Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- About the Book -- Part I: Geospatial Technologies as Impact Assessment Tools in Scoping and Monitoring the Impact of Climate Change -- Chapter 1: Climate Change Around the World: Australia, the Netherlands, and India -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Planning for Longer-Term, Wicked Problems -- 1.2.1 The Way We Build -- 1.3 Climate and Population -- 1.4 The Valve of Climate Change -- 1.5 Design for Adaptation -- 1.6 Design for Mitigation -- 1.7 Design for Anticipation -- 1.7.1 Floodable Landscape -- 1.7.2 Bushfire-Resilient Landscape -- 1.7.3 Bushfire-Proof Bendigo -- 1.8 Design Charrettes -- 1.9 Conclusion -- Chapter 2: Dust Storms and Their Influence on Atmospheric Parameters over the Indo-­Gangetic Plains -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Earth System of Systems -- 2.3 Changes in Land Use and Land Cover and Atmospheric Pollution -- 2.4 Satellite Remote Sensing to Study Climate Change -- 2.4.1 Monitoring of Dust Using Satellite Remote Sensing -- 2.4.2 MODIS Sensor and Data Product -- 2.4.3 Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) -- 2.4.4 Kanpur AERONET -- 2.5 Characteristics of Dust Event of May 12, 2008 -- 2.6 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Respiratory Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) -- 2.7 Enhancement in Water Vapor and Rain Associated with Dust Events -- 2.8 Effect of Dust on Aerosol Optical Depth and Angstrom Coefficient -- 2.9 Enhancement of Dust on Chlorophyll Concentrations -- 2.10 Effect of Dust on Himalayan Snow and Glaciers -- 2.11 Dust and Hurricanes/Cyclones -- 2.12 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Impact of Climate Change on Coral Reefs -- 3.1 Coral Reefs and Its Functions -- 3.2 Climate Change Stresses on Coral Reefs -- 3.3 Spaceborne Mapping and Monitoring of Coral Reefs -- 3.4 Coral Reef Health Model -- 3.5 Impact of Climate Change on Indian Reefs. , 3.6 Sea Surface Temperature Trends and Phase Shifts Observed in Indian Reefs -- 3.7 Monitoring Phase Shift: A Case Study -- 3.8 Roadmap for Future -- References -- Chapter 4: Landslide Disaster Management -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Disaster Management System -- 4.3 National Status for Landslide Management -- 4.4 Objectives of the Coordinated Program -- 4.5 Causes of Landslides -- 4.6 Research Gap Areas -- 4.7 Approach and Methodology -- 4.8 Landslide Mapping Techniques -- 4.9 Geotechnical Investigations of Landslides -- 4.10 Instrumental Monitoring and Development of Early Warning System for Landslides -- 4.10.1 The Deployment of Deep-Earth Sensor Probes for Landslide Detection in Munnar, Kerala -- 4.10.2 Monitoring of Rainfall-Induced Landslide in Ooty, Tamil Nadu -- 4.10.3 Development of Early Warning System for Landslide Located in Jhakri Near Rampur (Himachal Pradesh) -- 4.11 Dissemination of Knowledge to the Planners and Local People -- 4.12 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Studies of Mangrove Regeneration in the Tsunami-Affected Area of Port Blair, South Andaman, India, Using In Situ and Remote Sensing Techniques -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Study Area and Its Significance -- 5.2.2 Filed