Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 General Introduction -- 1.2 Summary of Chapters -- 1.3 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Criteria Air Pollutants: Chemistry, Sources and Sinks -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Air Pollution Sources and Their Emissions -- 2.2.1 Anthropogenic Sources -- 2.2.2 Natural Sources -- 2.2.3 Stationary Sources -- 2.2.3.1 Point Source -- 2.2.3.2 Area Sources -- 2.2.3.3 Fugitive Sources -- 2.2.3.4 Volume Sources -- 2.2.4 Mobile Sources -- 2.3 Particulate Matter (PM) -- 2.3.1 Particulate Matter in Atmosphere -- 2.3.2 Health Effects of PM10 -- 2.3.3 Chemistry of Particulate Matter -- 2.3.3.1 Chemical Composition of PM -- 2.3.3.2 Gas-Particle Conversion and Secondary Aerosol Formation -- 2.3.4 Ambient PM and Their Atmospheric Processes -- 2.3.4.1 Hygroscopicity and Ageing of PM -- 2.4 Carbon Monoxide (CO) -- 2.4.1 Sources -- 2.4.2 CO Level and Trend -- 2.4.3 Chemistry and Sink of CO -- 2.5 Lead (Pb) -- 2.5.1 Sources -- 2.5.2 Levels and Distribution of Lead -- 2.5.3 Exposure, Chemistry and Sink of Lead -- 2.6 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) -- 2.6.1 Sources of NO2 -- 2.6.2 Levels and Distribution of NO2 -- 2.6.3 Chemistry of NO2 in the Atmosphere -- 2.6.4 Sink of NO2 -- 2.7 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) -- 2.7.1 Sources -- 2.7.2 Emissions of Oxides of Sulphur -- 2.7.3 Levels and Trend of SO2 -- 2.7.4 Chemistry of SO2 -- 2.7.5 Sink of SO2 -- 2.8 Tropospheric Ozone (O3) -- 2.8.1 Chemistry of Tropospheric Ozone -- 2.8.2 Sinks of the Tropospheric Ozone -- 2.9 Conclusions -- References -- 3: Primary Criteria Air Pollutants: Environmental Health Effects -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Environmental Health Effects -- 3.2.1 Impact of SO2 and NO2 on Environmental Health -- 3.2.1.1 Acid Rain -- Impact of Acid Rain on Ecosystem -- Impact of Acid Rain on Plants and Trees -- Impact of Acid Rain on Fish and Wildlife. , Episodic Acidification -- Effects of Acid Rain on Materials -- Acid Rain Effects on Human Health -- 3.2.2 Particulate Matter and Its Impact on Environment -- 3.2.2.1 Deposition of PM -- 3.2.2.2 Coarse (PM10) and Fine Fraction (PM2.5) Particles -- 3.2.2.3 Mode of Depositions -- Dry Deposition -- Wet Deposition -- Occult Deposition -- 3.2.2.4 PM Deposition onto Vegetation and Their Effects -- 3.2.2.5 Plant Responses to Stress Caused by PM -- 3.2.2.6 Health Effects of PM -- 3.2.2.7 Burden of Disease Related to Exposure to PM -- 3.2.2.8 PM Effects on Climate -- Direct Effect -- PM Indirect Effect on Climate -- 3.2.2.9 Acid Rain and Eutrophication -- 3.2.2.10 Atmospheric Haze -- 3.2.3 Impact of Carbon Monoxide on Environmental Health -- 3.2.3.1 CO Toxicity -- 3.2.3.2 Health Effects -- Effects on Humans -- Neurological and Behavioural Effects -- Cardiovascular Effects -- Developmental Effects -- 3.2.3.3 Impact of Indoor CO -- 3.2.4 Impact of Lead and Environmental Health -- 3.2.4.1 Lead Sources and Routes of Exposure -- 3.2.4.2 Effects of Lead in Children -- 3.2.4.3 Effects of Lead in Adults -- 3.2.4.4 Environmental Effects of Lead -- 3.3 Conclusions -- References -- 4: Secondary Criteria Air Pollutants: Environmental Health Effects -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Secondary Criteria Air Pollutant: Tropospheric Ozone -- 4.2.1 Tropospheric Ozone Formation -- 4.2.2 Overall Trends of Tropospheric Ozone Levels: Present Status and Future Predicted Trends -- 4.2.2.1 Global Ozone Distribution -- 4.2.2.2 Tropospheric Ozone: An Indian Scenario -- 4.2.3 O3 Concentrations Predictions -- 4.3 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Climate -- 4.4 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Human Health -- 4.4.1 Acute Health Impacts -- 4.4.2 Chronic Health Impacts -- 4.4.3 Guidelines for Human Health: Ozone Exposure -- 4.5 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Plant Health. , 4.5.1 Ozone Relationship with Oxidative Stress and Other Physiological Responses -- 4.5.1.1 Ozone Generated ROS Formation and Signal Transduction -- 4.5.1.2 ROS Defence Mechanisms: Role of Antioxidants -- 4.5.2 Characterization of Ozone Exposure -- 4.5.3 Ozone Deposition Mechanism -- 4.5.4 Effects of Ozone on Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants -- 4.5.4.1 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Pigment Content -- 4.5.4.2 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Starch Content -- 4.5.4.3 Impact on Proline Content -- 4.5.4.4 Enzymatic Profiles and Role of Antioxidants -- 4.5.5 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Photosynthetic Rate, Stomatal Conductance and Photosynthetic Output Rate -- 4.5.5.1 Photosynthetic Pigments -- 4.5.5.2 RuBisCO Content -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- 5: Policy Regulations and Future Recommendations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Source Emission Control -- 5.1.1.1 Elimination Approach -- 5.2 Choice of Fuel -- 5.3 Fuel Cleaning -- 5.4 Selection of Technology and Methods -- 5.4.1 Emission Control Approaches -- 5.5 Particle control system -- 5.5.1 Gas- and Vapour-Phase Control System -- 5.5.2 Policy Rules and Regulation -- 5.5.2.1 Bharat/Euro Emission Standards -- 5.6 Stringent Measures Taken to Control Sector-Wise Emissions -- 5.6.1 Transport Sector -- 5.6.2 Industrial Sector -- 5.6.3 Agricultural Sector -- 5.7 Pollutant-Wise Mitigation -- 5.8 Carbon Monoxide (CO) -- 5.9 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) -- 5.10 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) -- 5.11 Lead (Pb) -- 5.12 Ozone (O3) -- 5.13 NOx Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT) -- 5.14 Ozone Transport Region (OTR) NOx Cap and Allowance Trading Program -- 5.15 EPA´s Ozone Transport NOx SIP Call -- 5.16 Particulate Matter (PM) -- 5.17 Policy Initiatives in India -- 5.18 Legal Framework -- 5.19 Legislation of Environment Programmes -- 5.20 Odd-Even Plan in Delhi -- 5.21 Strict Emission Norms. , 5.22 Restructuring the Growth -- 5.23 Institutional Framework -- 5.24 Green Technology in India -- 5.25 Conclusion -- References.