Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Section 1 Sustainable Natural Resource Management -- Chapter 1 Impact of Local REDD+ Intervention on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Tropical Deforestation -- 1.1.2 REDD+ -- 1.1.3 REDD+ in Indonesia -- 1.2 Materials and Methods -- 1.2.1 Spatial Dataset -- 1.2.2 Carbon Stock in Each Land Cover Class -- 1.2.3 Change in Carbon Stock and CO2 Emission -- 1.2.4 Historical Baselines and Future Trajectories -- 1.3 Results -- 1.3.1 Annual GHG Emissions -- 1.3.2 Historical Baselines and Future Trajectories -- 1.4 Discussion -- 1.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- Author Contribution -- List of Appendix -- 1.A -- References -- Chapter 2 Role of Geospatial Technologies in Natural Resource Management -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Applications of Geospatial Technology in Natural Resource Management -- 2.2.1 Forest Management -- 2.2.2 Water Resource Management -- 2.2.3 Water Quality Monitoring -- 2.2.4 Agriculture -- 2.2.5 Combating Desertification -- 2.2.6 Biodiversity Management -- 2.3 LiDAR Technology -- 2.4 Artificial Intelligence and Remote Sensing -- 2.5 Machine Learning Tools for Natural Resource Management -- 2.6 Applications of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Natural Resource Management -- 2.7 Google Earth Engine as a Platform for Environmental Monitoring and NRM -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Estimation of Snow Cover Area Using Microwave SAR Dataset -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Classification Technique -- 3.2.1 Unsupervised Classification -- 3.2.2 Supervised Classification -- 3.3 Statistical Parameters -- 3.3.1 Mean -- 3.3.2 Standard Deviation -- 3.3.3 Coefficient Variance -- 3.3.4 Equivalence Number of Looks (ENL) -- 3.4 Error and Accuracy Assessment. , 3.4.1 Confusion Matrix -- 3.4.2 Commission Error -- 3.4.3 Omission Error -- 3.5 Study Area -- 3.6 Methodology -- 3.7 Result and Discussion -- 3.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- References -- Section 2 Determinants of Forest Productivity -- Chapter 4 Forest Cover Change Detection Across Recent Three Decades in Persian Oak Forests Using Convolutional Neural Network -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Study Area -- 4.2.2 Dataset -- 4.2.3 Image Pre-processing -- 4.2.4 Image Classification -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 5 The Interlinked Mechanisms of Productivity for Developing Process-Based Forest Growth Models -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Productivity: Definition and Associated Components -- 5.3 Various Processes and Components Driving Forest Productivity -- 5.3.1 Photosynthesis -- 5.3.2 Light Interception -- 5.3.3 Stomatal Conductance -- 5.3.4 Leaf Area Index -- 5.3.5 Gas-Exchange -- 5.3.6 Plant Respiration -- 5.3.7 Hydrology -- 5.3.8 Nitrogen Cycle -- 5.3.9 Litterfall -- 5.4 Different Approaches to Productivity Assessment -- 5.5 Evolution of Process-Based Models -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Allometric Equations for the Estimation of Biomass and Carbon in the Sub-tropical Pine Forests of India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Species of Pine in India and its Associates -- 6.1.2 Uses of Chirpine -- 6.2 Chir Pine - a Boon or Bane? -- 6.3 Forest Carbon and Forest Biomass -- 6.4 Composition of Forest Biomass -- 6.4.1 Indian Forest Biomass and Carbon Estimates -- 6.4.2 Importance of Forest Biomass Estimation -- 6.5 Allometric Equations for Biomass Estimation -- 6.5.1 How Are Allometric Equations Developed? -- 6.6 Biomass and Carbon Stock Estimation in Chir Pine Forests of India Using Allometric Equations -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References. , Section 3 Agriculture and Climate Change -- Chapter 7 Characterization of Stress-Prone Areas for Dissemination of Suitable Rice Varieties and their Adoption in Eastern India: An Integrated Approach toward Food Security -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Characterization of Stress-Prone (Flood and Drought) Areas in Eastern India: Geo-Spatial Based Studies (Submergence and Drought) -- 7.1.2 Eastern India (Submergence Study - Assam) -- 7.1.3 Eastern India (Drought Study - Uttar Pradesh) -- 7.1.4 Rice-Growing Environments in India and Constraints -- 7.1.5 Abiotic Stress in the Context of Rice Production -- 7.2 Materials and Method (for Submergence-prone: Assam) -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Farmers' Perspective and Adaptation Efforts to Tackle the Impacts of Climate Change -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methodology -- 8.3 Results and Analysis -- 8.3.1 Trends in Rainfall Patterns -- 8.3.2 Impact of Climate Change on Farmers -- 8.4 Understanding the Farmer's Perception of Climate Change -- 8.5 Adaptation Efforts -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- Section 4 Water Resource Management and Riverine Health -- Chapter 9 Multicriteria Drought Severity Analysis in Monaragala District Sri Lanka by Utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methodology -- 9.2.1 Study Area -- 9.2.2 Data Sources and Data Collection Techniques -- 9.3 Meteorological Drought of Monaragala District -- 9.4 Agricultural Drought of Monaragala District -- 9.4.