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  • 1
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    Extensive genetic diversity and rapid population differentiation during blooms of Alexandrium fundyense (Dinophyceae) in an isolated salt pond on Cape Cod, MA, USA (2013)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ecology and Evolution 2 (2012): 2588–2599, doi:10.1002/ece3.373.
    Description: In Massachusetts, paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is annually recurrent along the coastline, including within several small embayments on Cape Cod. One such system, the Nauset Marsh System (NMS), supports extensive marshes and a thriving shellfishing industry. Over the last decade, PSP in the NMS has grown significantly worse; however, the origins and dynamics of the toxic Alexandrium fundyense (Balech) populations that bloom within the NMS are not well known. This study examined a collection of 412 strains isolated from the NMS and the Gulf of Maine (GOM) in 2006–2007 to investigate the genetic characteristics of localized blooms and assess connectivity with coastal populations. Comparisons of genetic differentiation showed that A. fundyense blooms in the NMS exhibited extensive clonal diversity and were genetically distinct from populations in the GOM. In both project years, genetic differentiation was observed among temporal samples collected from the NMS, sometimes occurring on the order of approximately 7 days. The underlying reasons for temporal differentiation are unknown, but may be due, in part, to life-cycle characteristics unique to the populations in shallow embayments, or possibly driven by selection from parasitism and zooplankton grazing; these results highlight the need to investigate the role of selective forces in the genetic dynamics of bloom populations. The small geographic scale and limited connectivity of NMS salt ponds provide a novel system for investigating regulators of blooms, as well as the influence of selective forces on population structure, all of which are otherwise difficult or impossible to study in the adjacent open-coastal waters or within larger estuaries.
    Description: This study was funded through the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, National Science Foundation OCE-0430724 and National Institutes of Health 1 P50 ES012742-01, and National Science Foundation OCE-0911031. Funding was also provided by NOAA Grant NA06NOS4780245.
    Keywords: Alexandrium ; Amoebophrya ; Dinoflagellate ; Gulf of Maine ; Microsatellites ; Nauset Marsh ; Paralytic shellfish poisoning
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Distribution of Alexandrium fundyense (Dinophyceae) cysts in Greenland and Iceland, with an emphasis on viability and growth in the Arctic (2016)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2016. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology Progress Series 547 (2016): 33-46, doi:10.3354/meps11660.
    Description: The bloom-forming dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense has been extensively studied due its toxin-producing capabilities and consequent impacts to human health and economies. This study investigated the prevalence of resting cysts of A. fundyense in western Greenland and Iceland to assess the historical presence and magnitude of bloom populations in the region, and to characterize environmental conditions during summer, when bloom development may occur. Analysis of sediments collected from these locations showed that Alexandrium cysts were present at low to moderate densities in most areas surveyed, with highest densities observed in western Iceland. Additionally, laboratory experiments were conducted on clonal cultures established from isolated cysts or vegetative cells from Greenland, Iceland, and the Chukchi Sea (near Alaska) to examine the effects of photoperiod interval and irradiance levels on growth. Growth rates in response to the experimental treatments varied among isolates, but were generally highest under conditions that included both the shortest photoperiod interval (16h:8h light:dark) and higher irradiance levels (~146-366 µmol photons m-2 s-1), followed by growth under an extended photoperiod interval and low irradiance level (~37 µmol photons m-2 s-1). Based on field and laboratory data, we hypothesize that blooms in Greenland are primarily derived from advected Alexandrium populations, as low bottom temperatures and limited light availability would likely preclude in situ bloom development. In contrast, the bays and fjords in Iceland may provide more favorable habitat for germling cell survival and growth, and therefore may support indigenous, self-seeding blooms.
    Description: Funding for this study was provided by the James M. and Ruth P. Clark Arctic Research Initiative to Anderson and Richlen, and for the ARCHEMHAB expedition via the Helmholtz Institute initiative Earth and Environment under the PACES Program Topic 2 Coast (Workpackage 3) of the Alfred Wegener Institute. Additional support was provided by the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health through National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant OCE-1314642 and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Grant 1-P01-ES021923-01.
    Description: 2017-04-07
    Keywords: Arctic ; Alexandrium ; Dinoflagellate ; Cysts ; Harmful algal bloom
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 3
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    Quantitative response of Alexandrium catenella cyst dormancy to cold exposure (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2018. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Protist 169 (2018): 645-661, doi:10.1016/j.protis.2018.06.001.
