Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Content and Structure of the Book -- Introduction -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Mineral Deposit and Studying of World Experience on the Study of the Geomechanical State of the Mountain Massif in Complex Mining and Geological Conditions -- Abstract -- References -- 2 Geological Setting Structural-Tectonic Features and Physical-Mechanical Properties of Mountain Rocks on the Stability of Slopes with the Account of the Time Factor and Large-Scale Explosions -- Abstract -- 2.1 Research on Fracturing of Rock Massif -- 2.2 Research on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rock Massifs -- 2.2.1 Influence of Drilling and Blasting Works on the Stability of Ledges -- 2.3 The Condition of Stability of the Sides of Some Ore Mines in Central Kazakhstan -- References -- 3 Petrology and Geochronology of Country and Studying of the Disturbance of Rock Massif with the Use of the Teplometry Method -- 4 Special Distribution of Ore Bodies and Teplometric Method of Express Evaluation of the Rock Massif Disturbance -- 5 Ultrasonic Method of Express Evaluation of the Rock Massif Disturbance -- 5.1 Complex Using of Ultrasonic Signal for Evaluating the Disturbance of the Rock Massif -- 5.2 Research of the Stress-Deformational State of the Rock Massif Using Modern Equipment Operating on the Non-destructible Testing Method -- 5.3 Studies on the Establishment of a Grid of Crevice Wells by Method of Instrumental Observations Using Modern Geodetic Equipment -- 5.4 The Way to Strengthening Career Slopes of Folded Fractured Rocks -- 5.5 The Determination of the Stability of Quarry Slopes, Taking into Account the Time Factor -- References -- 6 Development of Solutions for: Hardening, Strengthening the Sides of the Quarry -- Suppression Dust Formation on the Quarry Roads. , 6.1 Analysis of Existing Studies of World Experience in Developing the Composition of Solutions Used to Strengthen the Sides of the Quarry -- 6.2 Development of Solution Compositions for Hardening, Strengthening of Quarries -- 6.3 Analysis of Existing Studies of World Experience in the Development of Solutions for the Suppression of Dust Formation on the Roads of the Quarry -- 6.4 Development of the Composition of Solutions for Dust Suppression on the Quarry Roads -- References -- 7 Modern Methods of Researching of the Geotechnical State of the Massif for Engineering and Planning of Open Mining Works -- References -- Conclusion.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Content and Structure of the Book -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of Rainfall Erosivity Processes and Soil Erosion -- 1.1 Rainfall Erosivity Processes -- 1.2 Impacts of Climate Change on Rainfall Erosivity -- 1.3 Soil Erosion Processes and Models -- Chapter 2: Natural Conditions in Central Asia -- 2.1 Topography and Climatic Conditions in Central Asia -- 2.2 Description of Central Asian Soils -- Chapter 3: Data Sources and Methodology -- 3.1 Projected and Observed Rainfall Data -- 3.2 RUSLE Model and Its Factors -- 3.2.1 Rainfall-Runoff Erosivity (R) Factor -- 3.2.2 Soil Erodibility Factor (K) -- 3.2.3 Slope Length and Steepness (LS) Factor -- 3.2.4 Cover Management (C) Factor -- 3.2.5 Conservation Practice (P) Factor -- 3.3 Annual Erosivity Density Ratio -- 3.4 Trend Test -- 3.5 Model Evaluation Rainfall Erosivity -- Chapter 4: Projected Rainfall Erosivity and Soil Erosion in Central Asia -- 4.1 RUSLE Model Factors -- 4.2 Current Rate of Soil Erosion in Central Asia -- 4.3 Rainfall Erosivity Analysis Under Baseline and Projected Climate -- 4.4 Annual Erosivity Density -- 4.5 Projected Future Soil Erosion Potential in Central Asia -- 4.6 Rainfall Erosivity