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  • Springer  (134)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An evaluation of the saw, dry and rip process to convert red alder into studs (1986)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 20 (1986), S. 185-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The conversion of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) into structural lumber using the Saw-Dry-Rip (SDR) process was analyzed by comparing product yield and quality from conventional and SDR conversion processes and from conventional and high temperature drying schedules. A limited economic assessment was also made. It was found that conventionally processed studs had 53% rejects due to warp which was reduced to 6.1% by using the SDR process and high temperature drying. Site had a significant effect on degree of warp. Based on qualities other than warp, 91% of all studs produced met the STUD grade. No difference was found between the strength related properties of high-temperature and conventionally dried material. Excluding material and processing costs, the product value of the SDR processed material was increased 26.6% over conventionally processed material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351029
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colohepatic fistula due to hydatid disease (1983)
    Springer
    World journal of surgery 7 (1983), S. 797-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La fistulisation d'un kyste hydatique dans le colon n'a pas été décrite jusqu'à maintenant alors que la rupture du parasite géant dans la cavité péritonéale dans l'artère biliaire ou dans le poumon par l'intermédiaire du diaphragme est bien connue. Dans le cas rapporté le lavement baryté a montré à posteriori, après l'intervention une image plaidant en faveur d'une fistule colo-hépatique qui fut méconnue (fig 2). La présence d'une grande quantité de gaz dans la cavité kystique suggère son origine colique plutôt que sa formation in situ du fait de l'infection. L'extériorisation du colon après suture de la brèche colique a été jugée plus adéquate que la colostomie d'amont et que la réintégration immédiate de l'anse colique dans la cavité abdominale en raison des risques de contamination septique. Cette attitude se solda par un bon résultat. Si le traitement du kyste hydatique par les moyens médicaux est susceptible d'entrainer la guérison dans le futur, la chirurgie restera indispensable pour toutes les complications: fistule, infection, obstruction biliaire et rupture.
    Abstract: Resumen Se informa el caso de un paciente originario de Yemen, pero residente en el Reino Unido durante 30 años, quien se presentó con un cuadro febril (38.5°C), hígado doloroso y aumentado de tamaño y una gran cavidad con nivel aero-líquido en el cuadrante superior del abdomen, la cual probó ser un quiste hidático del lóbulo derecho del hígado. El quiste fue aspirado, inyectado con nitrato de plata al 5% y luego abierto para extraer los quistes filiales y las membranas germinativas, después de lo cual se presentó fistulización al colon que requirió exteriorización del segmento afectado. Aun cuando el tratamiento primario de la enfermedad hidatídica pronto habrá de ser médico, la cirugía todavía será requerida para complicaciones tales como fístula, infección, obstrucción biliar o ruptura.
    Notes: Abstract Communication of a hepatic hydatid cyst to the colon appears to be extremely rare. We report a 54-year-old male who underwent surgery for a huge hydatid cyst. Four days after the cyst was aspirated and many daughter cysts were removed, gross fecal contamination occurred as a result of a 0.5-cm defect in the right transverse colon. The defect was repaired and the colon temporarily exteriorized. Recovery was uneventful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01655224
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic analysis of seed-weight in reciprocal crosses of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) (1974)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 45 (1974), S. 117-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Als Material für die vorstehenden Untersuchungen wurden die kleinkörnige Leinsorte Redwing, die großkörnige Beta 210 und ihre reziproken Kreuzungen und Rückkreuzungen verwendet. Die Mittelwerte des Samengewichtes (in mg/Samen) der reziproken Kreuzungen waren in der F1 gleich, unterschieden sich jedoch in der F2 und F3, ebenso wie in den reziproken Rückkreuzungen, signifikant voneinander und zeigten damit eine Ungleichwertigkeit hinsichtlich dieses Merkmals auf. Ausgehend von der Annahme, daß Redwing und Beta 210 unterschiedliche Plasmotypen besitzen und der Bastard im Plasmotyp dem mütterlichen Elter entspricht, wurden die verfügbaren 24 Familien einschließlich der Selbstungen der Eltern in zwei genomatisch gleiche, jedoch plasmatisch unterschiedliche Gruppen klassifiziert. Eine detaillierte Analyse der Familienmittel innerhalb der Gruppen führt zu dem Schluß, daß die Vererbung des betrachteten Merkmals verhältnismäßig kompliziert ist. In der F1 war die Menge der Beta 210-Gene über die allele Menge der Redwing-Gene partiell dominant ([h]〈[d]). In den folgenden Generationen erleidet die Menge der Beta 210-Gene eine gewisse Einbuße an Expressivität. Dieser Verlust beträgt 73% in den Familien des Plasmotyps Redwing und 20% in den Familien des Plasmotyps Beta 210. Dieser Unterschied im Verlust der Expressivität und die Dosiseffekte, die vornehmlich in den Familien mit dem Plasmotyp Beta 210 nachgewiesen werden, zeigen, daß die Ursache der Ungleichwertigkeit der reziproken Kreuzungen sowohl plasmatisch als auch kernbedingt ist.
