Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Nanomaterials-based Electrochemical Sensors: Properties, Applications, and Recent Advances -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- 1 Introduction: nanomaterials and electrochemical sensors -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Voltammetric methods -- 1.3 Cyclic voltammetry -- 1.4 Differential pulse voltammetry -- 1.5 Square wave voltammetry -- 1.6 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy -- 1.7 Electronic tongue: concepts, principles, and applications -- 1.8 Future prospects -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Nanomaterial properties and applications -- 2.1 Nanomaterials -- 2.2 History -- 2.3 Nanomaterial type -- 2.3.1 According to their dimension -- 2.3.2 According to origin -- 2.3.3 According to chemical composition -- 2.3.4 Carbon-based nanomaterials -- 2.4 Metal nanomaterials -- 2.4.1 Bimetallic nanomaterials -- 2.5 Metal oxide nanomaterials -- 2.5.1 Composite nanomaterials -- 2.5.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 2.5.3 Silicates -- 2.6 Properties of nanomaterials -- 2.6.1 Optical properties -- 2.6.2 Electronics properties -- 2.6.3 Mechanical Properties -- 2.6.4 Magnetic properties -- 2.6.5 Thermal properties -- 2.6.6 Physiochemical properties -- 2.7 Application -- 2.7.1 As a chemical catalyst -- 2.7.2 In food and agriculture -- 2.7.3 In energy harvesting -- 2.7.4 In medication and drug -- 2.7.5 Applications in electronics -- 2.7.6 In mechanical industries -- 2.7.7 In the environment -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Analytical techniques for nanomaterials -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Different analytical techniques for nanomaterials -- 3.2.1 Electron Microscopy -- 3.2.1.1 Transmission electron microscope -- 3.2.1.2 Scanning electron microscope -- 3.2.2 Dynamic light scattering -- 3.2.2.1 Correlation function -- 3.2.3 Atomic force microscope -- 3.2.4 X-ray diffraction -- 3.2.5 Zeta potential instrument. , 3.2.6 Emmett, Brunauer, and Teller or surface area -- 3.2.7 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy -- 3.2.8 Thermogravimetric analysis -- 3.3 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Toxicity of nanomaterials -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Nanomaterials -- 4.1.2 Effect of physicochemical properties of nanomaterials on toxicity -- 4.2 Toxic effects of nanomaterials on humans and animals -- 4.3 Toxic effects of nanomaterials on microorganisms -- 4.4 Toxic effects of nanoparticles on plants -- 4.5 Assessment of toxicity of nanomaterials -- 4.5.1 Cytotoxic assays -- 4.5.1.1 5-Diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay -- 4.5.1.2 Reactive oxygen species/oxidative assays -- 4.5.1.3 Neutral red uptake assay -- 4.5.1.4 Apoptosis assay -- 4.5.2 Genotoxicity/mutagenicity assays -- 4.5.2.1 In vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test -- 4.5.2.2 In vitro mammalian cell gene mutation tests using the Hprt and xprt Genes -- 4.5.2.3 In vitro mammalian micronucleus test -- 4.5.3 In vivo assessment of nanomaterials -- 4.5.3.1 Mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration test -- 4.5.3.2 Mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test (OECD 474-TG) -- 4.5.4 In silico models -- 4.6 Conclusion and future prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Electrochemical sensors and their types -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Electroanalytical chemistry -- 5.1.1.1 Electroanalytical techniques -- 5.1.1.2 Recent developments in detection techniques -- 5.1.1.3 Advantages -- 5.1.1.4 Improvements needed -- 5.1.2 Sensors -- 5.1.2.1 Ideal sensor -- 5.1.2.2 Chemical sensors -- 5.1.2.3 Types of chemical sensors -- 5.1.3 Electrochemical sensors -- 5.1.3.1 Construction of electrochemical sensors -- 5.1.3.2 Advantages of electrochemical sensors -- 5.1.3.3 Types of electrochemical sensors -- 5.1.4 Cyclic voltammetry -- 5.1.4.1 Basic principle of cyclic voltammetry -- 5.1.5 Applications of electrochemical sensors. , 5.1.6 Electrochemical sensing of heavy metal ions -- 5.1.6.1 General experimental setup -- 5.1.7 Carbon-based electrode materials -- 5.1.7.1 Glassy carbon electrodes -- 5.1.7.2 Chemically modified electrodes -- 5.1.7.3 Material used for chemical modification of a glassy carbon electrode -- 5.2 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Electrochemical sensors and nanotechnology -- Objectives -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Nanotechnology -- 6.2.1 Drug delivery -- 6.2.2 Nanofilms -- 6.2.3 Water filtration -- 6.2.4 Nanotubes -- 6.2.5 Nanoscale transistors -- 6.2.6 Nanorobots -- 6.2.7 Nanotechnology and space -- 6.2.8 Nanotechnology in electronics: nanoelectronics -- 6.2.9 Nanotechnology in medicine -- 6.3 Electrochemical sensors -- 6.3.1 Carbonaceous materials-based electrochemical sensors -- 6.3.2 Metal-derived materials-based electrochemical sensors -- 6.3.3 Nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors -- 6.4 Nanosensing technology -- 6.5 Challenges -- 6.6 Future perspective -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Sensing methodology -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Advancements in nanotechnology -- 7.1.2 Development of nanomaterials -- 7.1.3 2-Dimensional nanomaterials -- 7.2 Sensing methodology -- 7.2.1 Electrochemical biosensors -- 7.2.2 Electrochemical sensors -- 7.3 Nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors for biomedical applications -- 7.3.1 Types of nanotechnologies used in the medical field -- 7.3.1.1 Carbon nanotubes -- 7.3.1.2 Metal nanoparticles -- 7.3.1.3 Nanotubes -- 7.4 Nanomaterials-based electrochemical biosensors for tumor cell diagnosis -- 7.4.1 Nanoshells and quantum dots -- 7.4.2 Electrochemical biosensor in cancer cell detection -- 7.4.3 Electrochemical immunosensors in cancer cell detection -- 7.4.4 Electrochemical nucleic acid biosensors in cancer cell detection -- 7.5 Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for environmental applications. , 7.5.1 Sensor applications for pollution detection and environmental contaminants -- 7.5.1.1 Emerging contaminants and toxic gases -- 7.5.1.2 Screen-printed electrodes -- 7.5.1.3 Nanowires -- 7.5.2 Electrochemical sensors for toxic gas detection -- 7.5.2.1 Components and working of electrochemical sensors -- 7.5.2.2 Configurations of electrochemical sensors -- 7.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Fabrication of biosensors -- 8.1 Introduction to biosensors -- 8.2 Components of biosensors -- 8.3 Biosensor transducers -- 8.3.1 Optical biosensors -- 8.3.2 Piezoelectric biosensors -- 8.3.3 Calorimetric biosensors -- 8.4 Electrochemical biosensor -- 8.4.1 Potentiometric biosensors -- 8.4.2 Amperometric biosensors -- 8.5 Electrode fabrication technologies -- 8.5.1 Fabrication of nanomaterial-based biosensors -- 8.5.1.1 Coating-based methods -- 8.5.1.2 Deposition-based methods of biosensor fabrication -- 8.5.1.3 Printing-based methods -- 8.6 Direct growth -- 8.7 Self-powered implantable biosensor -- 8.7.1 Glucose detection -- 8.8 Conclusion and outlook -- References -- 9 Metal oxide and their sensing applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Metal-oxides-based chemical sensors -- 9.1.2 Metal oxides-based biosensors -- 9.2 Overview of metal oxides for different applications -- 9.2.1 ZnO-based sensors -- 9.2.2 Indium oxide-based sensors -- 9.2.3 Nickel oxide-based sensors -- 9.2.4 Titanium oxide-based sensors -- 9.2.5 Copper oxides-based sensors -- 9.2.6 Tin oxide-based sensors -- 9.2.7 Cerium oxide-based sensors -- 9.2.8 Iron oxide-based sensors -- 9.3 Different sensing techniques for sensing applications -- 9.3.1 Electrochemical sensing technique -- 9.3.1.1 Cyclic voltammetry -- 9.3.1.2 Linear sweep voltammetry -- 9.3.1.3 Amperometry -- 9.3.1.4 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy -- 9.3.2 Colorimetric technique. , 9.3.3 Fluorescence technique -- 9.3.4 Quartz crystal microbalance technique -- 9.3.5 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering technique -- 9.3.5.1 Electromagnetic process -- 9.3.5.2 Chemical process -- 9.4 Electrochemical sensing based on metal oxides -- 9.5 Colorimetric and fluorometric sensing based on metal oxides -- 9.6 Fluorescent and chemiluminescent sensing based on metal oxides -- 9.7 Issues and drawbacks -- 9.8 Conclusion and Future prospective -- References -- 10 RFID sensors based on nanomaterials -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Nanomaterials for RFID sensors -- 10.3 Inkjet printing of nanomaterial-based RFID sensors -- 10.4 Applications of RFID nanosensors -- 10.4.1 Energy -- 10.4.2 Food industry -- 10.4.3 Biomedical applications -- 10.4.4 Structural health -- 10.