Observation of Study Site and Transect -- 5.2.3 Mangrove Community Structure Analysis -- 5.3 Results -- 5.3.1 Fully Grown -- 5.3.2 Sapling -- 5.3.3 Seedling -- 5.3.4 Rejuvenation -- 5.3.5 Geospatial Study: Results of Pre and Post Tsunami -- 5.4 Discussions -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Phyto- and Zooplankton Community Assemblages of the Car Nicobar Islands, Andaman Sea, India, and its Significance with Climatic Change -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sampling -- 6.2.1 Physical and Chemical Analysis -- 6.2.2 Planktonic Microscopic Analysis or Identification -- 6.3 Data Analysis -- 6.3.1 Hydrographic Environment. , 6.3.2 Phytoplankton Community Structure in Relationship with Environmental Variables -- 6.3.3 Zooplankton Taxonomic Community Structure in Relation with Environmental Variables -- 6.4 Discussion -- 6.4.1 Phytoplankton as Indicators -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Application of GIS and Remote Sensing in Landslide Hazard Zonation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping of Amparav, Nainital, Uttrakhand, India -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.3.1 Empirical Methods -- 7.4 Landslide Hazard Evaluation Factor (LHEF) Rating Scheme -- 7.4.1 Lithology -- 7.4.2 Structure -- 7.4.3 Slope Morphometry -- 7.4.4 Relative Relief -- 7.4.5 Land Use and Land Cover -- 7.4.6 Hydrogeological Conditions -- 7.4.7 Calculation of Total Estimated Hazard (TEHD) and Hazard Zonation Mapping -- 7.5 Preparation of Facet Map and Causative Factors Maps -- 7.5.1 Facet Map -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Geospatial Technologies as Decision Support Tools in Planning for Adaptation and Mitigation -- Chapter 8: Swarm Planning for Climate Change: How Transformations Can Be Achieved -- 8.1 Uncertainty -- 8.2 Complexity -- 8.3 Swarm Planning -- 8.4 Transformation -- 8.5 Networks -- 8.6 Unplanned Space -- 8.7 Swarm Experiment -- References -- Chapter 9: Maps, Knowledge and Resilience: Application of ArcGIS in Building Small Islands' Resilience to Climate Change -- 9.1 Introduction -- Box 9.1 Resilient Response to Beach Erosion: Case of Sandy Beach, Kavaratti, Lakshadweep, India -- 9.2 Coasts, Small Islands and Climate Change -- 9.2.1 Coasts: Uncertainties, Attractions, Pressures -- 9.2.2 Small Islands: Size and Isolation? -- 9.2.3 Victims but No Victimisation -- 9.3 Resilience and Other Concepts Related to Coping -- 9.3.1 Resilience -- 9.3.2 Vulnerability -- 9.3.3 Stability -- 9.3.4 Transformability -- 9.3.5 Adaptation. , 9.3.6 Assessing Resilience -- 9.3.7 Enhancing Resilience -- 9.4 Enhancing Resilience Through Knowledge Diversity -- 9.4.1 Local Ecological Knowledge -- 9.4.2 Can Local and Scientific Knowledge Be Integrated? -- 9.4.3 Co-production of Knowledge Through Mapping -- 9.4.3.1 'Maps, Knowledge and Power' -- 9.4.3.2 GIS, Knowledge Co-production and Sharing Power -- Creating Options to Cope with Change -- Planning for Change -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Application of Remote Sensing in Fisheries: Role of Potential Fishing Zone Advisories -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Material and Methods -- 10.2.1 Generation of Fishing Forecast and Dissemination -- 10.2.2 Experimental Fishing and Feedback Collection -- 10.2.3 Analysis of Water Quality Parameters and Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) -- 10.2.4 Physicochemical Parameters of Water -- 10.3 Results -- 10.3.1 Analysis of Catch Composition and CPUE by Experimental Fishing -- 10.3.2 CPUE Calculated from Feedback Data from Fishermen -- 10.3.3 PFZ Average Depth and Distance Month-Wise -- 10.3.4 Analysis of Water Samples -- 10.4 Discussion -- 10.4.1 Climate Change -- References -- Chapter 11: Application of Geo -spatial Technologies in Coastal Vulnerability Studies Due to Sea Level Rise (SLR) Along the Central Orissa Coast, India -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Data and Methodology -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Geospatial Technologies: Exploring Their Technical Potential in Climate Change Research -- Chapter 12: Satellite Geoid/Gravity for Offshore Exploration -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Data Sources and the Area of Interest -- 12.3 Methodology -- 12.3.1 Gravity Anomaly Modelling Using Geoid -- 12.4 Results and Discussion -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 13: Ultra-high Resolution Global Model Climate Change Projection for India: Towards a Data Intensive Paradigm -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Model, Simulations and Datasets -- 13.3 Simulation of Present-Day Climate -- 13.4 Projected Future Climate Change and Recent Climate Trends -- 13.5 Extreme Events -- References -- Chapter 14: DGPS Principles, Errors, and Achievable Accuracies -- 14.1 Preamble -- 14.2 Augmentation and Modernization of GPS:GNSS -- 14.3 GPS and DGPS Principles -- 14.4 Estimation of Position -- 14.5 Conversion of Coordinates -- 14.6 GPS Error Sources -- 14.7 DGPS and Accuracy Enhancement -- 14.8 Achievable Accuracies -- 14.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Fundamentals of Geographical Information System (GIS), Map Sources, and Digital Map Preparation -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 What Is Geographic Information System (GIS)? -- 15.2.1 Components of GIS -- 15.3 Geographic References -- 15.4 GIS Spatial Data Types -- 15.4.1 How Are Spatial Data Collected? -- 15.5 Types of Data -- 15.5.1 Data Sources -- 15.6 Digital Map Preparation -- 15.6.1 Projection and Coordinate System -- 15.6.2 Registration of Map -- 15.7 Applications -- 15.8 GIS Softwares -- 15.9 GIS Software: MapInfo -- 15.9.1 Digitization -- 15.9.2 Organizing Data and Maps -- 15.9.3 Map Menu -- 15.10 GIS Software: Arc GIS -- 15.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16: Generation of Geomorphometric Information Using Satellite Images for Climate Change Impact Studies -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Satellite Information -- 16.1.2 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) -- 16.1.3 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) -- 16.2 Generation of Geomorphometric Information -- 16.2.1 Watershed Demarcation -- 16.2.2 Elevation -- 16.3 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) -- 16.3.1 Slope -- 16.3.2 Aspect -- 16.3.3 Flow Direction. , 16.3.4 Flow Accumulation.