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 9.4.2 Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) -- 9.5 Hydrological Drought of Monaragala District -- 9.6 Drought Risk Area Map of Monaragala District -- 9.7 Conclusion and Recommendations -- 9.8 Conclusion -- 9.9 Recommendation -- References. , Chapter 10 Comparative Evaluation of Predicted Hydrologic Response Under Two Extremities of Sustainability Using Transformed Landuse-Landcover and CORDEX-Based Climatic Scenarios: A Case Study of Kangshabati River Basin, West Bengal -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 A Brief Account of the Kangshabati River Basin, the Study Area -- 10.3 Data and Methodological Description -- 10.3.1 Model Data Input -- 10.3.2 Land Change Scenarios Using Idrisi Land Change Modeler (LCM) -- 10.3.3 SWAT Model Setup for Simulating Hydrologic Responses -- 10.4 Results and Observations -- 10.4.1 Trends in Climatic Indicators -- 10.4.2 Trends in Land Use and Land Cover Change Scenarios -- 10.4.3 Trends in Volumetric Runoff -- 10.4.4 Trends in Surface Runoff -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 Riverine Health a Function of Riverscape Variable: A Case Study of the River Ganga in Varanasi -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Material and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area -- 11.2.2 Data Collection -- 11.2.3 Statistical Analysis -- 11.3 Result and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Land Use and Water Quality -- 11.3.2 Land Use and Biodiversity -- 11.3.3 Land Use and Societal Perceptions -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- Section 5 Climate Change Threat on Natural Resources -- Chapter 12 Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Trends in Climate Variables -- 12.3 Welfare Impact of Climate Change -- 12.4 Impact on Agriculture -- 12.5 Impact of Climate Change on Society -- 12.5.1 Food Security -- 12.5.2 Labor Productivity -- 12.5.3 Health and Nutrition -- 12.5.4 Adaptation Risk and Potential -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 The Political Economy of Vulnerable Environment in the Age of Climate Change -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Climate Change in Kerala -- 13.3 Climate and Sea Level Change Projections -- 13.4 Natural Disasters Associated with Climate Change. , 13.5 The Political Economy of Climate Change and Associated Disasters -- 13.6 Who Are the Affected? -- 13.7 Conclusion and Suggestions -- References -- Chapter 14 Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Changes in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia: Explore the Impact of the LULC Changes on Land Surface Temperature (LST)Using Remote Sensing -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Effectiveness of Usage of Satellite Imagery in Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Change -- 14.3 The Impact of LULC Changes on Land Surface Temperature (LST) -- 14.4 Methodology -- 14.4.1 Cameron Highlands -- 14.4.2 Data Collection -- 14.4.3 Field Verification -- 14.4.4 Image Processing -- 14.5 Land Use/Cover Changes in Cameron Highland from 2009 to 2019 -- 14.5.1 Accuracy Assessment -- 14.6 Land Surface Temperature Analysis of Comparative Sensors between Landsat Satellite Data and MODIS -- 14.7 The LULC Effect on LST in Cameron Highlands -- 14.8 Conclusions -- References -- Section 6 Linkages between Natural Resources and Biotic-Abiotic Stressors -- Chapter 15 Emerging Roles of Osmoprotectants in Alleviating Abiotic Stress Response Under Changing Climatic Conditions -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Role of Osmoprotectant Under Abiotic Stress -- 15.3 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Drought Stress -- 15.4 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Salinity Stress -- 15.5 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Cold Stress -- 15.6 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Submergence Stress -- 15.7 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Low Light Stress -- 15.8 Mechanisms of Osmoprotectants Under Multiple Abiotic Stress -- 15.9 Approaches to Improve Osmoprotectants to Confer Abiotic Stress Tolerance -- 15.10 Metabolic Engineering Approach -- 15.11 Future Prospect for Osmoprotectants Under Changing Climatic Conditions -- References -- Chapter 16 Growth Variability of Conifers in Temperate Region of Western Himalayas -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Material and Methods. , 16.2.1 Study Area.