -- Rationale and Guiding Principle -- BASIEC Framework -- SLR Risk Information -- SLR Risk Communication -- SLR Risk Education -- SWOT Analysis of the BASIEC Framework -- Application of the BASIEC Framework -- Limitation and Scope of the BASIEC Framework -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural Farms and Its Contribution to Global Warming -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Description of the Study Area -- The Nitrogen Cycle and the LEACHN Model -- Model Input Data Collection and Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Laboratory Results -- Modelling Results: N2O Emissions Through Denitrification -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Business Strategies and Climate Change-Prototype Development and Testing of a User Specific Climate Service Product for Companies -- Introduction -- Methodological Approach -- Development of the "Company Analysis Tool" -- Structure and Content of the "Company Analysis Tool" -- Cooperation with Companies -- Results -- Recommendations for Action How to Integrate Climate Change into Business Strategies -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Why There Is More to Adaptation Than Creating a Strategy -- Introduction -- The Specific Adaptation Environment in Urban Areas -- The "GERICS Adaptation Toolkit for Cities" ("GERICS-Stadtbaukasten") -- The Working Process -- Starting Point: Regional and Local Climate Information -- Communication Is Key -- Example: The Adaptation Challenge Thermal Comfort -- Example: The Adaptation Challenge Urban Flooding. , The Role of Climate Services and Further Needs for Research -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 COREDAR: A Coastal Climate Service Framework on Sea-Level Rise Risk Communication for Adaptation Policy Planning -- Introduction -- Need for a Coastal Climate Service Framework on Sea-Level Rise Risk Communication for Adaptation Policy Planning and Decision-Making -- Methodological Approach -- COREDAR: A Coastal Climate Service Framework on Sea-Level Rise Risk Communication for Adaptation Policy Planning and Decision-Making -- Architecture of the Framework -- Stepwise Approach of the Framework -- Limitations and Scope -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 What Do Users Expect from Climate Adaptation Services? Developing an Information Platform Based on User Surveys -- Introduction -- Climate Adaptation Services -- Literature Review: Awareness and Use of Climate Services -- Literature Review: Involving Users in the Development of Climate Services -- Methodologic Approach for Identifying User Needs for Climate Adaptation Services -- Results: Identified User Needs for Climate Adaptation Services -- Background of Potential Users -- Awareness and Usage of Climate Adaptation Services -- Further Needs for Climate Adaptation Services -- Requirements for Climate Adaptation Services -- Presentation on a Web Portal -- Barriers to Climate Adaptation -- Networking and Continued Exchange Among Users and Providers -- Developing the Climate Preparedness Portal Based on Identified User Needs -- Structure, Quality and Synthesized Content of the KLiVO Portal -- Gap Analysis on Provided Services -- Continuous Exchange Between Users and Providers -- Conclusions: How to Develop User-Friendly Climate Services -- References -- 8 Physical Climate Risks and the Financial Sector-Synthesis of Investors' Climate Information Needs -- Introduction -- Overview of Investor Approaches. , Case Studies -- France -- Country-Specific Context: France -- User Needs -- The Netherlands -- Country-Specific Context: The Netherlands -- User Needs -- Norway -- Country-Specific Context: Norway -- User Needs -- Key Climate Information Needs of Investors -- Risk Awareness -- Risk Analysis -- Risk Management -- Conclusion and Way Forward -- References -- 9 Public-Private Cooperation for Climate Adaptation-Providing Insurance Loss Data to the Municipalities -- Introduction -- Responding to Climate Change -- Insurance Loss Data as Part of Climate Services for the Municipalities -- Compilation of Three Studies on Insurance Loss Data -- Aims and Limitations -- Empirical Background and Existing Research -- Insurance in Norway -- Insurance Loss Data in European Climate Policies -- Existing Research and Experience on Public Access to Private Insurance Loss Data -- Insurance Loss Data as a Climate Service -- Environmental Psychology Contributes to Explain Efforts Towards Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation -- Methods Applied in the Three Referred Studies -- Study 1-Pilot Project