and Soil Erosion at the National Level -- Chapter 5: Spatiotemporal Variations and Projected Rainfall Erosivity and Erosivity Density in Kazakhstan -- 5.1 Physical-Geographical Characteristics of Kazakhstan -- 5.2 Annual Rainfall Erosivity Analysis and Trend -- 5.3 Projected Impacts of Climate Change on Rainfall Erosivity -- 5.4 Erosivity Density in Kazakhstan -- Chapter 6: Conclusions and Recommendations -- Appendix -- References -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Content and Structure of the Book -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Introduction and Status of Storms in Central Asia and their Environmental Problems -- 1.1 Background of Research on Storms in Central Asia and Kazakhstan -- 1.2 Sand and Dust Storms in Central Asia and Kazakhstan -- 1.3 Land-Degradation and Desertification Processes in Central Asian Countries -- 1.4 Shrinking Lakes in Central Asia Plus Dry Regional Environmental Changes -- 1.5 Sand and Dust Storms and Desertification in Central Asia -- 1.6 Data Sources on Storms and Research Methods -- References -- 2 Natural Conditions of Central Asia and Land-Cover Changes -- 2.1 Natural Geographical Division of Deserts in Central Asia and Kazakhstan -- 2.2 Climate Conditions and Weather Process in Central Asian Deserts -- 2.3 Land Resources (Soil Cover) and Changes in Vegetation Cover and Climate -- References -- 3 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Storms in Central Asia and Kazakhstan -- 3.1 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Storms in Central Asia and Kazakhstan -- 3.2 Spatial and Temporal Variance of Dust Deposition in Central Asia -- 3.3 Temporal Changes of Storms Regarding Frequency and Intensity in Kazakhstan -- 3.4 Typical Regional Climate and Weather Process (Wind Regime) in Kazakhstan -- 3.5 Atmospheric Parameters Influencing Dust Transport in Central Asia -- 3.6 Analysis of Dust-Storm Trends in Central Asia -- References -- 4 Relationship Between Storms and Land Degradation -- 4.1 Sources of Natural and Geographical (Topography, Soils, Vegetation) Storm Conditions -- 4.2 Storm-Produced Wind Erosion and Land-Degradation Processes -- 4.3 Sand-Storm Outbreaks (Sources) Based on Temporal Remote-Sensing Data Combined with Ground-Monitoring Data -- References. , 5 Dust Storms in Central Asia and Kazakhstan: Regional Division, Frequency and Seasonal Distribution -- 5.1 Main Dust Storm Sources in the Aral Sea Basin: Pre-Aral Karakum, Kyzylkum, and Aralkum Deserts -- 5.2 Southern Pre-Balkhash Desert Region Is the Source of Dust and Sand Storms -- 5.3 Sources of Dust and Sand Storm in the Naryn Desert -- 5.4 Visual Identification of Dust-Storm Sources Based on Satellite Images -- 5.5 Strong and Very Strong Dust Storms Within Kazakhstan -- 5.6 Seasonal Distribution and Frequency of Dust Storms in Central Asia and Kazakhstan -- 5.7 Duration and Diurnal Pattern of Dust Storms in Central Asian Deserts -- 5.8 The Relationship Between Dust-Storm Origin and Soil Texture -- References -- 6 Aeolian Transport of Dust and Sand in the Deserts of Kazakhstan -- 6.1 Physical‒Statistical Modelling of Dust- and Sand-Transport Process -- 6.2 Aeolian Transport of Dust and Sand in the Aralkum Desert -- 6.3 Variability in the Time of Intensive Deflation Processes and Dust-Transport Direction in the Aral Sea Region -- 6.4 Dust and Sand Transport, Dominant Wind Direction, and Size of Sand Particles in the Southern Pre-Balkhash Deserts -- 6.5 Aeolian Transport of Dust and Sand in the Naryn Desert (Northern Caspian Plain) -- References -- 7 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Erratum to: Aeolian Processes as Dust Storms in the Deserts of Central Asia and Kazakhstan -- Erratum to: G. Issanova and J. Abuduwaili, Aeolian Processes as Dust Storms in the Deserts of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, Environmental Science and Engineering, DOI < -- ExternalRef> -- < -- RefSource> -- 10.1007978-981-10-3190-8< -- RefSource> -- < -- RefTarget Address="10.1007978.