Note: Intro -- Supervisor's Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Introduction -- References -- 1 Introduction, Methodology, Limitations -- 1.1…Introduction -- 1.2…Climate ChangeChange -- 1.3…Climate Adaptation -- 1.4…Spatial Planning -- 1.5…Complexity and TimeTime Horizons -- 1.6…Problem Statement, Objective, Point of Departure and ResearchResearch Questions -- 1.7…Methodology -- 1.8…Limitations -- 1.9…Key Concepts and Timeline -- 1.10…The Chapters -- References -- Websites -- A.0. The Bridge: One--Two1.11…The Bridge: One--Two -- 2 Towards a Spatial Planning Framework for Climate Adaptation -- 2.1…Introduction -- 2.2…Problem Statement -- 2.3…Objective -- 2.4…Methodology -- 2.5…Literature Review -- 2.5.1 Adaptive and DynamicDynamic Approaches in Spatial Planning -- 2.5.2 The Spatial PropertiesProperties of Complex Adaptive SystemsAdaptive systems -- 2.6…The FrameworkFramework -- 2.6.1 Aggregated Spatial ElementsElements -- 2.6.2 Definition of TimeTime Rhythms: Layers -- 2.6.3 Linking Spatial ElementsElements with Layers -- 2.7…Validation -- 2.7.1 Prevailing Regional PlanRegional plan -- 2.7.2 A Climate-Adaptive Regional PlanRegional plan -- 2.7.3 Conclusions -- 2.8…Discussion -- 2.9…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Websites -- A.0. The Bridge: Two--ThreeThe Bridge: Two--Three -- 3 Developing a Planning TheoryPlanning theory for Wicked Problems: SwarmSwarm Planning -- 3.1…IntroductionIntroduction -- 3.2…Problem Statement -- 3.3…ApproachApproach -- 3.4…Current Planning Paradigms -- 3.4.1 A Selection of Prevailing Planning Paradigms -- 3.4.2 A Review of 2 Years of Planning Journals -- 3.5…Exploring ComplexityComplexity -- 3.5.1 ComplexityComplexity TheoryTheory -- 3.5.2 CitiesCities as Complex Systems -- 3.5.3 Use of ComplexityComplexity in Planning -- 3.5.4 Proposition: SwarmSwarm Planning -- 3.5.5 BendigoBendigo -- 3.6…Conclusion -- References. , A.0. …The Bridge: Three--Four -- 4 Incremental Change, Transition or Transformation? Optimising Change Pathways for Climate Adaptation in Spatial Planning -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.2…Research ApproachApproach -- 4.2.1 Research Context -- 4.2.2 Problem Statement -- 4.2.3 Research Objective and ApproachApproach -- 4.3…Analysis of ChangeChange Processes -- 4.3.1 Incremental ChangeChange -- 4.3.2 Transition -- 4.3.3 Transformation -- 4.4…Comparison -- 4.4.1 CriteriaCriteria -- 4.4.2 Comparison -- 4.5…Theorising TransformationTransformation -- 4.6…Signals -- 4.6.1 Early Warning -- 4.6.2 Creation -- 4.7…Application in the Peat ColoniesPeat Colonies -- 4.8…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- A.0. The Bridge: Four--Five -- 5 The Use of Spatial Planning to Increase the Resilience for Future Turbulence in the Spatial System of the Groningen Region to Deal with Climate Change -- 5.1…Introduction -- 5.2…Background -- 5.2.1 Climate ChangeChange -- 5.2.2 Challenges of ComplexityComplexity in Planning -- 5.3…The GroningenGroningen Case -- 5.3.1 Understanding the SystemSystem: Mapping Climate and Energy PotentialsEnergy potentials -- 5.3.2 Improving ResilienceResilience: Use of SwarmSwarm Planning ParadigmParadigm -- 5.3.3 Strategic InterventionsStrategic interventions: The GroningenGroningen Impulses -- 5.3.4 Steer the SwarmSwarm -- 5.4…The GroningenGroningen