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11 Biological and biomedical applications of electrochemical sensors -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Components of electrochemical sensors -- 11.2.1 Hydrophobic membrane -- 11.2.2 Electrodes -- 11.2.3 Electrolyte -- 11.2.4 Filters -- 11.3 Working principle of electrochemical sensors -- 11.4 Fabrication of nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensor -- 11.4.1 Magnetic nanomaterials -- 11.4.2 Polymer -- 11.4.3 Metal oxide -- 11.4.4 Noble metals -- 11.4.4.1 Gold nanoparticles -- 11.4.4.2 Silver nanoparticles -- 11.4.5 Carbon nanotubes -- 11.4.5.1 Graphene -- 11.5 Biological and biomedical applications of electrochemical sensors -- 11.5.1 In Metabolite -- 11.5.1.1 Glucose -- 11.5.2 Body fluid ketones -- 11.5.3 Recognition of H2O2 from breast cancer cells -- 11.5.4 Quantitation of neurochemicals -- 11.5.5 Electrochemical detection of antibiotics in biological samples -- 11.5.6 Measurement of biomolecules -- 11.5.7 Electrochemical detection of nitrogen oxide in human beings -- 11.5.8 Electrochemical detection of nitrogen oxide in plants. , 11.5.9 Electrochemical sensors for detecting pathogens.

Anmerkung: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Multiscale Study of Hydrogen Storage in Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 1. Introduction -- 2. DFT study of site characteristics in MOFs for hydrogen adsorption -- 3. Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) for gravimetric and volumetric uptakes -- Conclusion -- Reference -- 2 -- Metal Organic Frameworks Based Materials for Renewable Energy Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Need for renewal energy -- 3. Metal organic frameworks -- 4. MOFs for environmental applications and renewable energy -- 5. Metallic organic framework based materials for hydrogen energy applications -- 6. Hydrogen Storage by MOFs -- 7. Storage of gases and separation process by MOFs -- 8. Metal organic frameworks based materials for conversion and storage of CO2 -- 9. Use of MOFs for biogas -- 10. Storage of thermal energy using MOF materials -- 11. Metal organic frameworks based materials for oxygen catalysis -- 12. MOF based materials for rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors -- 13. Metal organic framework based materials in the use of dye sensitized solar cells -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Metal Organic Frameworks Composites for Lithium Battery Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Applications of MOFs in lithium-ion batteries -- 3. Applications of MOFs in lithium sulphur batteries. -- 4. Summary and outlook -- References -- 4 -- Metal-Organic-Framework-Quantum Dots (QD@MOF) Composites -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Metal-organic frameworks -- 1.2 Quantum dots -- 1.3 Gold QDs (AuQDs) -- 2. QD polymeric materials -- 2.1 Integration of QDs -- 2.2 Methods of encapsulating QD to polymer matrices -- 2.3 Incorporation into premade polymers -- 2.4 Suspension polymerization -- 2.5 Encapsulation via emulsion polymerization -- 2.6 Encapsulation via miniemulsion polymerization -- 3. QD hybrid materials. , 3.1 Strategies to generate QD hybrid materials -- 3.2 Exchanging ligand between polymer and QDs -- 3.3 Polymer grafting to QDs -- 3.4 Polymer grafting from QDs -- 3.5 Polymer capping into QDs -- 3.6 QDs growth within polymer -- 3.7 Challenges in biocompatible polymer/QDs -- 4. Applications of QD composites -- 4.1 Bio-imaging -- 4.2 Photo-thermal therapies -- 4.3 Opto-electric applications -- 4.3.1 QD LEDs -- 4.3.2 Polymer QD liquid crystal displays -- 4.3.3 QD polymer photo-voltaic devices -- 5. Metallic NCs -- 5.1 Classification of metallic NCs -- 5.2 Production of metallic NCs -- 5.2.1 Metallic NCs synthesis methods -- 5.3 Applications of metallic nano-particles -- 5.3.1 Silver NCs -- 5.3.2 Pbs QDs -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 -- Designing Metal-Organic-Framework for Clean Energy Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction to MOF Composites & -- Derivatives -- 1.2 Chemistry of MOFs -- 2. Applications of MOF in clean energy -- 2.1 Hydrogen Storage -- 2.2 Carbon dioxide capture -- 2.3 Methane storage -- 2.4 Electrical energy storage and conversion -- 2.4.1 Fuel cell -- 2.5 MOFs for supercapacitor applications -- 2.6 NH3 removal -- 2.7 Benzene removal -- 2.8 NO2 removal -- 2.9 Photocatalysis -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 -- Nanoporous Metal-Organic-Framework -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Fundamental stabilities of nano MOFs -- 1.1.1 Chemical stability -- 1.1.2 In water medium -- 1.1.3 In acid/base condition -- 1.1.4 Thermal