Note: Front Cover -- Naturally Occurring Chemicals against Alzheimer's Disease -- Naturally Occurring Chemicals against Alzheimer's Disease -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Editors' biographies -- 1 - Introduction -- Introduction -- References -- 2 - Alzheimer's disease: ethanobotanical studies -- Introduction -- Medicinal plants used against AD -- Gingko biloba -- Curcuma longa -- Salvia officinalis -- Tinospora cordifolia -- Melissa officinalis -- Glycyrrhiza glabra -- Centella asiatica -- Convolvulus pluricaulis -- Withania somnifera -- Bacopa monnieri -- Gaps and future challenges -- Proper documentation of traditional medicinal system -- Lack of information of scientific evidences on dose and ways of administration -- Globalization effects and species lost -- Challenges in mass cultivation -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 3 - Phytochemicals/plant extract against Alzheimer's -- 3.1 - Phytochemicals (pure compounds) -- 3.1.1 - Resveratrol -- Introduction -- Sources -- Natural sources -- Pharmacokinetics -- Chemistry -- Resveratrol in Alzheimer's disease -- Toxicology and adverse drug reactions -- Clinical trials -- References -- 3.1.2 - Curcumin -- Introduction -- Alzheimer's disease, symptoms, and pathophysiology -- Phytomedicinal properties of curcumin in relation to Alzheimer's disease -- Role of curcumin in clinical studies/trials -- Impact of curcumin on Alzheimer disease -- Treatment of Alzheimer's disease -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.3 - Omega 3 PUFA -- Introduction -- Alzheimer's disease (AD) -- Why omega 3? -- Importance of omega 3 -- Clinical trials -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.4 - Galantamine -- Introduction -- Biological and geographical distribution -- Biological sources -- In vitro production of galantamine -- Chemistry -- Pharmacology -- Galantamine in Alzheimer's disease. , Toxicology and adverse drug reactions -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.5 - Rivastigmine -- Introduction -- Rivastigmine -- Sources -- Chemistry of rivastigmine -- Methods of synthesis -- Mechanism of action -- Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics -- Drug interactions -- Different hybrids and their actions -- Available dosage forms of rivastigmine -- Intranasal route -- Injections -- Oral -- Inhalation -- Transdermal -- Tolerability -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.6 - Quercetin -- Introduction -- Quercetin and its pharmacological properties -- Preclinical studies on the anti-AD activity of que -- Clinical studies on the anti-AD activity of que -- Side effects and toxicological profile of que -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.7 - Valerenic and acetoxyvalerenic acid -- Introduction -- Occurrence -- Chemical structure -- Pharmacological potential of valerenic acid and acetoxyvalerenic acid -- Role in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Alzheimer's disease -- Dementia -- Anesthetic action -- Sedative and anxiolytic potential -- Insomnia -- Physical and psychological stress -- Antiinflammatory -- Gastrointestinal activity -- Inhibitory effects on CYP3A4-mediated metabolism -- Anticonvulsant -- Clinical studies -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.8 - Huperzine A -- Introduction -- Chemistry of huperzine A -- Conclusions -- References -- 3.1.9 - Caprylic/capric triglyceride -- Caprylic/capric triglyceride -- Synthesis and chemistry of caprylic triglyceride -- Properties of capric triglyceride -- Uses of capric triglyceride -- Alzheimer's disease and capric triglyceride-based medical food -- Mechanism of action and biochemistry -- Case studies related to caprylic triglyceride-based treatment in Alzheimer's disease -- Precautionary advice -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.10 - Berberine -- Introduction. , Berberine and its pharmacological properties -- Anti-oxidant activity of BBR -- Anti-apoptotic activity of BBR -- Anti-inflammatory activity of BBR -- Anti‐cholinesterase activity of BBR -- Anti-amyloidogenic activity of BBR -- Side effects and toxicological profile of BBR -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.11 - Hypericin and pseudohypericin -- Introduction -- Description of Hypericum perforatum L. -- Bioactive constituents -- Hypericin and pseudohypericin -- Pharmacological activities of HP -- Effect on AChE inhibitor -- Effects on β-amyloid peptides -- Antiinflammatory -- Antioxidant activity -- Safety -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.1.12 - Protopine -- Introduction -- Synthesis of protopine -- Crystal structure of protopine hydrochloride (salt of protopine) -- Biological activities of protopine -- Acetylcholinesterase inhibition/anti-Alzheimer's activity -- Other pharmacological activity -- Hepatoprotective activity -- Antioxidant and anticancer activity -- Concluding remarks -- References -- 3.1.13 - Spinosin -- Introduction -- Causes and mechanism of Alzheimer's disease -- Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease -- Current therapies for Alzheimer's disease -- Spinosin -- Potential of spinosin against Alzheimer's disease -- Future directions and conclusion -- References -- 3.1.14 - Nobiletin -- Introduction -- Chemistry and sources of nobiletin -- Metabolism and distribution in the human body -- Pharmacological effects of nobiletin in the prevention and treatment of AD -- Antineuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities -- Neuroprotective effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress -- Cholinesterase inhibitory activities -- Effects in cognitive impairment -- Effects on amyloid-β protein (Aβ) -- Studies in humans -- Conclusions -- References -- 3.2 - Plants and their extracts -- 3.2.1 - Ginkgo biloba -- Introduction -- Ginkgo biloba. , Alzheimer's disease -- Major constituents of Ginkgo biloba and their modes of action -- Antioxidant activity -- Protective effects on mitochondrial function -- Antiapoptotic effect -- Antiinflammatory effect -- Preventive effects on amyloidogenesis and Aβ aggregation -- Some other mechanisms -- Possible mechanism of actions -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.2 - Panax ginseng c.a. Meyer -- Introduction -- Taxonomy and distribution -- Bioactive constituents -- Mechanism of action -- Pharmacological studies -- Dosage -- Side effects -- Conclusion and recommendations -- References -- 3.2.3 - Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) -- Introduction -- Taxonomy -- Cultivation -- Phytochemical profile -- Traditional uses and pharmacology -- Treatment -- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) -- N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists -- Alternative treatment by Melissa officinalis -- Mechanism of action -- Effect of M. officinalis on AchE -- Effects of M. officinalis on β-amyloid (Aβ) -- Antioxidant activity of M. officinalis -- Anti-inflammatory activity -- Safety -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.4 - Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) -- Introduction -- Taxonomical classification of B. monnieri -- Mechanism of action of B. monnieri in Alzheimer's disease (AD) -- Experiments on B. monnieri related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) using in vitro and in vivo methods -- Clinical studies on B. monnieri with respect to Alzheimer's disease (AD) -- Adverse effects associated with B. monnieri -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.5 - Centella asiatica -- Introduction -- Distribution -- Chemical constituents -- Pharmacological activity -- Alzheimer's disease -- In vitro and in vivo studies -- Clinical studies -- Toxicity and interactions -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.6 - Rosmarinus officinalis L. -- Introduction, botanical description, and distribution. , Bioactive compounds -- Rosemary-drug interactions -- Impact of rosemary on diseases of central nervous system -- Side effects -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.7 - Valeriana officinalis (valerian) -- Valeriana officinalis -- Natural chemicals in V. officinalis -- Medicinal uses of V. officinalis -- Mechanism of action of key constituent of V. officinalis plant -- V. officinalis and Alzheimer disease -- Clinical studies -- Safety issues -- Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 3.2.8 - Matricaria recutita -- Introduction -- M. recutita L -- Preclinical studies -- Clinical studies -- Side effects of M. recutita L. -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.9 - Galanthus nivalis L. (snowdrop) -- Background -- Distribution and habitat associated with Galanthus nivalis -- Botany of Galanthus nivalis -- Phytochemistry and structure-activity relationship -- Importance of snowdrops in neurodegenerative disorders -- Galanthus nivalis against AD -- Galanthus nivalis actions against other neurodegenerative diseases -- Clinical studies on Galanthus nivalis with respect to Alzheimer's disease -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.10 - Guggulu [Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari.] -- Introduction -- Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) -- Antioxidants and Alzheimer's disease -- Guggulu (Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari) -- Chemistry -- Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity (preclinical and clinical studies) -- Preclinical studies -- Clinical studies -- Mechanism of action -- Safety issues -- Drug interactions -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.11 - Lepidium meyenii -- Introduction -- Chemical composition of maca -- Mechanism of action and pharmacological actions of Lepidium meyenii -- Clinical studies of Lepidium meyenii -- Toxicity profile of Lepidium meyenii -- Conclusion -- References -- 3.2.12 - Acorus calamus -- Introduction. , Phytochemical investigation of Acorus calamus L.