Case Discussed -- 5.4.1 Mapping -- 5.4.2 Idea Map -- 5.4.3 Interventions -- 5.4.4 In the Real World -- 5.5…Conclusions -- References -- A.0. The Bridge: Five--SixThe Bridge: Five--Six -- 6 Swarming Landscapes, New Pathways for Resilient Cities -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…Dealing with UncertaintyUncertainty -- 6.3…Swarms -- 6.4…Complex Adaptive Spatial Systems -- 6.5…SwarmSwarm Planning -- 6.6…SwarmSwarm Planning Example: Floodable LandscapeFloodable landscape -- 6.7…Conclusion and Discussion. , References -- A.0. The Bridge: Six--SevenThe Bridge: Six--Seven -- 7 Quadruple the Potential, Scaling the Energy Supply -- 7.1…Introduction -- 7.2…The Supra-Regional Scale: North Netherlands -- 7.3…The Regional Scale: GroningenGroningen -- 7.4…The City-Neighbourhood Scale: AlmereAlmere East and Hoogezand -- 7.4.1 AlmereAlmere East -- 7.4.2 Hoogezand: The Green Campaign -- 7.4.3 Experiences with Energy Potential Studies -- 7.5…The Building Scale: River House MilduraMildura -- 7.5.1 Potentials and Outcomes -- 7.6…Interdependencies -- 7.7…Discussion -- References -- A.0. The Bridge: Seven--EightThe Bridge: Seven--Eight -- 8 Beyond the Ordinary: Innovative Spatial Energy Framework Offers Perspectives on Increased Energy and Carbon Objectives -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…Problem -- 8.3…Hypothesis -- 8.4…State of the Art in Renewable EnergyRenewable energy Thinking -- 8.5…Energy and Spatial Planning: An Underestimated Relationship -- 8.6…Towards an Innovative Methodology: The GroningenGroningen Case -- 8.6.1 Energy Potential Mapping -- 8.6.2 Conceptual DesignDesign -- 8.6.3 Swarm Planning -- 8.6.4 Findings -- 8.7…Conclusions -- ReferencesReferences -- A.1. The Bridge: Eight--Nine8.8…The Bridge: Eight--Nine -- 9 Swarm Planning for Climate Change: An Alternative Pathway for Resilience -- 9.1…Introduction -- 9.2…Methodology -- 9.3…Analysis -- 9.3.1 Climate ChangeChange -- 9.3.2 Spatial Planning -- 9.4…Problem Statement -- 9.5…Swarm Planning -- 9.5.1 Complexity -- 9.5.2 The Layer ApproachApproach -- 9.5.3 Key ElementsElements of SwarmSwarm Planning TheoryPlanning theory -- 9.5.4 Application of the TheoryTheory -- 9.6…Comparing Regular Planning with SwarmSwarm Planning -- 9.6.1 The Province of GroningenGroningen -- 9.6.1.1 Regional Plan -- 9.6.1.2 Zero-Fossil Region -- 9.6.1.3 Findings -- 9.6.2 The Peat ColoniesPeat Colonies. , 9.6.2.1 Agenda for the Peat ColoniesPeat Colonies -- 9.6.2.2 Net Carbon-Capture LandscapeLandscape -- 9.6.2.3 Findings -- 9.7…Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Websites -- A.0. The Bridge: Nine--Ten -- 10 Conclusion, Discussion and Recommendations -- 10.1…Introduction -- 10.2…Research Questions -- 10.3…Primary Research Question One: Developing a Planning Framework -- 10.3.1 Research Question A -- 10.3.2 Research Question B -- 10.3.3 Research Question C -- 10.3.4 Research Question D -- 10.3.5 Summary of the Findings PRQ1 -- 10.4…Primary Research Question Two: Application of the Planning Framework -- 10.4.1 Research Question E -- 10.4.2 Research Question F -- 10.4.3 Research Question G -- 10.4.4 Research Question H -- 10.4.5 Additional analysis: The Bendigo Design -- 10.4.6 BAU and Swarm Compared -- 10.4.7 Summary of the