    Notes: Summary Materials used in this study consisted of small and large seeded flax varieties Redwing and Beta 210, and of their reciprocal crosses and backcrosses. The seed weight means (mg's/seed) of reciprocal crosses were the same in F1 but significantly different in F2 and F3 generations indicating thus their nonequivalence with respect to this character. This nonequivalence was detectable also in the backcross reciprocals. On the assumption that Redwing and Beta 210. have different plasmatypes and the hybrid has the same plasmatype as its female parent, the available 24 families, including the parents as selfs, were grouped into two genomically the same but plasmatically supposedly different sets. A detailed analysis of the family means in these two sets led to the conclusion that the inheritance of the character considered was rather complicated. In F1 generation the Beta 210 set of genes was partially dominant over its allelic Redwing set ([h]〈[d]). In the subsequent generations the Beta 210 set of genes has sustained a certain degree of loss of expressivity. This loss was 73% in the plasmatypically Redwing set of families and 20% in the plasmatypically Beta 210 set of families. This difference in the loss of expressivity and the gene-dosis effects, detected mainly in the plasmatypically Beta 210 set of families, indicated that the nature of the reciprocal cross nonequivalence observed in this study was both cytoplasmic and nuclear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00291140
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of sunflecks on the temperature and water relations of two subalpine understory congeners (1979)
    Springer
    Oecologia 43 (1979), S. 195-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The temperature and water relations of the herbaceous, understory, congeners Arnica cordifolia and Arnica latifolia were evaluated in relation to the sunfleck dynamics of their respective microhabitats. Arnica cordifolia microhabitats had more frequent, longer, and more intense sunflecks than those of A. latifolia which led to higher leaf temperatures (31°C versus 15°C) and transpirational fluxes (65 μg cm-2 s-1 versus 16 μg cm-2 s-1). Stomatal closure did not occur in response to high leaf temperatures and low stem water potentials during natural sunfleck exposures, even though plants were observed to wilt during midday, especially A. cordifolia. Experimentally, an artificial midday sunfleck of about 165 min caused plants of A. cordifolia not to regain turgor after 8 h in shade compared to a sunfleck duration of about 90 min for plants of A. latifolia. However, these sunfleck intervals occurred naturally only during the early morning and late afternoon when solar intensities were minimal. Also, A. cordifolia populations had over twice as many plants that were sunlit (〉40% of total) compared with A. latifolia (〈20% of total) at any particular time during a day. The small-scale distribution of both species appears tightly coupled to the sunfleck dynamics of their respective microhabitats due to the lack of stomatal action which would reduce transpiration and improve plant water status under sunlit conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00344770
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phyletic aspects of the distribution of 3-hydroxyretinal in the class insecta (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 30 (1990), S. 72-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Retinoids ; Chromophore ; 3-Hydroxyretinal ; Retinal ; Insect phylogeny ; Insect eyes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The distribution of 3-hydroxyretinal (R3), a recently discovered retinoid used as the visual pigment chromophore in some insects, was investigated in the class Insecta using HPLC technology. We studied 138 species in 24 orders, sampling from a wide range of taxonomic groups as well as varied habitats. In addition to groups already known to have R3, we find this retinoid in Hemiptera (suborder Heteroptera), Plecoptera, Megaloptera, and Hymenoptera. We also find retinal (R1) in Hemiptera (suborder Homoptera), Mecoptera, and Trichoptera, groups previously thought to have only R3. The pattern of R3 occurrence indicates that this retinoid cannot be considered a phylogenetic marker, having a scattered distribution in the class Insecta as well as within some orders of insects. Several environmental factors that might influence the selection of chromophore have been considered, but none correlates with its distribution. The evolutionary reasons for the pattern of occurrence of R3 therefore remain unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02102454
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant transpiration at high elevations: Theory, field measurements, and comparisons with desert plants (1979)
    Springer
