Note: Front Cover -- Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- The Study of Natural Disasters -- Volcanic Phenomena -- The Study of Modern Volcanic Hazards and Disasters -- An Overview of the Contributions -- References -- Chapter 2. Volcanoes and Their Activity -- Introduction -- What Is a Volcano? -- Products of Volcanoes -- Cones, Craters, and Caldera -- Types of Volcanic Eruptions -- Distribution and Geologic Relationships of Volcanoes -- References -- Chapter 3. Geologic Methods in Studies of Quaternary Tephra -- Introduction -- Production and Dispersal of Tephra -- Properties of Tephra -- Discrimination among Tephras -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 4. Soils Derived from Tephra -- Introduction -- Geographical Distribution -- Morphology -- Chemical and Physical Properties -- Soil Genesis and Weathering -- Soil Classification -- Soil Fertility -- Land Use -- References -- Chapter 5. On the Damage Caused by Volcanic Eruptions with Special Reference to Tephra and Gases -- The Ranges of Volcanic Damage -- Tephra Fall -- Volcanic Gases -- The Lakagígar Eruption of 1783 -- References -- Chapter 6. Volcanoes as Hazard: An Overview -- Introduction -- Three Volcanic Hazard Situations in the United States -- Risk Assessment of Volcanic Hazard -- Volcanic Hazard Identification -- Risk Estimation -- Social Evaluation -- Summary and Conclusion: Toward a More Balanced Approach to Volcanic Hazard -- References -- Chapter 7. Volcanic-Hazards Studies in the Cascade Range of the Western United States -- Introduction -- Method of Volcanic-Hazards Assessments -- Recent Eruptive Histories of Five Cascade Volcanoes -- Examples of Volcanic-Hazards Assessments -- Discussion -- References. , Chapter 8. Contemporary Responses to Volcanism: Case Studies from the Cascades and Hawaii -- Mount Baker Experience -- Hawaiian Experience -- Summary Comment -- References -- Chapter 9. Effects of the Eruption of Paricutin Volcano on Landforms, Vegetation, and Human Occupancy -- Introduction -- Summary History of the Paricutin Eruption -- Review of Literature Dealing with Parícutin -- Pre-Eruption Settlement and Economy -- Impact of Airborne and Water-Transported Ash on the Rural Economy from 1943 to 1945 -- Changes in Human Settlement Caused by Ashfall and Lava Invasion -- Changes in Drainage and Groundwater Caused by the Lava Field -- Ash Deposition and Removal up to 1965 -- Pre-Eruption Vegetation -- Vegetation Destruction and Recovery -- Recovery of Grazing following Return of Vegetation -- Recovery of Agriculture -- Posteruption Forestry Activities -- Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10. Impact of Parícutin on Five Communities -- Community Life before the Volcano -- The Time of the Eruptions -- Community Life after the Eruptions -- The Paricutin Eruption as a Hazard Event -- Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11. The Significance of Volcanism in the Prehistory of Subarctic Northwest North America -- Introduction -- History of Research -- General Characteristics and Consequences of Alaskan Volcanism -- Volcanism in the Boreal Interior: The White River Ash -- Volcanism in a Mixed Terrestrial and Marine Economic Setting: The Western Alaska Peninsula -- Volcanism in a Maritime Zone: The Eastern Aleutians -- Summary -- Suggestions for Further Work in the Subarctic -- References -- Chapter 12. People and Pumice on the Alaska Peninsula -- The Ashes and Their Recognition -- The Human Impact of the Eruptions -- Summary Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 13. Pollen Influx and the Deposition of Mazama and Glacier Peak Tephra -- Introduction -- Pollen Influx -- Methods -- Glacier Peak Ashfalls -- Mazama Ashfalls -- Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14. Mount Mazama, Climatic Change, and Fort Rock Basin Archaeofaunas -- The Fort Rock Basin -- The Connley Caves Archaeofaunas -- Paleoenvironmental Overview -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15. Sunset Crater and the Sinagua: A New Interpretation -- Introduction -- The Pre-Eruptive Cultural Pattern -- The Eruptions of Sunset Crater -- Influx of Migrant Populations -- Population Increase -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 16. Comparative Effects of Climatic Change, Cultural Impact, and Volcanism in the Paleoecology of Flagstaff, Arizona, A.D. 900-1300 -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17. Environmental and Cultural Effects of the lIopango Eruption in Central America -- Introduction -- Climate and Flora of EI Salvador -- Pre-Columbian Subsistence and Export Agriculture -- The Ilopango Eruption and the Southeast Maya Highlands -- Possible Regional Repercussions of the Ilopango Eruption -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 18. The Eruption of Thera and Minoan Crete -- Thera -- Akrotiri -- Crete -- The Chronological Problem -- The Effects in Crete and Beyond -- Lost Atlantis? -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 19. Pompeii and Mount Vesuvius, A.D. 79 -- Pompeii before A.D. 79 -- The Eruption of A.D. 79 -- After the Eruption of A.D. 79 -- Ancient Authors -- References -- Chapter 20. Volcanic Disasters and the Archaeological Record -- Human Ecology, Hazards, and Disasters -- Results of Hazard Research -- Past Volcanism and the Archaeological Record -- References -- Subject Index.