Note: Front cover -- Half title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Himalayan region and wild edible diversity -- 1.1 General introduction -- 1.2 Subdivision of Himalaya -- 1.3 Climate -- 1.4 Biodiversity -- 1.4.1 Floral diversity -- 1.4.2 Faunal diversity -- 1.5 Biodiversity hotspots -- 1.6 Wild edible fruits and Berries -- 1.7 Research gaps -- 1.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and the market value -- 2.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods -- 2.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition -- 2.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes -- 2.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes -- 2.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities -- 2.7.1 Antiulcer activity -- 2.7.2 Antioxidant activity -- 2.7.3 Antimalarial activity -- 2.7.4 Anti-diabetic activity -- 2.7.5 Anti-inflammatory activity -- 2.7.6 Antifungal activity -- 2.7.7 Antibacterial activity -- 2.7.8 Antiviral activity -- 2.7.9 Anticancer activity -- 2.7.10 Radio protective activity -- 2.7.11 Antihyperlipidemic activity -- 2.7.12 Antithyroid activity -- 2.8 Clinical studies -- 2.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies -- 2.10 Toxicological studies -- 2.11 From field to industry: case studies -- 2.11.1 Bael mash -- 2.11.2 Bael nectar -- 2.11.3 Bael piece -- 2.11.4 Whey protein-enhanced bael refreshment -- 2.11.5 Bael toffee -- 2.11.6 Dried out bael -- 2.11.7 Bael wine -- 2.11.8 Bael jam -- 2.11.9 Bael candy -- 2.11.10 Bael panjiri -- 2.11.11 Bio-diesel -- 2.12 Challenges and future recommendations -- References -- Chapter 3 Artocarpus lacucha Buch. -Ham -- 3.1 Introduction. , 3.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value -- 3.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods (including vegetative, seed, and in vitro propagation methods) -- 3.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition -- 3.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes -- 3.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes -- 3.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities -- 3.7.1 Carbohydrate recognition property -- 3.7.2 Antiproliferative effect -- 3.8 Clinical studies -- 3.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies -- 3.10 Toxicological studies -- 3.11 From field to industry: case studies -- 3.12 Challenges and future recommendations -- References -- Chapter 4 Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value -- 4.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods -- 4.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition -- 4.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes -- 4.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes -- 4.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities -- 4.7.1 Antioxidant activity -- 4.7.2 Cytotoxicity activity -- 4.7.3 Analgesic activity -- 4.7.4 Anti-inflammatory activity -- 4.7.5 Antidiarrheal activity -- 4.7.6 CNS depressant activity -- 4.7.7 Antidiabetic activity -- 4.7.8 Hypolipidemic activity -- 4.7.9 Antifungal activity -- 4.8 Clinical studies -- 4.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies -- 4.10 Toxicological studies -- 4.11 From field to industry: case studies -- 4.12 Challenges and future recommendations -- References -- Chapter 5 Bischofia javanica Blume. , 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses -- 5.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods -- 5.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition -- 5.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes -- 5.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes -- 5.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities -- 5.8 Clinical studies -- 5.9 Available formulations, administration methods and pharmacokinetic studies -- 5.10 Toxicological studies -- 5.11 From field to industry: case studies -- 5.12 Challenges and future recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Carissa carandas L. -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Traditional/ ethnomedicinal/ local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value -- 6.