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  • 1
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    Sickness absence with musculoskeletal or mental diagnoses, transition into disability pension and all-cause mortality: A 9-year prospective cohort study
    SAGE Publications ; 2009
    In:  Scandinavian Journal of Public Health Vol. 37, No. 4 ( 2009-06), p. 387-394
    Details
    In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, SAGE Publications, Vol. 37, No. 4 ( 2009-06), p. 387-394
    Abstract: Aims: Increased early mortality indicates poor health. This study assessed mortality among men and women after long-term sickness absence (LTSA) with musculoskeletal or mental diagnoses. A special focus was on possible differences in mortality among women and men who obtained disability pension (DP) as compared to those who did not. Methods: This was a 9-year prospective cohort study in Hordaland County, Norway, including 1417 women and 1075 men aged 16—62 years with a spell of LTSA 48 weeks, and with a musculoskeletal or mental diagnosis. The endpoint was death from all causes. Age-standardised mortality rates for those who obtained DP and those who did not were calculated and compared. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to assess DP status and other possible predictors of premature death. All analyses were stratified for gender. Results: Overall, 36% obtained a DP and 3.2% died. Among the men, 7.2% with mental diagnoses and 4.4% with musculoskeletal sick-leave diagnoses died. Among the women, 1.9% died in both groups. Among the men, 5.6% of the DP recipients died, as compared to 4.6% among those without DP. The respective figures for the women were 2.9% and 1.3%. Male gender, increasing age and low income among men increased the mortality risk significantly. After adjustments for these variables, the hazard ratios associated with DP were 2.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2—7.0) for women and 2.3 (95% CI 1.2—4.5) for men. Conclusions: When monitoring those on LTSA, one should be aware of the high mortality among those who obtain DP and male workers with low income, and preventive actions should be considered.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1403-4948 , 1651-1905
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/1403494809103994
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 2
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    Does the southern European cardiovascular mortality advantage extend to total mortality? 50-year trends in death risks between 40 and 70 years of age in Western European men and women
    SAGE Publications ; 2010
    In:  Scandinavian Journal of Public Health Vol. 38, No. 5_suppl ( 2010-11), p. 127-134
    Details
    In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, SAGE Publications, Vol. 38, No. 5_suppl ( 2010-11), p. 127-134
    Abstract: Aims: To study 50-year mortality trends in men and women of northern and southern Western Europe. Methods: The World Health Organization mortality data base and multiple decrement life table methods was used to compute all-cause and cause-specific risks of middle-age death (40—69 years of age) for northern (Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and UK) and southern (France, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland) Western European countries. Results: From 1952 to 2001, the risk of a cardiovascular death in middle age was higher in the north compared to the south. The north/ south cardiovascular mortality ratios (MR) peaked in 1990—1993 and were 1.57 among women and 1.47 among men in 2001. In 1952, the all-cause risks of middle-age death were similar in the north and south for both women and men (39% and 27%, respectively). In 2001, middle-age death risks were similar for men in the north and the south (24% and 23%, MR = 1.05), but higher among women in the north compared to the south (14% and 11%, MR = 1.28). Cause-specific death risks demonstrated that the cardiovascular advantage for southern European men was countered by a disadvantage in cancer death risk (2001 north/south cancer MR = 0.85). For northern European women in 2001, there was a disadvantage also in the other major cause-of-death groups: cancer (MR = 1.22) and other diseases (MR = 1.28). Conclusions: The southern European cardiovascular middle-age mortality advantage extended to total mortality much more for women than for men. We suggest that forces behind this gender difference in this north/south mortality gradient include life style factors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1403-4948 , 1651-1905
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/1403494810379893
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 3
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    The Norwegian Patient Registry and the Norwegian Registry for Primary Health Care: Research potential of two nationwide health-care registries
    SAGE Publications ; 2020
    In:  Scandinavian Journal of Public Health Vol. 48, No. 1 ( 2020-02), p. 49-55
    Details
    In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, SAGE Publications, Vol. 48, No. 1 ( 2020-02), p. 49-55