    Oecologia 41 (1979), S. 109-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of elevational changes on plant transpiration was evaluated using leaf energy balance equations and well-known elevational changes in the physical parameters that influence water vapor diffusion. Simulated transpirational fluxes for large leaves with low and high stomatal resistances to water vapor diffusion were compared to small leaves with identical stomatal resistances at elevations ranging from sea level to 4 km. The specific influence of various air temperature lapse rates was also tested. Validation of the simulated results was accomplished by comparing actual field measurements taken at a low elevation (300 m) desert site with similar measurements for a high elevation (2,560 m) mountain research site. Close agreement was observed between predicted and measured values of transpiration for the environmental and leaf parameters tested. Substantial increases in solar irradiation and the diffusion coefficient for water vapor in air (D wv) occurred with increasing elevation, while air and leaf temperatures, the water vapor concentration difference between the leaf and air, longwave irradiation, and the thermal conductivity coefficient for heat in air decreased with increasing elevation. These changes resulted in temperatures for sunlit leaves that were further above air temperature at higher elevations, especially for large leaves. For large leaves with low stomatal resistances, transpirational fluxes for low-elevation desert plants were close to those predicted for high-elevation plants even though the sunlit leaf temperatures of these mountain plants were over 10°C cooler. Simulating conditions with a low air temperature lapse rate (0.003° C m-1 and 0.004° C m-1) resulted in predicted transpirational fluxes that were greater than those calculated for the desert site. Transpiration for smaller leaves decreased with elevation for all lapse rates tested (0.003° C m-1 to 0.010° C m-1). However, transpirational fluxes at higher elevations were considerably greater than expected for all leaves, especially larger leaves, due to the strong influence of increased solar heating and a greater D wv. These results are discussed in terms of similarities in leaf structure and plant habit observed among low-elevation desert plants and high-elevation alpine and subalpine plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00344841
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of krummholz mat microclimate on needle physiology and survival (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 73 (1987), S. 82-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Timberline ; Krummholz ; Microclimate ; Picea engelmannii ; Abies lasiocarpa ; Photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Microclimate and photosynthesis of krummholz mat growth forms of Picea engelmanii (Parry) and Abies lasiocarpa [Hook.] Nutt. were investigated to determine structural features which may aid survival in alpine environments. The structure of krummholz mats was described in terms of the vertical distribution of leaf area index and leaf area density, which exceeded 50 m-1 (based on total leaf surface area) near the canopy surface and approached zero below 30 cm from the surface in both species. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, 0.4–0.7 μm wavelengths) and wind decreased by an average of 6 and 50-fold, respectively, between 1 m above and 10 cm below mat surfaces in both species. Needle temperatures on a P. engelmannii krummholz mat during July averaged about 2°C above air temperature during the day, with a maximum overtemperature of greater than 20°C above T air during one sunlit period. At night, needle temperatures averaged 3–4°C below T air. Net photosynthesis in year-old P. engelmannii shoots reached a maximum at 15–20°C during July and August. Surface shoots were light saturated at near 1200 μmoles m-2s-1 PPFD, and had higher photosynthetic rates than subsurface, predominantly shaded shoots above 800 μmoles m-2s-1. Shade shoots had higher photosynthetic rates when PPFD was below 600 μmoles m-2s-1, and at 250 μmoles m-2s-1 shade shoots maintained about 50% of the net photosynthetic rate of sun shoots at light saturation. Shade shoots appeared capable of benefitting photosynthetically from elevated temperatures within krummholz mats despite relatively low light levels. Especially rapid photosynthesis may occur when canopy needles are illuminated by sunflecks and needle temperatures rise by 10° C or more. Snow cover appears crucial for the survival of needles during winter. Snow accumulated within krummholz needle canopies before the sub-canopy zone of unfoliated branches became filled. The concentrated needle growth in the krummholz canopy captured snow in early autumn without support from ground-level snowpack. Early snow cover in both species prevented cuticle abrasion and resulted in high winter needle water contents and viabilities for subsurface compared to surface needles which became abraded, severely dehydrated, and had high mortality between December and February, especially on windward sides of shoots. Extremely high concentrations of needles within krummholz mat canopies created an aerodynamic structure which elevated needle temperatures to more optimal photosynthetic levels in summer and resulted in more efficient snow accumulation in winter. These factors appear crucial for winter needle survival. Thus, krummholz mats appear to be an important adaptation in growth form which provides survival benefits in both summer and winter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376981