Findings PRQ2 -- 10.5…Swarm Planning Framework -- 10.5.1 Two Levels of Complexity -- 10.5.2 Five Layers -- 10.5.3 Complex Adaptive Processes -- 10.5.4 Ways to Apply -- 10.6…Discussion -- 10.6.1 Limitations of the Framework -- 10.6.2 Uses and Outcomes of the Framework -- 10.6.3 Weaknesses of the Framework -- 10.6.4 Reflection on Research Process -- 10.6.5 Final Recommendations -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Author -- Introduction -- 1 Create Space for Climate -- 1.1 Climate Change -- 1.2 The Dutch Approach -- 1.2.1 Dutch Climate Scenarios -- 1.2.2 The Dutch Adaptation Strategy -- 1.2.2.1 Economic Driver -- 1.2.2.2 Three Demands for a Climate Proof Lay Out -- 1.2.2.3 Risk Management and Natural Processes -- 1.2.2.4 Spatial Tasks -- 1.2.2.5 Important Issues -- 1.2.2.6 Ambition of the Dutch Strategy -- 1.2.3 The Dutch Adaptation Agenda -- 1.3 The British Approach -- 1.3.1 UK-Climate Scenarios -- 1.3.2 Risk Management -- 1.3.3 Social and Cultural Scenarios -- 1.3.4 Built Environment -- 1.3.5 Urban Water Management -- 1.3.6 Energy Supply -- 1.3.7 Other Research Themes -- 1.3.8 Conclusion -- 1.4 Spanish Approach -- 1.4.1 PNACC -- 1.4.2 Implementation Through Work Programmes -- 1.4.2.1 Coastal Areas -- 1.4.2.2 Water Resources -- 1.4.2.3 Biodiversity -- 1.4.3 Spatial Planning and Construction -- 1.4.4 Accents in the Spanish Adaptation Strategy -- 1.5 Climate Adaptation Strategy of Denmark -- 1.5.1 Objective of the Adaptation Strategy -- 1.5.2 Sectors that May be Affected by Climate Change -- 1.5.3 Cross-Cutting Initiatives -- 1.5.3.1 Targeted Information Efforts -- 1.5.3.2 Research Strategy -- 1.5.3.3 Future Organisation -- 1.5.4 Spatial Planning -- 1.5.5 Character of the Danish Approach -- 1.6 Wise Adaptation to Climate Change, Japan -- 1.6.1 Impacts of Climate Change in Japan -- 1.6.2 Wise Adaptation -- 1.6.3 Future Challenges -- 1.6.4 The Japanese Approach -- 1.7 Finland -- 1.7.1 The Impact of and Adaptation Measures to Climate Change in Different Sectors -- 1.7.2 Cross-Sectoral Issues -- 1.7.2.1 Development of Administrative Capacities -- 1.7.2.2 Observation and Warning Systems -- 1.7.2.3 Research and Development -- 1.7.2.4 Education and Communication -- 1.7.3 The Finnish Strategy. , 1.8 Comparison of Strategies -- 1.9 Conclusions -- References -- Website: -- 2 Design Adaptation to Climate Change -- 2.1 Design of a Climate Proof Netherlands -- 2.2 The Role of Spatial Planning -- 2.3 An Innovative Approach -- 2.4 Climate Atlases -- 2.4.1 First Results -- 2.4.1.1 Temperature -- 2.5 Development of Design Principles -- 2.5.1 Meaning for Nature and Agriculture -- 2.5.2 Meaning for Spatial Patterns -- 2.5.3 Time -- 2.6 The Groningen Case -- 2.6.1 Starting Point Groningen: Two Scenarios -- 2.6.2 Knowledge of Climate -- 2.6.2.1 Precipitation -- 2.6.2.2 Sea Level Rise -- 2.7 Consequences for Different Functions -- 2.7.1 Nature and Agriculture -- 2.7.2 An Offensive Coastal Defence -- 2.7.3 Urban Developments -- 2.8 Idea-Map Climate Adapted Groningen -- 2.9 Chinese Demonstration Projects -- 2.9.1 The Longhu Project, Chongqing -- 2.9.1.1 Climate Change Effects -- 2.9.1.2 Analysis of the Site -- 2.9.1.3 Aim -- 2.9.1.4 Water-Bodies -- 2.9.1.5 Natural Ventilation -- 2.9.1.6 Biodiversity -- 2.9.1.7 