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods -- 6.3.1 Soil -- 6.3.2 Climate -- 6.4 Propagation -- 6.4.1 Seed -- 6.4.2 Asexual propagation -- 6.4.3 Planting -- 6.4.4 Harvesting -- 6.4.5 Yield -- 6.4.6 Storage and postharvest technology -- 6.5 Bioactive/neutraceutical and nutritional composition -- 6.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes -- 6.6.1 Nutritional/pharmacological activities -- 6.7 Toxicological studies -- 6.8 Challenges and future recommendations -- References -- Chapter 7 Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L.Burtt & -- A.W.Hill -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspects, and market value -- 7.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods -- 7.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition -- 7.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes -- 7.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes -- 7.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities. , 7.7.1 Antioxidant activity -- 7.7.2 Anti-inflammatory activity -- 7.7.3 Antitumor activity -- 7.7.4 Antiangiogenic activity -- 7.7.5 Cardioprotective activity -- 7.7.6 Antiarrhythmic activity -- 7.7.7 Antibacterial activity -- 7.8 Clinical studies -- 7.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies -- 7.10 Toxicological studies -- 7.11 From field to industry: case studies -- 7.12 Challenges and future recommendations -- References -- Chapter 8 Citrus medica L. -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value -- 8.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods -- 8.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition -- 8.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes -- 8.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes -- 8.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities -- 8.7.1 Antioxidant activity -- 8.7.2 Antimicrobial activity -- 8.7.3 Anti-inflammatory activity -- 8.7.4 Anticancer activity -- 8.7.5 Antimutagenicity -- 8.7.6 Antihelmintic activity -- 8.7.7 Hypoglycemic activity -- 8.7.8 Antiproliferative activity -- 8.7.9 Estrogenic activity -- 8.7.10 Antiulcer activity -- 8.8 Clinical studies -- 8.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies -- 8.10 Toxicological studies -- 8.11 Challenges and future recommendations -- References -- Chapter 9 Crataegus rhipidophylla Gand. -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local Uses -- 9.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods -- 9.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition -- 9.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes -- 9.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes. , 9.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities -- 9.7.1 Cardioprotective activity -- 9.7.2 Antioxidant activity -- 9.7.3 Antimicrobial activity -- 9.7.4 Anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective activities -- 9.7.5 Hypolipidemic activity -- 9.7.6 Neurological and anticholinesterase activity -- 9.8 Clinical studies -- 9.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies -- 9.10 Toxicological studies -- 9.11 From field to industry: case studies -- 9.12 Challenges and future recommendations -- References -- Chapter 10 Cydonia oblonga Mill -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses -- 10.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods -- 10.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition -- 10.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes -- 10.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes -- 10.7 Nutritional and pharmacological activities -- 10.7.1 Antioxidant activity -- 10.7.2 Antimicrobial activities -- 10.7.3 Antiallergic activity -- 10.7.4 Anti-inflammatory activity -- 10.7.5 Cardiovascular activity -- 10.7.6 Antidiabetic activity -- 10.7.7 Hypolipidemic activity -- 10.7.8 Wound healing activity -- 10.7.9 Antidiarrheal activity -- 10.8 Clinical studies -- 10.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies -- 10.10 Toxicological studies -- 10.11 From field to industry: case studies -- 10.12 Challenges and future recommendations -- References -- Chapter 11 Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn. -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Origin and geographical distribution -- 11.3 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socioeconomic aspect, and the market value -- 11.4 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods -- 11.4.1 Propagation -- 11.4.2 Vegetative propagation. , 11.4.3 Germplasm preservation and tissue culture method.