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stomatal and photosynthetic responses during sun/shade transitions in subalpine plants: influence on water use efficiency (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 74 (1987), S. 62-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Cloudcover ; Photosynthesis ; Stomatal conductance ; Subalpine ; Water use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Different response patterns in net photosynthesis (A) leaf conductance (g) and water use efficiency (WUE= a/transpiration) in three subalpine plants occurred during experimental sun/shade transitions that simulated natural cloudcover. In Frasera speciosa Dougl., a large-leaved herb characteristic of open sites, g was relatively insensitive to transitions in irradiance and variations in A. However, large decreases in leaf temperature resulted in reduced transpiration during shade intervals and relatively constant WUE throughout the experimental sun/shade regime. In the understory herb, Arnica cordifolia Hook., patterns of A and g were similar during sun/shade transitions, but WUE was substantially reduced compared to steady-state levels. A third, somewhat intermediate pattern of A, g, and WUE was found in Artemisia tridentata L., an open site shrub. Higher intercellular CO2 values in A. tridentata suggested that internal, cellular limitations to A were high relative to stomatal limitations in this shrub when compared to the herbaceous species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377346
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autumn stomatal closure in six conifer species of the Central Rocky Mountains (1984)
    Springer
    Oecologia 63 (1984), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Environmental and water relations parameters during fall were monitored for six conifer tree species common to the central Rocky Mountains growing naturally at the same location (Pinus contorta, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus flexilus, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii). Subsequent to what appeared to be the beginning of seasonal stomatal closure, leaf conductance to water vapor declined sharply following the onset of freezing air temperatures at night. A coincident rapid decline in morning xylem pressure potentials (ψp) also occurred which resulted in values that were considerably below afternoon ψp. Continuing decreases in maximum leaf conductance during the day were highly correlated with corresponding decreases in minimum nocturnal air temperatures of the preceding night. By mid-December, morning ψp returned to values very near afternoon ψp and were only slightly lower than before the onset of subfreezing nights. A preliminary model is proposed which interprets the qualitative interaction between air and soil temperatures, soil and plant water potentials, and leaf conductance during seasonal stomatal closure in fall.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379883
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of cold soil and snowcover on photosynthesis and leaf conductance in two Rocky Mountain conifers (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 80 (1989), S. 546-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Soil temperature ; Photosynthesis ; Picea engelmannii ; Pinus contorta ; Roots ; Snow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of cold soil and snowcover on photosynthesis and conductance of Picea engelmannii and Pinus contorta was investigated early in the growing season in the Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming, USA. Trees of both species growing in cold soil (〈1°C) associated with snowpack had 25–40% lower leaf photosynthesis than trees in warm soils (〉10°C). In cold soils leaf conductance of both species was lower, but more so in Pinus, leading to lower intercellular CO2 concentrations and greater stomatal limitation of photosynthesis. Soil temperature had no effect on predawn and midday shoot water potentials of Pinus and Picea and lower photosynthesis and conductance did not appear to be a result of lower bulk shoot water potential. Predawn, as well as midday, water potentials of Pinus were consistently higher than Picea suggesting that Pinus may have deeper roots, although trenching experiments indicated young Picea trees have more extensive lateral root systems than similar sized Pinus trees. Young Picea trees (〈2 m in height) in snowbanks were capable of utilizing warmer soil 4 m from their base. Under similar conditions Pinus in snowbanks had lower photosynthesis and conductance than controls and Pinus did not appear capable of utilizing warmer soils nearby. Under full sunlight, PPFD reflected from the snow surface was 400–1400 μmol m-2 s-1 higher than from snow-free surfaces. This reflected light resulted in a 10%–20% increase in photosynthesis of Picea. The beneficial effect of reflected light was apparent whether or not photosynthesis was reduced by low soil temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380080
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