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Content and Structure of the Book -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- 1 Natural Factors of Formation and Development of Geosystems in East Kazakhstan -- 1.1 Background of Research on Geosystems -- 1.2 Geological and Tectonic Features of Geosystems -- 1.3 Minerals and Mineral Raw Materials -- 1.4 Topography and Modern Geomorphological Processes -- 1.5 Climate Conditions in Formation of Geosystems -- 1.6 Analysis of a Ground and Underground Runoff -- 1.7 Soil and Vegetation Covers -- 1.8 Landscape Structure -- References -- 2 Technogenic Conditionality in Development of Geosystems in East Kazakhstan -- 2.1 Allocation Methods of Technogenic Geosystems -- 2.1.1 Theoretical Substantiation for the Organization of Geosystems in East Kazakhstan -- 2.1.2 Principles of Identification and Differentiation of Geosystems in East Kazakhstan -- 2.1.3 Characteristic of Geosystems -- 2.2 Analysis of Major Factors in Formation and Migration of Technogenic Polluted Geosystems in East Kazakhstan -- 2.2.1 Principles in Studying and Mapping of Technogenic Geosystems -- 2.2.2 Geochemical Analysis of Technogenic Impact and Factors of Technogenesis -- References -- 3 Division of the Territory of East Kazakhstan According to the Level of Anthropogenic Impact -- 3.1 Methods in Landscape and Ecological Division Based on Criterion Function -- 3.2 Map of Sources of Anthropogenic Impact on Geosystems in East Kazakhstan -- 3.3 Division of the Territory of East Kazakhstan According to the Anthropogenic Impact -- References -- 4 Geoecological Bases of Nature Protection Measures and Actions -- 4.1 Problems of Nature Protection Activities in East Kazakhstan -- 4.2 Differentiation of Geosystems in East Kazakhstan for Development of Nature Protection Actions and Measures -- 4.3 System of Nature Protection Actions for Geosystems in East Kazakhstan. , References -- 5 Conclusion -- Appendix A: Legend to Landscape Maps of the East Kazakhstan -- Class of Flat Landscapes -- Dry Steppe Landscapes -- Outline placeholder -- Accumulative lacustrine-alluvial, semihydromorphic -- Denudation, Automorphous -- Semi-deserted Landscapes -- Accumulative lacustrine-alluvial (neo-eluvial, paleohydromorphic) -- Denudation, Automorphous -- Desert Landscapes -- Accumulative Neo-eluvial -- Class of Mountain Landscapes -- Nival Landscapes -- Meadow Landscapes, Paleohydromorphic -- Forest Landscapes -- Low Mountain Landscapes, Automorphous -- Middle Mountain Landscapes -- Neo-eluvial -- Steppe Landscapes -- Foothill Landscapes, Transeluvial -- Low Mountain Landscapes -- Automorphous -- Middle Mountain Landscapes -- Automorphous -- Landscapes of Intra Mountain and Intermountain Hollows -- Semihydromorphic -- Semideserted Landscapes -- Foothill Landscapes, Transeluvial -- Low Mountain Landscapes -- Automorphous -- Landscapes of Intra Mountain and Intermountain Hollows -- Transeluvial -- Desert Landscapes -- Foothill Landscapes, Transeluvial -- Landscapes of Intra Mountain and Intermountain Hollows -- Semihydromorphic -- Valley Landscapes -- Hydromorphic.