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  • 1
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    A mathematical model of cinematic box-office dynamics with geographic effects (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-13
    Description: A new deterministic mathematical model for North American box-office film grosses is presented. The model may be simplified to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations describing the evolution over time of the film's gross and exhibited sites. The novel feature of this work is the inclusion of geography-based effects to model moviegoer and exhibitor behaviour. Several key regimes are identified, depending on the popularity of the film, as well as how the screens are divided among geographical regions. Analytical results are presented for several relevant cases. Numerical simulations demonstrate close agreement between the model's predictions and actual box-office data.
    Print ISSN: 1471-678X
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-6798
    Topics: Mathematics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Multislice simulation of transmission electron microscopy imaging of helium bubbles in Fe (2012)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2012-12-13
    Description: Formation of nanoscale helium (He) bubbles in reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels may lead to degradation of mechanical properties of materials. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has commonly been used to image the Fresnel contrast of He bubbles, using an underfocus of 0.5–1 µm. This paper presents our study of multislice simulation of the size correlation between imaged Fresnel rings and the actual He bubbles. It was found that for bubbles equal to or 〉3 nm in diameter, the imaged bubble size, represented by its inner diameter of the first dark Fresnel ring ( D in ) in underfocused imaging conditions, increases with increasing electron-beam incoherency, but decreases with increasing underfocus. The electron-beam accelerating voltage, bubble size, bubble position and TEM sample thickness were found to have no significant influence on the deviation of D in from the actual bubble size ( D 0 ). However, for bubbles equal to or 〈2 nm, D in / D 0 increases dramatically with increasing underfocus when it is above a threshold limit (e.g. f  = –1 µm for a 2-nm bubble). The results of this study also suggested that He bubbles can be differentiated from argon (Ar) bubbles by contrast differences.
    Print ISSN: 0022-0744
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-9986
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japanese Electron Microscopy Society.
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  • 3
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    Strand exchange of telomeric DNA catalyzed by the Werner syndrome protein (WRN) is specifically stimulated by TRF2 (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-07-04
    Description: Werner syndrome (WS), caused by loss of function of the RecQ helicase WRN, is a hereditary disease characterized by premature aging and elevated cancer incidence. WRN has DNA binding, exonuclease, ATPase, helicase and strand annealing activities, suggesting possible roles in recombination-related processes. Evidence indicates that WRN deficiency causes telomeric abnormalities that likely underlie early onset of aging phenotypes in WS. Furthermore, TRF2, a protein essential for telomere protection, interacts with WRN and influences its basic helicase and exonuclease activities. However, these studies provided little insight into WRN's specific function at telomeres. Here, we explored the possibility that WRN and TRF2 cooperate during telomeric recombination processes. Our results indicate that TRF2, through its interactions with both WRN and telomeric DNA, stimulates WRN-mediated strand exchange specifically between telomeric substrates; TRF2's basic domain is particularly important for this stimulation. Although TRF1 binds telomeric DNA with similar affinity, it has minimal effects on WRN-mediated strand exchange of telomeric DNA. Moreover, TRF2 is displaced from telomeric DNA by WRN, independent of its ATPase and helicase activities. Together, these results suggest that TRF2 and WRN act coordinately during telomeric recombination processes, consistent with certain telomeric abnormalities associated with alteration of WRN function.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Risk of Miscarriage Among Black Women and White Women in a US Prospective Cohort Study (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-28
    Description: Many adverse pregnancy outcomes differ by race. We examined the association between self-reported race and miscarriage (pregnancy loss at 〈20 weeks) in a community-based pregnancy cohort. Women from the southeastern United States (North Carolina, Texas, and Tennessee) were enrolled in "Right from the Start" from 2000 to 2009. They were recruited while trying to conceive or during early pregnancy. Participants completed study ultrasound examinations, interviews, and consent forms for review of medical records . We used proportional hazard models to examine miscarriage risk among black women compared with white women, adjusted for confounders. There were 537 observed miscarriages among 4,070 women, 23% of whom self-identified as black ( n = 932). The life table–adjusted cumulative risk of loss after gestational week 5 was 21.3%. With adjustment for age and alcohol use, blacks had increased risk of miscarriage compared with whites (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.57, 95% confidence interval: 1.27, 1.93). When risk of loss before gestational week 10 was dichotomized at the median gestational age, there was little difference, but black women had a greater risk thereafter compared with white women (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.93, 95% confidence interval: 1.48, 2.51). Early pregnancy ultrasound examinations did not differ by race. In summary, self-reported race is independently associated with risk of miscarriage, and the higher risk for black women is concentrated in gestational weeks 10–20.
