ISSN:
1573-1561
Keywords:
Chemical defense
;
alkaloids
;
pyridopyrazines
;
Collembola
;
Tetrodontophora bielanesis
;
pseudocells
;
cleansing behavior
;
disorientation
;
2,3-dimethoxypyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine
;
3-isopropyl-2-methoxypyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine
;
2-methoxy-4H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine-3-one
Source:
Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
Topics:
Biology
,
Chemistry and Pharmacology
Notes:
Abstract The giant springtail,Tetrodontophora bielanensis (Waga), is characterized by integumental openings (pseudocells) from which small droplets of a sticky defensive fluid are secreted after molestation. The secretion originates initially from secretory cells below the pseudocellae; subsequent irritations result in release of hemolymph, which was identified by both chemical and microscopical methods as well as by scanning electron microscopy. Bioassays with topically treated ground beetlesNebria brevicollis showed that the pseudocellular fluid evokes a total disorientation and cleansing behavior of the beetle. The main constituents were identified as the following pyridopyrazines: 2,3-dimethoxpyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine (1), 3-isopropyl-2-methoxypyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine (2), and 2-methoxy-4H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine-3-one (3). These alkaloids are mainly present in the pseudocellar fluids of female and male springtails but are absent in their food or feces. Minor amounts are found in the hemolymph of adults, while larvae contain traces of2 only. All compounds were synthesized and tested for activity. In natural concentrations, the synthetic alkaloids elicited the same effects from the ground beetles as the pseudocellar fluid.
Type of Medium:
Electronic Resource
URL:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02029954
Permalink