    Abstract: In Norway, the Directorate of Health is responsible for two nationwide registries – the Norwegian Patient Registry (NPR) and the Norwegian Registry for Primary Health Care (NRPHC) – which together cover all governmental-funded health care. The NPR (specialist health care) was established in 2008, while the NRPHC (primary health care) was established in 2017. Data from the NPR are extensively used in a large variety of studies. We expect that data from the NRPHC will increase in importance when the registry covers a longer time period. The NRPHC will be especially important for studying conditions mainly treated in primary care and for investigation of patient trajectories. The main aim of this paper is to give an overview of the history and content of the NPR and its research possibilities. In addition, we introduce the NRPHC as a possible future research tool and the potential for studying patient trajectories when combining data from the two registries.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1403-4948 , 1651-1905
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/1403494819859737
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 4
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    Risk and causes of death between 40 and 70 years of age in the Nordic countries 1951–2010
    SAGE Publications ; 2013
    In:  Scandinavian Journal of Public Health Vol. 41, No. 6 ( 2013-08), p. 644-651
    Details
    In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, SAGE Publications, Vol. 41, No. 6 ( 2013-08), p. 644-651
    Abstract: Aims: Use time trends in cause-specific middle-age death risk to study differences in mortality patterns among the Nordic countries. Methods: Middle-age (40–69 years) death risk and its decomposition into cause-specific death risks were computed. Results: In 1952, middle-age death risk was highest in Finland and lowest in Norway. For men, the death risk at the age of 40–69 years stagnated or increased during the first 20–30 years after 1950. From 1970–1980 until present time, there has been a strong decrease in male middle-age death risk. For women, there was a strong decreasing trend during the whole study period with the exception of Denmark. For 20 years from the late 1970s, the death risk at 40–69 years increased for Danish women followed by a sharp decrease from the mid-1990s. The main driver of the initial upward trend in men and downward trends in both men and women were changing death risks from circulatory disease. The upward trend in Danish women was driven by increased death risk from non-circulatory diseases that also gave an untoward trend in Danish men. Middle-age death risks converged after 1990 for Danish and Finnish men at a higher level than in the three other countries. In 2010, middle-age death risk in Finnish women, who had the highest level in 1952, converged with Norway, Sweden and Iceland at a risk much below Danish women. Conclusions: Trends in risk and causes of middle-age death from 1951–2010 showed important variation among the five Nordic countries and between men and women.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1403-4948 , 1651-1905
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/1403494813491032
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 5
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    Changes in knowledge and attitudes of folate, and use of dietary supplements among women of reproductive age in Norway 1998 - 2000
    SAGE Publications ; 2004
    In:  Scandinavian Journal of Public Health Vol. 32, No. 4 ( 2004-08), p. 264-271
    Details
    In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, SAGE Publications, Vol. 32, No. 4 ( 2004-08), p. 264-271
    Abstract: Aims: From March 1998, Norwegian nutrition authorities have recommended that women consume a folic acid supplement before and early in pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects. The authors wished to establish Norwegian data on knowledge of, use of, and attitudes to folic acid supplement and dietary supplements before and after implementing national information campaigns on folate and pregnancy. Methods: Telephone surveys were carried out in late 1998 and in late 2000 among, respectively, 1,146 and 1,218 Norwegian women of reproductive age. Results: Overall, 50% of the women in 1998 and 60% of the women in 2000 had heard about folate, 33% and 46% knew about its role in pregnancy, and 9.5% and 21% knew that it may prevent a congenital malformation. Only 4.0% and 8.5% of the women, respectively, knew that the critical period for folic acid supplement to reduce the risk of neural tube defect is before and early in pregnancy. Knowledge and increase in knowledge between the two surveys were highest among women close to pregnancy (woman planning pregnancy, pregnant women, or women who had given birth within the last 12 months), and among women with high education. Among the 54 women in 1998 and the 55 women in 2000 whose last birth was within the previous year, use of a folic acid supplement before or early in the last pregnancy was reported by 10% (95% confidence interval (CI) 5 - 21%) and by 47% (95% CI 35 - 60%), respectively. Among women close to pregnancy, 76% in 1998 and 87% in 2000 stated that they would use a folic acid supplement in a future pregnancy. Conclusions: Knowledge and use of folate among Norwegian women increased from 1998 to 2000. Future information strategies on folate and pregnancy should in particular aim at increasing women's knowledge on the critical period for folic acid supplementation, as well as reducing socio-demographic differences in use and knowledge of folate.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1403-4948 , 1651-1905
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1080/14034940310019515
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2004
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  • 6
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    Heart failure describing the underlying cause of death: a misconception, lack of information on the true underlying causes, or both?