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Content and Structure of This Book -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Water Resources and Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in Central Asia -- 1.1 Water Resources, Lakes and Water Reservoirs, and Glaciers in Central Asia -- 1.2 Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in Central Asia -- 1.3 Impact of Climate Warming on Glacier and Permafrost Melting in Central Asian Mountains -- References -- 2 Water Resources in Kazakhstan -- 2.1 General Characteristics of Water Resources in Kazakhstan -- 2.2 Water Reservoirs, Glaciers, Rivers, and Groundwaters in Kazakhstan -- 2.3 Water Availability and State of Water Resources Within Water-Economic Basins in Kazakhstan -- 2.4 Hydrochemical regime of rivers in Kazakhstan -- References -- 3 Lakes in Different Regions of Kazakhstan -- 3.1 Distribution of Lakes Within Kazakhstan -- 3.2 Lakes in the Northern, Western, Eastern, and Southern Kazakhstan -- References -- 4 Lakes in the Central Kazakhstan -- 4.1 Morphology and Genetic Types of the Lakes in the Central Kazakhstan -- 4.2 Hydrological Characteristics of the Lakes in the Central Kazakhstan -- 4.3 Hydrological and Hydrochemical Regimes of the Lakes in the Central Kazakhstan -- References -- 5 Morphometry and Genesis of Lakes in Kazakhstan -- 5.1 Morphometry and Genesis of Lake Basins in Kazakhstan -- 5.2 Tectonic Depressions -- 5.3 Depressions of Exogenous Origin -- References -- 6 Water Balance and Physical and Chemical Properties of Water in Lakes of Kazakhstan -- 6.1 Water Balance and Fluctuation of Levels in Lakes of Kazakhstan -- 6.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water in Lakes of Kazakhstan -- References -- 7 Lake and Sea Basins in Kazakhstan -- 7.1 Caspian Sea -- 7.2 Aral Sea Basin -- 7.2.1 Water Resources of the Aral Sea Basin -- 7.2.2 Environmental Impact of the Aral Sea Desiccation. , 7.2.3 Modern State of the Aral Sea -- 7.2.4 Use of Water Resources in the Aral Sea Basin -- 7.3 Balkash Lake Basin -- 7.3.1 Hydrography and Water Regime of the Balkash Lake -- 7.4 Alakol-Sasykkol Lake System in the Alakol Basin -- 7.4.1 Formation of the Alakol Lake System and Hydrographic River Network of the Basin -- 7.4.2 Modern State of Water Resources in the Alakol Lake System -- 7.5 Tengiz-Korgalzhyn Lake System -- References -- 8 Water Resources and Lakes in Kyrgyzstan -- 8.1 Water Resources and Hydrographic System in Kyrgyzstan -- 8.2 Water Balance of Natural Belts in Kyrgyzstan and Artificial Hydrological Network -- 8.3 Water Reservoirs, Fresh Groundwaters, and Wetlands in Kyrgyzstan -- 8.4 Use of Water Resources in Kyrgyzstan -- 8.5 Lakes in Kyrgyzstan -- References -- 9 Hydrographical and Physical-Geographical Characteristics of the Issyk-Kul Lake Basin and Use of Water Resources of the Basin, and Impact of Climate Change on It -- 9.1 Physical-Geographical Characteristics of the Issyk-Kul Lake Basin -- 9.2 Hydrography of the Issyk-Kul Lake -- 9.3 Hydrochemistry of the Issyk-Kul Lake Basin -- 9.4 Use of Water Resources of the Issyk-Kul Lake Basin and Sustainable Water Management -- 9.5 Impact of Climate Change on the Issyk-Kul Lake Basin -- 9.6 System Dynamics Modeling of Water-Level Variations of the Issyk-Kul Lake -- References -- 10 Water Resources and Lakes in Uzbekistan -- 10.1 The Main River Basins in Uzbekistan -- 10.2 Lakes and Water Reservoirs as a Source of Manufacture/Production -- 10.3 Use of Water Resources in Uzbekistan -- References -- 11 Water Resources in Tajikistan -- 11.1 Lakes and Water Reservoirs in Tajikistan -- 11.2 The Main River Basins and Rivers in Tajikistan -- 11.3 Glaciers in Tajikistan -- References -- 12 Lakes in Arid Regions of Northwest China. , 12.1 Distribution and Types of Lakes in Arid Regions of Northwest China -- 12.2 Ebinur Is the Largest Salt Lake in the Northwest China -- 12.3 Hydrograhical Characteristics of the Sayram Lake and Environmental Issues in the Region -- 12.4 Climate and Environmental Changes Over the Past 150 Years in the Chaiwopu Lake -- References -- Index.