About Testing of Loss Data from the Insurance Industry for an Evaluation of Climate Change Vulnerability and Prevention of Climate Related Natural Hazards in Selected Municipalities -- Study 2-Status and Possibilities in the Use of Loss Data in the Work with Climate Change Adaptation -- Study 3-Attitudes in Norwegian Insurance Companies Towards Sharing Loss Data -- Results -- Study 1-Pilot Project About Testing of Loss Data from the Insurance Industry for an Evaluation of Climate Vulnerability -- Study 2-Status and Possibilities in the Use of Loss Data in the Work with Climate Change Adaption -- Study 3-Attitudes in Norwegian Insurance Companies Towards Sharing Loss Data -- Discussion and Conclusions -- Summary of the Main Findings -- Discussion of the Findings and Consequences. , Practical Arrangements of Sharing of Insurance Loss Data -- Constrains of the Research and Further Research -- References -- 10 Evaluation of Climate Services: Enabling Users to Assess the Quality of Multi-model Climate Projections and Derived Products -- Introduction -- Collecting the Missing Pieces: The Survey -- Typical User Profiles -- Outcome of the Survey: Guidance Needed on Evaluation of Quality of Climate Data -- Evaluation of Quality of Climate Data and Derived Products -- QUACK-Quality Assurance Checklist Tool -- Benefits of QUACK -- Limitations -- Transferability -- Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 11 The Need for Science-Based Information.A Requirement for Top-Downand Bottom-up Decision-MakingProcesses -- 12 Provision of Climate Services-The XDC Model -- Requirements for Methods That Measure Climate Impact -- XDC Model -- Familiar Concept: Science Based Targets -- XDC Model Output: Standard XDC and Scenario Based XDC -- XDC Model: Input Data Needed -- Basic Steps of Processing -- Step 1: Economic Emission Intensity (EEI) of the Company -- Step 2: Global Emissions -- Step 3: Climate Performance -- Example 1: Calculation of the Standard XDC for Enel S.P.A. -- Example 2: Calculation of a Scenario Based XDC for Enel S.P.A. -- Contextualisation of XDC Results -- Example 3: Target XDC Calculation -- Strategy Development for Transitioning Towards a < -- 2 °C-World -- 2 °C-Compatible Emission Reduction Pathway -- Example 4: Defining a 2 °C-Compatible Reduction Pathway -- Example 5: Assessment of Climate Mitigation Activities -- Evaluation of the XDC Model Against Requirements as Set Above -- Outlook -- References -- Case Studies on Climate Services -- 13 Climatological Global Solar UV Index: Measurement and Health Issues in Malta -- Introduction -- The Current Maltese Scenario and the Aims of This Study -- UVR Measurements and Forecasts. , UVR Measurements Using Ground Based Instruments -- UVI Calculations Using BFRs -- UVR Estimation Methods -- Correspondence Between Forecast and UVER Data -- Forecast UVI Data -- Measurement of UVE Data -- Comparison Between Forecast UVI and UVER Data -- Awareness, Knowledge and Behaviour in Relation to UVI and Sun Protection -- Awareness and Impact of UVI Forecasts -- Preferred Sources by which UVI Forecasts are Communicated to the General Public -- Preferred Sources by which High UVI Alerts are Communicated to the General Public -- Knowledge in Relation to the Negative Impacts of Excessive Sun Exposure -- Use of Recommended Sun Protection Items During Summer -- Gaps Between Sun Protection Knowledge and Behaviour -- Long Term Trends in the Incidence of Skin Cancer in Malta -- Shortcomings of the Current UVI Concept and Recommendations for an Improved UVI Concept at Global Level -- The UVI Concept Is not Clear Enough and Can Be Confusing -- UVI Presentation Is Inadequate and Ineffective -- UVI Is not Being Promoted Enough -- UVI Promotion Should Be Part of Larger Sun Protection Initiative -- Recommendations for a More Effective Use of the UVI Tool Under a Climate Change Scenario -- Recommendations for a More Clearly Communicable UVI Concept -- Recommendations for Improved Local Sun Protection Campaigns -- Recommendations to Introduce Climatological UVER Data by the National Meteorological Office -- Recommendations Regarding the Increasing Trends of Skin Cancer in Malta Under a Climate Change Scenario -- Future Prospects -- Conclusions -- References -- 14 Climate Change Risk and Insurance as an Adaptation Strategy: An Enquiry into the Regulatory Framework of South Africa and Ghana -- Introduction -- Insurance as a Climate Risk Adaptation Strategy in Developing Countries. , Climate Change Risks, Adaptation and Insurance: Policy Responses and Emerging Strategies from South Africa and Ghana.