    Description: Many dinoflagellate cysts experience dormancy, a reversible state that prevents germination during unfavorable periods. Several of these species also cause harmful algal blooms (HABs), so a quantitative understanding of dormancy cycling is desired for better prediction and mitigation of bloom impacts. This study examines the effect of cold exposure on the duration of dormancy in Alexandrium catenella, a HAB dinoflagellate that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Mature, dormant cysts from Nauset Marsh (Cape Cod, MA USA) were stored at low but above freezing temperatures for up to six months. Dormancy status was then determined at regular intervals using a germination assay. Dormancy timing was variable among temperatures and was shorter in colder treatments, but the differences collapse when temperature and duration of storage are scaled by chilling-units (CU), a common horticultural predictor of plant and insect development in response to weather. Cysts within Nauset meet a well-defined chilling requirement by late January, after which they are poised to germinate with the onset of favorable conditions in spring. Cysts thus modulate their dormancy cycles in response to their temperature history, enhancing the potential for new blooms and improving this species’ adaptability to both unseasonable weather and new habitats/climate regimes.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation [OCE-0430724, OCE-0911031]; the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [1P50-ES01274201, 1P01ES021923]; the National Park Service Cooperative Agreement [H238015504]; and the Friends of Cape Cod National Seashore.
    Keywords: Resting cyst ; Dinoflagellate ; Dormancy ; Chilling ; Germination ; Endogenous clock
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 4
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    Pfiesteria-related educational products and information resources available to the public, health officials, and researchers (2005)
    National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. EHP is a publication of the United States government. Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. The definitive version was published in Environmental Health Perspectives 109 Supplement 5 (2001): 695-698.
    Description: Public and political concerns about Pfiesteria from 1997 to the present vastly exceed the attention given to other harmful algal bloom (HAB) issues in the United States. To some extent, the intense focus on Pfiesteria has served to increase attention on HABs in general. Given the strong and continuing public, political, and research interests in Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger & Burkholder and related organisms, there is a clear need for information and resources of many different types. This article provides information on Pfiesteria-related educational products and information resources available to the general public, health officials, and researchers. These resources are compiled into five categories: reports; website resources; state outreach and communication programs; fact sheets; and training manuals and documentaries. Over the last few years there has been rapid expansion in the amount of Pfiesteria-related information available, particularly on the Internet, and it is scattered among many different sources.
    Description: This research was supported by the following grants to D.M. Anderson: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration grant NA97OA0355 and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency grant X-82838701-0.
    Keywords: Communication and outreach ; Dinoflagellate ; Fish kill ; HAB ; Harmful algal bloom ; Pfiesteria ; Pfiesteria-like organisms ; Pfiesteria Interagency Coordination Workgroup (PICWG)
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 5
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    Identification and characterization of three differentially Expressed genes, encoding S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, methionine aminopeptidase, and a histone-like protein, in the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense (2005)
    American Society for Microbiology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Society for Microbiology, 2000. This article is posted here by permission of American Society for Microbiology for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (2000): 2105-2112, doi:10.1128/AEM.66.5.2105-2112.2000.
    Description: Genes showing differential expression related to the early G1 phase of the cell cycle during synchronized circadian growth of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense were identified and characterized by differential display (DD). The determination in our previous work that toxin production in Alexandrium is relegated to a narrow time frame in early G1 led to the hypothesis that transcriptionally up- or downregulated genes during this subphase of the cell cycle might be related to toxin biosynthesis. Three genes, encoding S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (Sahh), methionine aminopeptidase (Map), and a histone-like protein (HAf), were isolated. Sahh was downregulated, while Map and HAf were upregulated, during the early G1 phase of the cell cycle. Sahh and Map encoded amino acid sequences with about 90 and 70% similarity to those encoded by several eukaryotic and prokaryotic Sahh and Map genes, respectively. The partial Map sequence also contained three cobalt binding motifs characteristic of all Map genes. HAf encoded an amino acid sequence with 60% similarity to those of two histone-like proteins from the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii Biecheler. This study documents the potential of applying DD to the identification of genes that are related to physiological processes or cell cycle events in phytoplankton under conditions where small sample volumes represent an experimental constraint. The identification of an additional 21 genes with various cell cycle-related DD patterns also provides evidence for the importance of pretranslational or transcriptional regulation in dinoflagellates, contrary to previous reports suggesting the possibility that translational mechanisms are the primary means of circadian regulation in this group of organisms.
    Description: This work was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (OCE 94-15536).
    Keywords: Toxin biosynthesis ; Pretranslational regulation ; Dinoflagellate
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: 946147 bytes
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