Note: Intro -- Preface -- About the Editors -- Contents -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Part I: Understanding Spermatogenesis and Male Fertility -- 1: Overview of the Male Reproductive System -- 1.1 Origin of the Reproductive Organs -- 1.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System -- 1.2.1 Scrotum -- 1.2.2 Testes -- 1.2.2.1 Leydig Cells -- 1.2.2.2 Sertoli Cells -- 1.2.2.3 Blood-Testis Barrier -- 1.2.2.4 Germ Cells -- 1.2.2.5 Spermatogenesis -- 1.3 Testosterone -- 1.4 Sperm Transport -- 1.4.1 Epididymis -- 1.4.2 Duct System -- 1.5 Seminal Vesicle -- 1.6 Prostate Gland -- 1.7 Bulbourethral Gland -- 1.8 Urethra -- 1.9 Penis -- 1.10 Structure of Human Mature Sperm -- References -- 2: Embryonic Development of the Testis -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Overview of the Development of the Testes -- 2.3 Formation of the Primitive Gonads -- 2.4 Cell Lineages -- 2.4.1 Primordial Germ Cells -- 2.4.2 Somatic Cell Lineages in the Male Testis -- 2.4.2.1 Sertoli Cells -- 2.4.2.2 Leydig Cells -- 2.4.2.3 Peritubular Cells -- 2.5 Testicular Descent -- 2.6 Perinatal Events in Testicular Maturation -- 2.7 Cryptorchidism: The Failure of Testicular Descent -- 2.8 Testicular Descent: Associated Disorders -- References -- 3: HPG Axis: The Central Regulator of Spermatogenesis and Male Fertility -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis -- 3.3 GnRH Neurons: Origin and Development -- 3.4 Role of FSH and LH in Spermatogenesis -- 3.5 FSH and LH in Human Male Infertility -- 3.6 Endocrine Disruptors: Modulators of the HPG Axis -- 3.7 Melatonin and HPG Axis in Reproductive Health -- References -- 4: Sperm Maturation in Epididymis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Epididymal Morphology -- 4.3 Epididymis: The Site of Sperm Maturation -- 4.4 Epididymal Transcriptome and Proteome -- 4.5 Epididymal Secretome. , 4.6 Maturational Changes in Sperm During Epididymal Transit -- 4.7 Development of Motility Potential in Sperm During Epididymal Transit -- References -- 5: Sperm Capacitation: The Obligate Requirement for Male Fertility -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 What Is Sperm Capacitation? -- 5.3 Hallmarks of Capacitation -- 5.3.1 Hyperactivation -- 5.3.2 Acrosome Reaction -- 5.3.3 Protein Tyrosine Phosphorylation -- 5.4 Diagnosis and Prognosis of Male Infertility/Fertility: Importance of Capacitation-Based Sperm Function Tests -- 5.4.1 Monitoring Hyperactivation (HA) -- 5.4.2 Monitoring Acrosome Reaction (AR) -- 5.4.3 Monitoring Tyrosine Phosphorylation (pY) -- 5.5 From Bench to Clinics: Male Fertility Biomarkers and ARTs -- References -- 6: Genomic Landscape of Human Y Chromosome and Male Infertility -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Y Chromosome and the Azoospermia Factor Region (AZF) -- 6.2.1 AZFa -- 6.2.2 AZFb -- 6.2.3 AZFc -- 6.3 Sex-Determining Region Y (SRY) -- 6.4 Y Chromosome Has Significance Beyond Sex Determination and Spermatogenesis -- 6.5 Oncogenic Role of Y Chromosome -- 6.6 Gene Conversions -- 6.7 Y Chromosome: Evolution and Degeneration -- 6.8 Y Chromosome: Regulation of Autosomal Gene Expression -- 6.9 Future Prospects -- References -- 7: Seminal Decline in Semen Quality in Humans Over the Last 80 years -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Hallmark Studies Describing a Decline Over the Past 80 years -- 7.3 Factors Alleged for Deteriorating Semen Quality -- 7.4 Discussion and Future Directions -- References -- Part II: Causes of Male Infertility -- 8: Syndromic Forms of Male Infertility -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Syndromes with Chromosomal Aneuploidy -- 8.2.1 Klinefelter's Syndrome (47,XXY) -- 8.2.2 Jacob's Syndrome (47,XYY) -- 8.3 Syndromes with Gene Mutations -- 8.3.1 Kallmann Syndrome. , 8.3.2 Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) -- 8.3.3 Noonan Syndrome -- 8.3.4 Cystic Fibrosis -- 8.4 Rare Syndromes of Male Infertility -- 8.4.1 Myotonic Dystrophy 1 -- 8.4.2 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia -- 8.4.3 Kearns-Sayre Syndrome -- 8.4.4 Aarskog-Scott Syndrome -- 8.4.5 Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome -- 8.4.6 Prader-Willi Syndrome -- 8.4.7 Deafness Infertility Syndrome -- References -- 9: Cystic Fibrosis, CFTR Gene, and Male Infertility -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Pathogenesis -- 9.3 Epidemiology -- 9.4 Diagnosis -- 9.5 Fertility in Men Having CF -- 9.6 CFTR-Related Disorders Associated with Male Infertility -- 9.6.1 Congenital Bilateral Absence of the Vas Deferens (CBAVD) -- 9.6.2 CBAVD Having Renal Anomalies (CBAVD-URA) -- 9.6.3 Congenital Unilateral Absence of the Vas Deferens (CUAVD) -- 9.6.4 Ejaculatory Duct Obstruction -- 9.7 Infertility Management in CBAVD -- 9.7.1 Assisted Reproduction -- 9.7.2 Genetic Counseling -- 9.7.3 Sperm Collection