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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (6)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (R)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid (from the biopolymer PHB) and pivalaldehyde give the crystalline cis - or (R,R)-2-(tert-butyl)-6-methyl-1,3-dioxan-4-one (1a), the enolate of which is stable at low temperature in THF solution and can be alkylated diastereoselectively (→3, 4, 5, and 7). Phenylselenation and subsequent elimination give an enantiomerically pure enol acetal 10 of aceto-acetic acid. Some reactions of 10 have been carried out, such as Michael addition (→11), alkylation on the CH3 substituent (→13), hydrogenation of the C=C bond (→1a) and photochemical cycloaddition (→16). The overall reactions are substitutions on the one stereogenic center of the starting β-hydroxy acid without racemization and without using a chiral auxiliary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 70 (1987), S. 1104-1114 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation of novel electrophilic building blocks for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure compounds (EPC) is described. Thus, the 2-(tert-butyl)dioxolanones, -oxazolidinones, -imidazolidinones, and -dioxanones obtained by acetalization of pivalaldehyde with 2-hydroxy-, 3-hydroxy-, or 2-amino-carboxylic acids are treated with N-bromosuccinimide under typical radical-chain reaction conditions (azoisobuytyronitril/CCl4/reflux). Products of bromination in the α-position of the carbonyl group of the five-membered-ring acetals are isolated or identified (2, 5, and 8; Scheme 1). The dioxanones are converted to 2H, 4H-dioxinones under these conditions (12, 14, 15, 21, and 22; Schemes 2 and 3). The products can be converted to chiral derivatives of pyruvic acid (methylidene derivatives 3 and 6) or of 3-oxo-butanoic and -pentanoic acid (16 and 23). The mechanism of the brominations is interpreted. The conversion of serine to enactiomcrically pure dioxanones 26-28 (Scheme 4) is also discussed.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparative Chromatographic Resolution of Synthetically Useful Cyclic AcetalsRacemic cyclic acetals derived from aldehydes and glycine, glycolic acid, thioglycolic acid, formylacetic acid, and acetoacetic acid (oxazolidinones 4-13, dioxolanones 14, 15, oxathiolanone 16, dioxinones 17-23) are resolved by preparative high-pressure liquid chromatography on silica gel coated with the polymer from N-acryloylphenylalanine ethyl ester (Chiraspher®). The separation factors α range from1,1 to 2,4. Use of a Prepbar®-chromatography system allows injection of several grams at a time. The enantiomeric acetals thus obtained are fully characterized. First application to amino-acid synthesis are mentioned.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 71 (1988), S. 1143-1155 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Highly Diastereoselective α-Alkylation of β-Hydroxycarboxylic Acids Through Lithium Enolates of 1,3-Dioxan-4-onesFrom serine, β-hydroxyisobutyric acid (‘Roche’ acid) and β-hydroxybutyric acid, the dioxanones 1-6 were prepared. The generation of the enolates of type I with LDA at -75° and alkylation gave products with trans-configuration whereas protonation of the 5-methyl-substituted enolate allowed access to the cis-configurated β-hydroxybutyric-acid derivative 12. Hydrolysis gave the free β-hydroxy acids of ‘syn’-and ‘anti’-configuration. Alkylation of the 6-unsubstituted dioxanones 1 and 3 yielded predominantly products resulting from attack in the cis-position of the t-Bu group. The ‘reactive’ conformation of the enolates involved is tentatively derived from the product configuration. The selectivity of the alkylation is also discussed in terms of the results of an ab-initio calculation on the enolates M-P.