Stability -- 1.1.5 Mechanical Stability -- 1.2 Synthesis -- 1.2.1 Modulated synthesis -- 1.2.2 Post-synthetic modification (PSM) -- 1.3 Applications of MOFs -- 1.3.1 Gas separations and storage -- 1.3.2 Catalysis -- 1.3.2.1 Lewis acid catalysis -- 1.3.2.2 Bronsted acid catalysis -- 1.3.2.3 Redox Catalysis -- 1.3.2.4 Photocatalysis -- 1.3.2.5 Electrocatalysis -- 1.3.3 Water treatment -- 1.4 Other applications. , 1.4.1 Sensors -- 1.4.2 Supercapacitors -- 1.4.3 Biomedical applications -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 -- Metal-Organic-Framework-Based Materials for Energy Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Role of MOF in supercapacitor -- 1.2 Role of MOF in oxygen evolution reaction (OER) -- 2. Synthesis of Ni3(HITP)2 MOF -- 3. Characterization of Ni3(HITP)2 MOF -- 4. Ni3(HITP)2MOF as supercapacitor electrode for EDLC : -- 5. Two electrode measurements -- 6. Electrochemical impedance (EIS) measurements -- 7. Device performance -- 8. Hybrid Co3O4C nanowires electrode for OER process -- 9. Synthesis of hybrid Co3O4C nanowires -- 10. Characterization of hybrid Co3O4C nanowires -- 11. Hybrid Co3O4C nanowires MOF electrode for oxygen evolution reaction -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- Metal-Organic-Framework Composites as Proficient Cathodes for Supercapacitor Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MOFs: Structure, properties and strategies for SCs -- 3. Single-metal MOFs -- 4. Bimetal or doped MOFs -- 5. Hybrids and composites -- 6. Flexible or freestanding SCs -- Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 9 -- Metal-Organic Frameworks and their Therapeutic Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metal-organic frameworks -- 2.1 Usage areas of metal-organic frameworks -- 2.1.1 Controlled drug release -- 2.1.2 Antibacterial activity of MOFs -- 2.1.3 Biomedicine -- 2.1.4 Chemical sensors -- Conclusions and recommendations -- References -- 10 -- Significance of Metal Organic Frameworks Consisting of Porous Materials -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Definition of porosity -- 2. Inferences obtained from the wide range of relevant research articles -- 2.1 Introduction to porous MOFs -- 2.2 Zeolites - an amorphous & -- inorganic porous material -- 2.3 Activated carbon - an organic porous material -- 2.4 Formation of pores in MOFs -- 2.5 Types of pores. , 2.6 Characterization of porous MOFs -- 2.7 Checking for permanent porosity -- 2.8 Advantages of MOF porous materials -- 2.9 Porous MOFs in separation of gases -- 2.10 Nanoporous MOFs -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 -- Metal Organic Frameworks (MOF's) for Biosensing and Bioimaging Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. In vitro MOF complex sensors -- 2.1 DNA-RNA-MOF complex sensor -- 2.2 Enzyme-MOF complex -- 2.2.1 Enzymatic-MOF complex -- 2.2.2 Non-enzymatic-MOF complex -- 2.3 Fluorescent-MOF complex -- 3. In-vivo MOF complex sensors -- 3.1 MR complex -- 3.2 CT complex -- Conclusions and recommendations -- References -- 12 -- Nanoscale Metal Organic Framework for Phototherapy of Cancer -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nanoscience and nanotechnology -- 2.1 Tumor ablation and nanotechnology in cancer treatment -- 3. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) -- 4. Photothermal therapy (PTT) -- 5. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) -- 6. Historical development of phototherapy -- 7. Mechanism of phototherapy -- 7.1 Basic elements of photodynamic therapy -- 7.1.1 Singlet oxygen -- 7.1.2 Light sources -- 8. Photosensitizers (PSs) -- 8.1 First generation photosensitizers -- 8.2 Second generation photosensitizers -- 8.3 Third generation photosensitizers -- 8.4 Introduction of tumor cells and intracellular localization of photosensitizer -- 9. Cell death in phototherapy -- 10. nMOFs for PDT -- 11. nMOFs for PTT -- 11.1 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) mechanism and plasmonic photothermal treatment (PPTT) method -- 11.1.1 Mie theory -- 11.1.2 Gold nanostructures -- 11.1.3 Photothermal properties of different gold nanostructures -- 11.1.4 Gold nanospheres used in photothermal therapy -- 11.1.5 Gold nanocages and nanorods used in photothermal therapy -- 11.1.6 Bioconjugation of gold nanostructures used in photothermal therapy -- 11.1.7 Determination of temperature changes in gold surface. , 12. Results and Perspectives -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.