Techniques -- 9.7.3.1 Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA) -- 9.7.3.2 Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA) -- 9.8 Our Experience -- 9.8.1 CFTR Gene Variants in Isolated CBAVD in Indian Population -- 9.8.2 CBAVD-URA -- 9.9 Future Perspectives -- References -- 10: Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Significance of ROS in Sperm Function -- 10.3 Sources of ROS in Semen -- 10.4 Oxidative Stress: Potential Origins -- 10.5 Oxidative Stress: A Major Contributor to the Disease Pathology -- 10.6 Oxidative Stress and Declining Semen Quality -- 10.7 Oxidative Stress Correlates with Erectile Dysfunction -- 10.8 Oxidative Stress: Clinical Perspectives and Laboratory Assessment -- 10.9 Management of Oxidative Stress-Induced Male Infertility -- 10.9.1 Antioxidants -- 10.9.2 Other Therapies -- References. , 11: Obesity, Spermatogenesis, and Male Infertility -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Obesity and Reproduction -- 11.3 Obesity Compromises Testosterone Production -- 11.4 Obesity Disturbs Testosterone: Estrogen Ratio -- 11.5 Obesity Disturbs Scrotal Thermal Regulation -- 11.6 Obesity Increases DNA Damage -- 11.7 Obesity Leads to Transgenerational Epigenetic Effects -- 11.8 microRNAs (miRNAs), Obesity, and Male Infertility -- 11.9 Obesity Correlates with Erectile Dysfunction -- 11.10 Obesity, Adipokines, and Male Infertility -- 11.11 Impact of Childhood Obesity on Puberty -- 11.12 Effect of Maternal Obesity on Fetal Health -- 11.13 Obesity and Quality of Sexual Life -- 11.14 Animal Studies on Obesity and Fertility -- 11.15 Management of Obesity-Related Infertility -- References -- 12: Sexually Transmitted Infections and Male Infertility: Old Enigma, New Insights -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 STD Pathogens: Locus of Infection and Resultant Pathology in the Male Urogenital Tract -- 12.2.1 Urethritis -- 12.2.2 Epididymitis and Orchitis -- 12.2.3 Prostatitis -- 12.2.4 Vesiculitis -- 12.3 Bacterial Infections and Male Infertility -- 12.3.1 Neisseria gonorrhoeae -- 12.3.2 Chlamydia trachomatis -- 12.3.3 Treponema pallidum -- 12.3.4 Mycoplasma Species -- 12.3.5 Ureaplasma Species -- 12.4 Viral Infections and Associated Male Infertility -- 12.4.1 Human Papillomavirus -- 12.4.2 Human Cytomegalovirus -- 12.4.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus -- 12.4.4 Herpes Simplex Virus -- 12.4.5 Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) -- 12.4.6 Hepatitis C Virus or HCV -- 12.5 Protozoan Infections and Male Infertility -- 12.5.1 Trichomonas vaginalis -- References -- 13: Cytogenetic Factors in Male Infertility -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 SRY Gene Translocation on X Chromosome or Autosomes -- 13.3 Somatic Chromosome Aneuploidies -- 13.3.1 47,XXY. , 13.3.2 47,XYY -- 13.4 Meiotic Abnormalities and Sperm Aneuploidies -- 13.5 Chromosomal Translocations and Inversions -- 13.6 The Interchromosomal Effects -- 13.7 Sperm Aneuploidies and Adverse Reproductive Outcomes -- 13.8 Advances in Human Molecular Cytogenetics: From Chromosomes to SNPs -- 13.8.1 Multiplex-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (M-FISH) and Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) -- 13.8.2 Combining Binary and Ratio Labelling (COBRA-FISH) -- 13.8.3 Array-Based CGH -- 13.8.4 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Array (SNP Array) -- 13.8.5 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) -- References -- 14: Autosomal Genes in Male Infertility -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Genes in Gonadal Development and Fertility: Establishing Fertility -- 14.3 Autosomal Pathways in Spermatogenesis -- 14.3.1 Infertility and Apoptosis: Eliminating the Unfit -- 14.3.1.1 Intrinsic Pathway -- 14.3.1.2 Extrinsic Pathway -- 14.3.2 DNA Damage, Replication and Repair Pathways: Keeping It Correct -- 14.3.3 Hormonal/Endocrine Pathways -- 14.4 Standalone Drivers from the Autosomal Store -- References -- 15: Sex Chromosomal Genes in Male Infertility -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Y Deletions Are Common in Infertility -- 15.3 Screening of Y deletions -- 15.4 Classical Deletions/Microdeletions -- 15.5 Partial Deletions -- 15.5.1 gr/gr Is a Risk Factor for Male Infertility -- 15.5.2 b2/b3 May Increase Risk in Some Ethnic Groups -- 15.6 Y Haplotypes -- 15.6.1 Terminology and Nomenclature of Y Haplotypes -- 15.6.2 Y Haplotypes and Male Infertility -- 15.7 Genes on the X Chromosome -- 15.8 X-Linked Testis-Specific or Testis-Enriched Genes -- 15.9 Mutation Analysis of Human X-Linked and Testis-­Enriched Genes -- 15.9.1 A-Kinase Anchor Protein 4 (AKAP4) -- 15.9.2 Fetal and Adult Expressed 1 (FATE1) -- 15.9.3 TATA Box Binding Protein-Associated Factor 7 Like (TAF7L). , 15.9.4 Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase 26 (USP26).