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: (+)-11,11′-Di-O-methylelaiophyliden - Herstellung aus Elaiophylin und Totalsynthese aus (R)-3-Hydroxybuttersäure- und (S)-ÄpfelsäureesterDas Makrodiolid-Antibiotikum Elaiophylin (6, Schema 1) kann durch säurekatalysierte Abspaltung der Desoxyfucose-Einheiten in Methanol unter gleichzeitiger Substitution der C-11- und C-11′-Lactol-OH-Gruppen durch OCH3 in das Aglycon 8a umgewandelt werden. Dieses Di-O-methylelaiophyliden genannte C2-symmetrische Makrodiolid 8a enthält 2 × 11 stereogene Einheiten, von denen in der hier beschriebenen Totalsynthese zwei aus (R)-3-Hydroxybuttersäure (aus dem Biopolymer PHB) und (S)-Äpfelsäure stammen, während die anderen durch diastereoselektive Reaktionsschritte erzeugt werden. Die zwei Schlüsselprodukte der konvergenten Synthese (Schema 2) sind der makrocyclische Dialdehyd 10 (vgl. 26, 27; 2 × 5 stereogene Einheiten) und das silylgeschützte Dihydroxyketonderivat 11 (vgl. 34, 35; 3 stereogene Einheiten). Aldoladdition des Z-Bor-Enolates des Ketons an den Dialdehyd erfolgte - beinahe statistisch - mit relativer Topizität ul und lieferte zwei C2-symmetrische und ein unsymmetrisches Diaddukt (40a, b, c), von denen eines bei der säurekatalysierten Methanolyse das Aglycon 8a lieferte (Abb. 1 und 2 zeigen die NMR-Spektren). Die diastereoselektiven Schlüsselschritte, mit denen drei der sechs neuen asymmetrischen Kohlenstoffatome erzeugt wurden, sind α-Alkylierungen von β-Hydroxyester oder-lacton-Alkoholat-Enolaten (Äpfelsäure → 12 und 15 → 16 bei der Dialdehydsynthese sowie Hydroxybuttersäure → 29 bei der Herstellung des Ketons).
    Notes: The macrodiolide antibiotic elaiophylin (6, Scheme 1) is converted into an aglycone 8a by acid-catalysed cleavage of the deoxyfucoses in methanol, with replacement of two lactol OH-groups by OCH3 (C-11 and C-11′). The di-O-methylelaiophylidene (8a), a C2-symmetrical macrodiolide with 2 × 11 stereogenic units, was synthesised from (R)-3-hydroxy-butanoate (from the biopolymer PHB) and (S)-malic ester, using diastereoselective steps for the generation of the other stereogenic units. The key intermediates (Scheme 2) are the macrocyclic dialdehyde 10 (cf. 26, 27; 2 × 5 stereogenic units) and the silyl-protected dihydroxy ketone derivative 11 (cf. 34, 35; 3 stereogenic units). These two intermediates almost statistically were subjected to aldol coupling with relative topicity ul, using the Z-boron enolate of the ketone, to give the two C2-symmetrical and the asymmetric aldol (40a, b, c), one of which furnished the aglycone 8a upon acid-catalysed methanolysis (Fig. 1 and 2, NMR spectra). The diastereoselective key steps, by which three of the six new asymmetric carbon atoms are created, are α-alkylations of β-hydroxy ester or lactone alkoxide-enolates (malic acid → 12 and 15 → 16 in the dialdehyde synthesis, hydroxybutanoic acid → 29 in the ketone preparation).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2012-08-04
    Description: Purpose: To investigate the role of the cervical spine muscles in whiplash injury. We hypothesized that (i) cervical muscle hypotrophy would be evident after a 6-month follow-up and, (ii) cervical muscle hypotrophy would correlate with symptom persistence probably related to pain or inactivity. Materials and Methods: Ninety symptomatic patients (48 females) were recruited from our emergency department and examined within 48 h, and at 3, and 6 months after a motor vehicle accident. MRI cross-sectional muscle area (CSA) measurements were performed bilaterally of the cervical extensor and sternocleidomastoid muscles using transverse STIR (Short Tau inversion Recovery) sequences at the C2 (deep and total dorsal cervical extensor muscles), C4 (sternocleidomastoid muscles) and C5 (deep and total dorsal cervical extensor muscles) levels. Two blinded raters independently performed the measurements at each time point. First, CSA changes over time were analyzed and, second, CSAs were correlated with clinical outcomes (EuroQuol, Whiplash Disability Score, neck pain intensity [VAS], cervical spine mobility). Results: There was a high agreement of CSA measurements between the two raters. Women consistently had smaller CSAs than men. There were no significant changes of CSAs over time at any of the three levels. There were no consistent significant correlations of CSA values with the clinical scores at all time points except with the body mass index. Conclusion: Our results do not support a major role of cervical muscle volume in the genesis of symptoms after whiplash injury. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Print ISSN: 1053-1807
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-2586
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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