The Elements: How and Where Positioned -- 2.9.1.8 Models -- 2.9.1.9 Integrated Water System -- 2.9.1.10 An Integral Model: Rough Zoning Plan -- 2.9.2 Yu'an and Anjing in Yunyan District, Guiyang -- 2.9.2.1 Climate Change Effects -- 2.9.2.2 Aim -- 2.9.2.3 Analysis -- 2.9.2.4 Rainwater Approach -- 2.9.2.5 Fit in the Site -- 2.9.2.6 The 'Cake': Concentrating Building Densities -- 2.9.3 Vanke's Stream Valley, Shenzhen -- 2.9.3.1 Climate Change Effects -- 2.9.3.2 Aims -- 2.9.3.3 A Short History of Stream Valley -- 2.9.3.4 Ecology -- 2.9.3.5 Water System -- 2.9.3.6 Conceptual Suggestions -- 2.9.4 Chinese Experience -- 2.10 Chances of a Design Approach -- 2.10.1 Implementation -- References -- Websites: -- 3 The Coast -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Dutch Coastal Defence -- 3.2.1 A forever Changing Coastline -- 3.2.2 Dutch Weak Links. , 3.2.3 Integrated Development Perspective for the South Holland Coast -- 3.2.4 ComCoast -- 3.2.5 Land in Sea! -- 3.2.6 Groningen Combinatory of Coastal Defences -- 3.2.7 Attention for Safety -- 3.2.8 The Dutch 'Delta Commission' -- 3.2.8.1 Urgency -- 3.2.8.2 Emerging Problems -- 3.2.8.3 Future Vision -- 3.2.8.4 Short and Mid-Term Measures -- 3.2.8.5 Broad Dikes -- 3.2.9 Synthesis -- 3.3 Hamburg Hafencity -- 3.3.1 Masterplan -- 3.3.2 Dealing with Potential Flooding -- 3.4 Thames Gateway London -- 3.4.1 Thames Estuary 2100 -- 3.4.2 Delivery Plan for the Gateway -- 3.4.3 Element in the Gateway: Thames Barrier -- 3.4.4 A Floating City -- 3.4.5 Three of a Kind -- 3.5 New Orleans -- 3.5.1 Coast 2050 -- 3.5.2 US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) -- 3.5.3 State of Louisiana Master Plan -- 3.5.4 The MIR Project -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Websites: -- 4 Water Management -- 4.1 Water Policies in The Netherlands -- 4.1.1 Risk -- 4.1.2 Water Policy in the 21st Century -- 4.1.3 Dutch National Water Vision -- 4.1.4 Water Safety -- 4.2 SAFER and ELLA Projects -- 4.2.1 ELLA -- 4.2.2 SAFER -- 4.3 Flood Risk -- 4.4 Building a House -- 4.4.1 Type of Water -- 4.4.1.1 Peak Storage -- 4.4.1.2 Seasonal Storage -- 4.4.1.3 Calamity Storage -- 4.4.1.4 High Tides -- 4.4.1.5 Groundwater Annoyance -- 4.4.2 A Japanese Experience -- 4.4.3 Types of Houses -- 4.4.3.1 Wet Proof House -- 4.4.3.2 Dry Proof House -- 4.4.3.3 Shore House -- 4.4.3.4 Column House -- 4.4.3.5 Floating House -- 4.4.3.6 Amphibic House -- 4.4.3.7 The Slight Drainage House -- 4.4.4 Combination of House and Water Typologies -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Websites: -- 5 Ecology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Directives -- 5.2.1 Bird's Directive -- 5.2.2 Habitat Directive -- 5.3 Natura 2000 -- 5.4 Dutch Spatial-Ecological Concepts -- 5.4.1 Ecological Main Structure -- 5.4.2 National Landscapes. , 5.5 Effects of Climate Change on Nature -- 5.6 Sensitivity -- 5.7 Dilemma: Strict Rules or Flexibility -- 5.8 Adaptation Strategies -- 5.9 The BRANCH Project -- 5.10 Use of BRANCH Principles in Groningen Province -- 5.11 Climate Buffers -- 5.11.1 River Landscape -- 5.11.2 High Parts of the Netherlands (Higher Sand and Hilly Landscapes) -- 5.11.3 Lower Parts of the Netherlands (Lower Peat Landscapes) -- 5.11.4 The Coast, the Wadden and