Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Antimicrobial Peptides: Basic Features and Clinical Relevance -- Antimicrobial Peptides in Drosophila: Structures, Activities and Gene Regulation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Drosophila Defensin, An Anti-Gram-Positive Peptide -- The Antifungal Drosomycin -- Antifungal Peptide -- Metchnikowin, A Cysteine-Free Drosophila Antifungal Peptide -- Cecropins, alpha-Helical Peptides Largely Distributed in Higher Insect Orders -- Drosocin, An Anti-Gram-Negative O-Glycopeptide -- Diptericin, An Anti-Gram-Negative O-Glycopeptide -- Attacins, Large Polypeptides with Antibacterial Properties -- MPAC, the Drosophila Attacin C Pro-Domain with Antibacterial Properties -- Rel Proteins Control Expression of Antimicrobial Peptide Genes -- The Toll and IMD Pathways Control Inducible Expression of AMP Genes -- Other Signaling Pathways Activated during the Drosophila Immune Response -- Hemocytes in the Drosophila Immune Response -- Epithelial Responses in Drosophila -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Antimicrobial Peptides in Human Skin -- Abstract -- Introduction -- beta-Defensins -- Human beta-Defensin-2 -- Human beta-Defensin-3 -- Human beta-Defensin-1 -- Human beta-Defensin-4 -- Cathelicidin LL-37 -- Serine Protease Inhibitors Antileukoprotease and Elafin -- Dermcidin -- Adrenomedullin -- Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin -- RNase 7 -- Skin Disease Implications -- Conclusion -- References -- Human Defensins in Crohn's Disease -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Epidemiology: The Role of Hygiene -- Pathophysiology: The Role of Luminal and Mucosal Bacteria -- Defensin Expression and Regulation in the Healthy Intestinal Tract -- Defensins and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases -- NOD2, A Peptidoglycan Receptor and Defensin Expression -- Toll-Like Receptors and Their Expression in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. , Therapy: The Role of Antibiotics and Probiotics -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Antimicrobial Peptides in Lung Inflammation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- AMPs Are Expressed in the Respiratory Tract -- Host Defense in the Airways -- AMPs in the Human Lung -- Regulation of the AMPs in the Lung -- Functions of AMPs in the Respiratory Tract -- Antimicrobial Activity -- Inflammation, Angiogenesis, and Cell Function -- Role of AMPs in Pulmonary Disease -- Pneumonia and Tuberculosis -- Cystic Fibrosis and Diffuse Panbronchiolitis -- Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease -- Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome -- Pulmonary Fibrosis and Sarcoidosis -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Reciprocal Interactions of Host Cells and Microbes -- Bacterial Evasion of Innate Defense at Epithelial Linings -- Abstract -- How to Circumvent Physical Removal from Body Surfaces -- Overcome Space and Nutrient Deprivation -- Resisting the Low-pH Defense Barrier -- Avoid Protease Mediated Destruction and Opsonization -- Evade Recognition and Cell Activation -- Withstand Targeted Destruction -- Active Penetration of the Epithelial Cell Barrier -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Recognition of Bacterial Products by Toll-Like Receptors -- Abstract -- Mammalian Toll-Like Receptors and Their Ligands -- Extracellular Recognition of TLR Ligands -- TLR4 -- TLR2, TLR2/TLR1, and TLR2/TLR6 -- TLR10 -- TLR5 -- TLR11 -- Intracellular Recognition of TLR Ligands -- TLR3 -- TLR7/TLR8 -- TLR9 -- Conclusion -- References -- TLR Signalling and the Function of Dendritic Cells -- Abstract -- Introduction -- What Are Toll-Like Receptors? -- Toll-Like Receptors Recognize Various Molecules -- Signalling Pathway of TLRs -- MyD88-Dependent Pathway -- MyD88-Independent Pathway -- TIRAP/Mal -- TRIF -- TRAM -- The Role of TLR Family in the Host Defence. , TLRs Stimulate DCs to Induce T Cell Activation -- LPS-Stimulated MyD88-Deficient DCs -- DC Subset-Dependent Cytokine Production -- Conclusion -- References -- Contribution of T Cells to Epithelial Defense -- Immunosurveillance by gama/deltaT Cells: Focus on the Murine System -- Abstract -- TCRgamadelta+ Intraepithelial Lymphocytes -- Immunoprotective Roles of gamadelta T Cells in the Tissues -- Immunoregulatory Roles of Local gamadelta T Cells -- gamadelta+ T Cells and Tumor Surveillance -- gamadelta+ T Cell Regulation of Epithelial Malignancy -- From gamadelta Cell Biology in Mice to Immunosurveillance in Humans -- Immunological Mechanisms Highlighted by gamadelta Cells - Towards the Clinic -- References -- gamadelta T Cells Link Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Vgama9/Vdelta2 T Cells -- Vgama9/Vdelta2 T Cells Are Expanded by Various Microbes -- Vgama9/Vdelta2 T Cells Are Activated by Non-Peptide Antigens -- Non-Mevalonate Pathway Intermediates Are the Most Potent Vgama9/Vdelta2 Activators -- Alkylamines Activate Vgama9/Vdelta2 T Cells -- N-Bisphosphonates Stimulate Vgama9/Vdelta2 T Cells -- Vgama9/Vdelta2 T Cells Can Kill Bacteria within Hours after Activation -- The Vgama9/Vdelta2 TCR Repertoire Is Shaped by Non-Peptide Antigens -- Vgama9/Vdelta2 T Cells and Tumor Surveillance -- Activation of Vgama9/Vdelta2 T Cells as a Therapeutic Approach in Tumor Treatment: From Bench to Bedside -- Vdelta1 Cells -- Vdelta1 T Cells Are the Dominant gamma/delta T Cell Population at Mucosal Surfaces -- Vdelta1 T Cells Are Activated by MICA/B -- Vdelta1 T Cells Are Activated by Glycolipids Presented by CD1 -- Lipid Extracts from Gram-Negative Bacteria Indirectly Stimulate Vdelta1T Cells -- TCR Repertoire of Vdelta1 T Cells -- The Role of Vdelta1 T Cells in Microbial Infections -- The Role of Vdelta1 T Cells in Tumor Recognition. , Migration and Homing of gamma/delta T cells -- Chemokine Expression of Peripheral gamma/delta T cells -- gamma/delta T Cells Can Be Polarized into TH1/TH2 Cells -- Chemokine Expression of Mucosal gamma/delta T Cells -- gamma/delta T Cells Can Have Immunosuppressive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities -- Expression of Toll-Like Receptors -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- L -- M -- N -- P -- R -- S -- T -- Y.