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  • 1
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    The global, complex phenomena of harmful algal blooms (2009)
    Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Oceanography Society, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 18, 2 (2005): 136-147.
    Description: Marine and fresh waters team with life, much of it microscopic, and most of it harmless; in fact, it is this microscopic life on which all aquatic life ultimately depends for food. Microscopic algae also play an important role in regulating atmospheric CO2 by sequestering it during production and transporting it to deeper waters. Yet some of the microscopic “algae” cause problems when they accumulate in sufficient numbers, due either to their production of endogenous toxins, or to their sheer biomass or even their physical shape. These are known as the harmful algae, or, when in sufficient numbers, harmful algal blooms (HABs). These blooms were formerly called “red tides” because many were composed of dinoflagellates containing red pigments that in high densities colored the water red, but blooms may also be green, yellow, or brown, depending on the type of algae present and their pigmentation. As with all blooms, their proliferation results from a combination of physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms and their interactions with other components of the food web that are for the most part poorly understood. Most HABs are dinoflagellates or cyanobacteria, but other classes of algae, including diatoms, have members that may form HABs under some conditions. As stated by J. Ryther and co-workers many years ago, “...there is no necessity to postulate obscure factors which would account for a prodigious growth of dinoflagellates to explain red water. It is necessary only to have conditions favoring the growth and dominance of a moderately large population of a given species, and the proper hydrographic and meteorological conditions to permit the accumulation of organisms at the surface and to effect their future concentrations in localized areas” (Ryther, 1955).
    Description: Funding for these activities has been provided by NSF, NOAA, and the European Commission DG Research-Environment Directorate. GEOHAB is an initiative of SCOR (Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research) and IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO). P. Glibert and D. Anderson were funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), ECOHAB, MERHAB and NSF.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    HARRNESS : a framework for HAB research and monitoring in the United States for the next decade (2009)
    Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Oceanography Society, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 18, 2 (2005): 238-245.
    Description: More than a decade ago, the U.S. approach to research on harmful algal blooms (HABs) was uncoordinated and modest in scale. Research groups were few and their work was piecemeal and constrained by small budgets that fluctuated with the sporadic blooms that would occur. There were virtually no U.S. government laboratories involved in HAB research. Funding for academic scientists was largely available through competitions with the entire oceanographic community since there were no targeted funding programs for HABs. This situation changed dramatically with the formulation of Marine Biotoxins and Harmful Algal Blooms: A National Plan (Anderson et al., 1993). This plan, the result of a workshop involving academic and federal scientists, agency officials, and industry representatives identified major impediments to the goal of science-based management of resources affected by HABs, and made recommendations on the steps needed to remove those impediments.
    Description: Funding to support the development of the National Plan was provided by the National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (CSCOR and CCEHBR).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    The IOC International Harmful Bloom Program : history and science impacts (2010)
    Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Oceanography Society, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 23, no. 3 (2010): 72-85.
    Description: Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have become an important subdiscipline within oceanography. Heightened attention to this topic as well as significant research advances reflect the global nature of the problem and the development of strong national and international programs for HAB research and management. The planning, communication, coordination, and capacity-building activities of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) have been a key factor in this growth. Here, we highlight selected advances in science and management capacity for HABs and document the impressive growth of the field in the context of activities supported directly or indirectly by IOC. As we look to the future, the field has significant momentum and stability. Nevertheless, it will require scientific guidance and coordination going forward. With an appropriate commitment of resources from member states, the IOC HAB program can continue to be a major factor in the sustained growth of this important scientific discipline and its delivery of improved observation and management systems.
    Description: Supported in part by the following grants to D.M. Anderson: NOAA Cooperative Agreement NA17RJ1223, NOAA Grant NA09NOS4260212, NIEHS Grant 1 P50 ES01274201, and NSF Grants OCE-0430724 and OCE-0911031.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    The comparative "systems" approach to HAB research (2009)
    Oceanography Society
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Oceanography Society, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 18, 2 (2005): 148-157.
    Description: Experimental and comparative methods have been referred to as “the two great methods of science” (Mayr, 1982). To reach valid scientific conclusions, the processes of interest should be studied through repeated investigations, preferably over a range of differing conditions. The most direct way to accomplish this is the experimental method, wherein controls are imposed that allow the scientist to systematically vary conditions of interest while holding other factors constant. Marine ecosystems, however, are not amenable to experimental control. One way to address this shortcoming is through the comparative method (Mayr, 1982), which allows the processes of interest to be examined on repeated occasions using naturally occurring temporal and spatial variations in existing conditions and phenomena. In this case, the range of natural variability in conditions and mechanisms substitute for controlled experimental treatments.
    Description: Funding for these activities was provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the European Commission DG Research-Environment Directorate. GEOHAB is an initiative of SCOR (Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research) and IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO). D. Anderson was funded by NOAA’s ECOHAB (Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms) program, the MERHAB (Monitoring and Event Response for Harmful Algal Blooms) program, and NSF.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Harmful algal blooms in the Alaskan Arctic: an emerging threat as the ocean warms (2022)
    Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-19
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Anderson, D., Fachon, E., Hubbard, K., Lefebvre, K., Lin, P., Pickart, R., Richlen, M., Sheffield, G., & Van Hemert, C. Harmful algal blooms in the Alaskan Arctic: an emerging threat as the ocean warms. Oceanography, 35(2), (2022), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.121.
    Description: Harmful algal blooms (HABs) present an emerging threat to human and ecosystem health in the Alaskan Arctic. Two HAB toxins are of concern in the region: saxitoxins (STXs), a family of compounds produced by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella, and domoic acid (DA), produced by multiple species in the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia. These potent neurotoxins cause paralytic and amnesic shellfish poisoning, respectively, in humans, and can accumulate in marine organisms through food web transfer, causing illness and mortality among a suite of wildlife species. With pronounced warming in the Arctic, along with enhanced transport of cells from southern waters, there is significant potential for more frequent and larger HABs of both types. STXs and DA have been detected in the tissues of a range of marine organisms in the region, many of which are important food resources for local residents. The unique nature of the Alaskan Arctic, including difficult logistical access, lack of response infrastructure, and reliance of coastal populations on the noncommercial acquisition of marine resources for nutritional, cultural, and economic well-being, poses urgent and significant challenges as this region warms and the potential for impacts from HABs expands.
    Description: The authors acknowledge that the Alaskan Arctic as described here includes the lands and waters of the Inupiaq, Saint Lawrence Island Yupik, and Central Yupik peoples. Funding for DMA, RSP, EF, PL, and MLR was provided by grants from NSF Office of Polar Programs (OPP-1823002 and OPP-1733564) and NOAA’s Arctic Research program (through the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region [CINAR]; NA14OAR4320158 and NA19OAR4320074), and for DMA, KH, and KAL through NOAA’s Center for Coastal and Ocean Studies ECOHAB Program (NA20NOS4780195). Additional support was provided for DMA, MLR, and EF by the US National Park Service Shared Beringian Heritage Program (P21AC12214-00). We also thank Natalie Renier (WHOI Graphic Services) and Emily Bowers (Northwest Fisheries Science Center) for creating figures. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. This is ECOHAB Contribution number 1007.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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