    Print ISSN: 0002-9262
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-6256
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Association of Age at Menarche With Increasing Number of Fibroids in a Cohort of Women Who Underwent Standardized Ultrasound Assessment (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-31
    Description: Age at menarche has been associated with several reproductive conditions, and frequencies differ by race. Racial disparities also impact fibroid risk. We comprehensively examined the relationship between age at menarche, fibroid characteristics, and race. Women were enrolled in Right From the Start (2001–2010), a multistate study that systematically screened for fibroids during very early pregnancy. Endovaginal ultrasounds were conducted, and fibroid presence, number, type, volume, and diameter were recorded according to standardized definitions. Generalized estimating equations adjusted for correlations within study site were used to estimate associations between age at menarche and fibroid status and to test for interactions with race. Of 5,023 participants, 11% had a fibroid. Seven percent underwent menarche before 11 years of age and 11% at 15 years or later. We did not observe interactions between age at menarche and race. A 1-year increase in age at menarche was inversely associated with fibroids (adjusted risk ratio = 0.87, 95% confidence interval: 0.82, 0.91). Early age at menarche had a similar positive association in individual analyses with fibroid size, type, and location but was stronger for multiple fibroids (adjusted risk ratio = 0.75, 95% confidence interval: 0.68, 0.83). Our findings confirm other reports of an association between age at menarche and fibroid development (regardless of characteristics), demonstrate no effect modification by race, and suggest a stronger association for women with multiple fibroids, possibly reflecting a stronger association for early-onset disease.
    Print ISSN: 0002-9262
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-6256
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    HS2: The First Spike: R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport; R (Heathrow Hub Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport; and R (Hillingdon LBC & Others) v Secretary of State for Transport [2014] UKSC 3 (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-28
    Description: The decision of the UK Supreme Court in the HS2 appeal considers some of the leading decisions of the Court of Justice of the EU on both the SEA and EIA Directives. In a number of important respects, the Supreme Court finds that the CJEU’s decisions are unsatisfactory, at least from the point of view of a domestic supreme court which is called on to apply those decisions within the domestic constitutional order. Although the challengers to the HS2 scheme lost the appeal on both the SEA and EIA grounds, the Supreme Court has used the case to make some far-reaching observations on the relationship between EU law and UK constitutional law. These observations make the HS2 decision a landmark in modern British constitutional law.
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Extensive Capsule Locus Variation and Large-Scale Genomic Recombination within the Klebsiella pneumoniae Clonal Group 258 (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-18
    Description: Klebsiella pneumoniae clonal group (CG) 258, comprising sequence types (STs) 258, 11, and closely related variants, is associated with dissemination of the K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC). Hospital outbreaks of KPC CG258 infections have been observed globally and are very difficult to treat. As a consequence, there is renewed interest in alternative infection control measures such as vaccines and phage or depolymerase treatments targeting the K. pneumoniae polysaccharide capsule. To date, 78 immunologically distinct capsule variants have been described in K. pneumoniae. Previous investigations of ST258 and a small number of closely related strains suggested that capsular variation was limited within this clone; only two distinct ST258 capsule polysaccharide synthesis ( cps ) loci have been identified, both acquired through large-scale recombination events (〉50 kb). In contrast to previous studies, we report a comparative genomic analysis of the broader K. pneumoniae CG258 ( n = 39). We identified 11 different cps loci within CG258, indicating that capsular switching is actually common within the complex. We observed several insertion sequences (IS) within the cps loci, and show further intraclone diversification of two cps loci through IS activity. Our data also indicate that several large-scale recombination events have shaped the genomes of CG258, and that definition of the complex should be broadened to include ST395 (also reported to harbor KPC). As only the second report of extensive intraclonal cps variation among Gram-negative bacterial species, our findings alter our understanding of the evolution of these organisms and have key implications for the design of control measures targeting K. pneumoniae capsules.
    Electronic ISSN: 1759-6653
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Sharp Fickian fronts in conjugated polymer films (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-21
    Description: Many electrochemical devices are formulated on conjugated polymer films. A model is presented for electrogenerated chemiluminescence in such systems. The resulting diffusion equation for ion transport has a standard Fickian form, but with a highly nonlinear diffusion coefficient. The asymptotic analysis of the equation involves both intermediate layers and logarithmic matching. The asymptotic results show a sharp Fickian front, and compare favourably with numerical simulations and experimental results. Additional results are also presented for the solution beyond saturation, as well as in the more realistic case of polar coordinates.
    Print ISSN: 0272-4960
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3634
    Topics: Mathematics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    Dymeclin deficiency causes postnatal microcephaly, hypomyelination and reticulum-to-Golgi trafficking defects in mice and humans (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-23
    Description: Dymeclin is a Golgi-associated protein whose deficiency causes Dyggve–Melchior–Clausen syndrome (DMC, MIM #223800), a rare recessively inherited spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia consistently associated with postnatal microcephaly and intellectual disability. While the skeletal phenotype of DMC patients has been extensively described, very little is known about their cerebral anomalies, which result in brain growth defects and cognitive dysfunction. We used Dymeclin -deficient mice to determine the cause of microcephaly and to identify defective mechanisms at the cellular level. Brain weight and volume were reduced in all mutant mice from postnatal day 5 onward. Mutant mice displayed a narrowing of the frontal cortex, although cortical layers were normally organized. Interestingly, the corpus callosum was markedly thinner, a characteristic we also identified in DMC patients. Consistent with this, the myelin sheath was thinner, less compact and not properly rolled, while the number of mature oligodendrocytes and their ability to produce myelin basic protein were significantly decreased. Finally, cortical neurons from mutant mice and primary fibroblasts from DMC patients displayed substantially delayed endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi trafficking, which could be fully rescued upon Dymeclin re-expression. These findings indicate that Dymeclin is crucial for proper myelination and anterograde neuronal trafficking, two processes that are highly active during postnatal brain maturation.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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