Estuaries (Estuaries and Dunes) -- 5.12 Conclusion -- References -- Websites: -- 6 Energy Potentials -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Towards a Sustainable Provision of Energy -- 6.2 Energy in the Future City -- 6.1.2 The Oil Price -- 6.1.3 Predicting the Price of Oil -- 6.1.4 Consequences -- 6.1.5 Capitalisation of Land and Real Estate -- 6.1.6 Implications to Commuters -- 6.1.7 Spatial Solutions -- 6.1.8 Different Energy Resources -- 6.1.9 Sustainable Development -- 6.2 Energy Potential Mapping -- 6.2.1 Background -- 6.2.2 The Methodology of Mapping Energy Potentials -- 6.3 The Local Energy Toolbox -- 6.3.1 Climate and Energy -- 6.3.2 The Sun -- 6.3.3 Electricity -- 6.3.4 Heat -- 6.3.5 Wind -- 6.3.6 Water -- 6.3.7 Biomass and Waste -- 6.3.7.1 Fuel -- 6.3.7.2 Electricity -- 6.3.7.3 Heat -- 6.3.8 The Underground -- 6.3.8.1 The Deep Underground -- 6.3.8.2 The Intermediate Underground -- 6.3.8.3 The Shallow Underground -- 6.3.9 Exchanging and Cascading Heat and Cold -- 6.3.9.1 Exergy -- 6.3.9.2 The Low-Ex Approach -- 6.3.9.3 Tuning Heat and Cold Supply and Demand -- 6.4 Example: Energy Potentials of the Province of Groningen -- 6.4.1 Electricity -- 6.4.2 Heat and Cold -- 6.4.3 CO 2 Capture -- 6.4.4 An Overlay of Potentials -- 6.4.5 Towards a Sustainable Provincial Plan -- 6.4.6 Outcomes of the Groningen POP Study -- 6.5 Conclusions -- 6.5.1 Considerations -- References -- 7 The Urban Environment -- 7.1 Introduction. , 7.2 Occupation Strategy -- 7.3 Precipitation -- 7.3.1 Thames Gateway -- 7.3.2 Urban Flood Management in Dordrecht -- 7.3.3 Zuidplaspolder -- 7.3.4 Building with Water in Haarlemmermeer -- 7.4 Heat in the City -- 7.4.1 Non-physical Heat Effects -- 7.5 Good Practices Guide (UK) -- 7.5.1 The Centre of Bedford -- 7.5.2 Isle of Dogs in the City of London -- 7.5.3 Urban Expansion: Isle of Sheppey -- 7.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Websites: -- 8 Landscape 2.0 -- 8.1 In Patagonia -- 8.2 Web 2.0 -- 8.2.1 A New Energy Order? -- 8.2.2 Landscape 2.0 -- 8.3 Challenges of Complexity in Planning -- 8.3.1 A Society in Turbulent Circumstances -- 8.3.2 Internet-Economy: The Turbulence Driver -- 8.3.3 The State of Today's Spatial Planning Practice -- 8.3.4 New Environment for Planning: Small Adjustments Made -- 8.3.5 Increase Resilience -- 8.3.6 Complex Adaptive Systems -- 8.3.7 Typology of Complex Systems -- 8.3.8 Tipping Points -- 8.3.9 A New Design Paradigm, Swarm Planning -- 8.3.9.1 Swarm 'Avant-La-Lettre': The Groninger Museum -- 8.4 The Groningen Case -- 8.4.1 Understanding the System: Mapping Climate and Energy Potentials -- 8.4.2 Improving Resilience: Use of Swarm Planning Paradigm -- 8.4.3 Strategic Interventions: The Groningen Impulses -- 8.4.3.1 Fresh Water Storage in Lauwers Lake -- 8.4.3.2 Kwelderworks Eemsdike -- 8.4.3.3 Blauwe Stad -- 8.4.3.4 Dynamic Coast Fivelboezem -- 8.4.4 Steer the Swarm -- 8.4.5 The Groningen Case Discussed -- 8.4.5.1 Mapping -- 8.4.5.2 Idea Map -- 8.4.5.3 Interventions -- 8.4.5.4 In the Real World -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Conclusion -- The Role of Spatial Planning and Design -- The Chapters Summarised -- Standards Are the Standard -- Adaptation to Climate Change: A Spatial Challenge -- Index.