ISSN:
1573-2932
Schlagwort(e):
acid deposition
;
ozone
;
forests
;
nitrogen deposition
;
pollution climate
Quelle:
Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
Thema:
Energietechnik
Notizen:
Abstract The tall, aerodynamically rough surfaces of forests provide for the efficient exchange of heat and momentum between terrestrial surfaces and the atmosphere. The same properties of forests also provide for large potential rates of deposition of pollutant gases, aerosols and cloud droplets. For some reactive pollutant gases, including SO2, HNO3 and NH3, rates of deposition may be large and substantially larger than onto shorter vegetation and is the cause of the so called "filtering effect" of forest canopies. Pollutant inputs to moorland and forest have been compared using measured ambient concentrations from an unpolluted site in southern Scotland and a more polluted site in south eastern Germany. The inputs of S and N to forest at the Scottish site exceed moorland by 16% and 31% respectively with inputs of 7.3 kg S ha-1 y and 10.6 kg N ha-1 y-1. At the continental site inputs to the forest were 43% and 48% larger than over moorland for S and N deposition with totals of 53.6 kg S ha-1 y-1 and 69.5 kg N ha-1 y-1 respectively. The inputs of acidity to global forests show that in 1985 most of the areas receiving 〉 1 kg H+ ha-1 y-1 as S are in the temperate latitudes, with 8% of total global forest exceeding this threshold. By 2050, 17% of global forest will be receiving 〉 1 kg H-1 ha-1 as S and most of the increase is in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Forests throughout the world are also exposed to elevated concentrations of ozone. Taking 60 ppb O3 as a concentration likely to be phytotoxic to sensitive forest species, a global model has been used to simulate the global exposure of forests to potentially phytotoxic O3 concentrations for the years 1860, 1950, 1970, 1990 and 2100. The model shows no exposure to concentrations in excess of 60 ppb in 1860, and of the 6% of global forest exposed to concentrations 〉 60 ppb in 1950, 75% were in temperate latitudes and 25% in the tropics. By 1990 24% of global forest is exposed to O3 concentrates 〉 60 ppb, and this increases to almost 50% of global forest by 2100. While the uncertainty in the future pollution climate of global forest is considerable, the likely impact of O3 and acid deposition is even more difficult to assess because of interactions between these pollutants and substantial changes in ambient CO2 concentration, N deposition and climate over the same period, but the effects are unlikely to be beneficial overall.
Materialart:
Digitale Medien
URL:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005249231882
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