    SAGE Publications ; 2022
    In:  Scandinavian Journal of Public Health
    Details
    In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, SAGE Publications
    Abstract: The underlying cause of death represents the most important information on death certificates. Often, conditions that cannot represent a true underlying cause of death are listed as such. This phenomenon affects the quality of vital statistics and results of studies using cause-specific mortality as endpoints. We aimed at exploring the magnitude and factors associated with the use of heart failure to describe the underlying cause of death. Methods: In this cross-sectional, register based study we linked data from the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry and the Norwegian Patient Registry. We used logistic regression models to analyse the association between external factors and heart failure listed as the underlying cause of death. Results: Heart failure was listed as the underlying cause of death in 3.6% of all deaths. The odds of heart failure increased: (a) by 35% for 5-year increment in age; (b) by 78% for deaths occurring at nursing homes (compared with in-hospital deaths); and (c) by 602% for deaths not followed by an autopsy (compared with those followed by an autopsy). Deceased with a previous hospitalisation with heart failure as the discharge diagnosis had 514% higher odds of having heart failure listed as their underlying cause of death. Of the deceased with heart failure listed as the underlying cause of death, 9.4% did not have any, and 69.2% had only irrelevant additional information for assessing the true underlying cause of death in their death certificates. Conclusions: Heart failure listed as the underlying cause of death was associated with age, place of death, autopsy and previous hospitalisations – all factors that should not influence coding procedures. Better completion of death certificates in accordance with the World Health Organization rules will help reduce the use of heart failure to describe the underlying cause of death.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1403-4948 , 1651-1905
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/14034948221137123
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 7
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    Production losses from morbidity and mortality by disease, age and sex in Norway
    SAGE Publications ; 2023
    In:  Scandinavian Journal of Public Health
    Details
    In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, SAGE Publications
    Abstract: The inclusion of production losses in health care priority setting is extensively debated. However, few studies allow for a comparison of these losses across relevant clinical and demographic categories. Our objective was to provide comprehensive estimates of Norwegian production losses from morbidity and mortality by age, sex and disease category. Methods: National registries, tax records, labour force surveys, household and population statistics and data from the Global Burden of Disease were combined to estimate production losses for 12 disease categories, 38 age and sex groups and four causes of production loss. The production losses were estimated via lost wages in accordance with a human capital approach for 2019. Results: The main causes of production losses in 2019 were mental and substance use disorders, totalling NOK121.6bn (32.7% of total production losses). This was followed by musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, injuries, and neoplasms, which accounted for 25.2%, 7.4%, 7.4% and 6.5% of total production losses, respectively. Production losses due to sick leave, disability insurance and work assessment allowance were higher for females than for males, whereas production losses due to premature mortality were higher for males. The latter was related to neoplasms, cardiovascular disease and injuries. Across age categories, non-fatal conditions with a high prevalence among working populations caused the largest production losses. Conclusions: The inclusion of production losses in health care priority debates in Norway could result in an emphasis on chronic diseases that occur among younger populations at the expense of fatal diseases among older age groups.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1403-4948 , 1651-1905
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/14034948231188237
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 8
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    Maternal use of folic acid supplements and infant risk of neural tube defects in Norway 1999–2013
    SAGE Publications ; 2016
    In:  Scandinavian Journal of Public Health Vol. 44, No. 6 ( 2016-08), p. 619-626
    Details
    In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, SAGE Publications, Vol. 44, No. 6 ( 2016-08), p. 619-626
    Abstract: Aims: Like most European countries, Norway has refrained from mandatory food fortification with folic acid to reduce the number of neural tube defects. We explored the role of folic acid and multivitamin supplements in the prevention of neural tube defects among newborn infants. Methods: We used data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, 1999–2013. A total of 528,220 women had 880,568 pregnancies resulting in 896,674 live- and stillborn infants, of whom 270 had neural tube defects. Relative risks were estimated with log-binomial regression. Results: From 1999 to 2013, intake of folic acid supplements increased from 4.8% to 27.4%. Vitamin supplement use was more frequent in older, married or cohabiting women and those with lower parity, as well as women who did not smoke during pregnancy. The overall adjusted relative risk of infant neural tube defects associated with maternal vitamin intake before pregnancy relative to no intake was 0.76 (95% confidence interval: 0.53–1.10). When we divided our study period in two (1999–2005 and 2006–2013), we found a significantly reduced risk of neural tube defects overall by vitamin use in the second time period, but not in the first: adjusted relative risk 0.54 (95% confidence interval: 0.31–0.91) and 1.02 (95% confidence interval: 0.63–1.65), respectively. Conclusions:Over the full study period, we found no statistically significant association between vitamin use and neural tube defects overall. However, vitamin use was associated with a significantly lower risk of neural tube defects in the second half of the study period, 2006–2013.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1403-4948 , 1651-1905
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/1403494816649494
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 9
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    Population density and perinatal mortality in Norway and Sweden 1975-1988
    SAGE Publications ; 1999
    In:  Scandinavian Journal of Public Health Vol. 27, No. 3 ( 1999-07), p. 213-219
    Details
    In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, SAGE Publications, Vol. 27, No. 3 ( 1999-07), p. 213-219
    Abstract: Data from the medical birth registries in Norway and Sweden were used to study geographical variations in perinatal mortality in the two countries. The study population comprised 1.4 million single births during 1975-79 and 1985-88. Perinatal death (n=9,834) for infants with a birthweight of 1,000 g or more was the main measure of outcome. In both periods and in both countries, perinatal mortality was inversely associated with population density and annual number of births, with relative risks amounting to 1.4 in Norway and 1.2 in Sweden. Among live births, these gradients were observed in deaths from asphyxia or immaturity in the first time period, and in deaths from congenital malformations in the second time period. As care for premature infants and infants with respiratory problems improves, geographical variations in perinatal mortality may to a larger extent depend on differences in medical care of infants affected by congenital malformations as well as differences in efforts to reduce the prevalence at birth of serious congenital malformations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1403-4948 , 1651-1905
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/14034948990270031401
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1999
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