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  • 1
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    Long-Term Enrichment on Cellulose or Xylan Causes Functional and Taxonomic Convergence of Microbial Communities from Anaerobic Digesters [Microbial Ecology] (2016)
    The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-02-20
    Beschreibung: Cellulose and xylan are two major components of lignocellulosic biomass, which represents a potentially important energy source, as it is abundant and can be converted to methane by microbial action. However, it is recalcitrant to hydrolysis, and the establishment of a complete anaerobic digestion system requires a specific repertoire of microbial functions. In this study, we maintained 2-year enrichment cultures of anaerobic digestion sludge amended with cellulose or xylan to investigate whether a cellulose- or xylan-digesting microbial system could be assembled from sludge previously used to treat neither of them. While efficient methane-producing communities developed under mesophilic (35°C) incubation, they did not under thermophilic (55°C) conditions. Illumina amplicon sequencing results of the archaeal and bacterial 16S rRNA genes revealed that the mature cultures were much lower in richness than the inocula and were dominated by single archaeal (genus Methanobacterium ) and bacterial (order Clostridiales ) groups, although at finer taxonomic levels the bacteria were differentiated by substrates. Methanogenesis was primarily via the hydrogenotrophic pathway under all conditions, although the identity and growth requirements of syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria were unclear. Incubation conditions (substrate and temperature) had a much greater effect than inoculum source in shaping the mature microbial community, although analysis based on unweighted UniFrac distance found that the inoculum still determined the pool from which microbes could be enriched. Overall, this study confirmed that anaerobic digestion sludge treating nonlignocellulosic material is a potential source of microbial cellulose- and xylan-digesting functions given appropriate enrichment conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0099-2240
    Digitale ISSN: 1098-5336
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
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    Phomopsins are RiPPs [Biochemistry] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-30
    Beschreibung: Production of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) has rarely been reported in fungi, even though organisms of this kingdom have a long history as a prolific source of natural products. Here we report an investigation of the phomopsins, antimitotic mycotoxins. We show that phomopsin is a fungal RiPP...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
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    Transcriptomic Responses of the Interactions between Clostridium cellulovorans 743B and Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009 in a Cellulose-Grown Coculture for Enhanced Hydrogen Production [Biotechnology] (2016)
    The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-16
    Beschreibung: Coculturing dark- and photofermentative bacteria is a promising strategy for enhanced hydrogen (H 2 ) production. In this study, next-generation sequencing was used to query the global transcriptomic responses of an artificial coculture of Clostridium cellulovorans 743B and Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009. By analyzing differentially regulated gene expression, we showed that, consistent with the physiological observations of enhanced H 2 production and cellulose degradation, the nitrogen fixation genes in R. palustris and the cellulosomal genes in C. cellulovorans were upregulated in cocultures. Unexpectedly, genes related to H 2 production in C. cellulovorans were downregulated, suggesting that the enhanced H 2 yield was contributed mainly by R. palustris . A number of genes related to biosynthesis of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in C. cellulovorans were upregulated, and correspondingly, a gene that mediates organic compound catabolism in R. palustris was also upregulated. Interestingly, a number of genes responsible for chemotaxis in R. palustris were upregulated, which might be elicited by the VFA concentration gradient created by C. cellulovorans . In addition, genes responsible for sulfur and thiamine metabolism in C. cellulovorans were downregulated in cocultures, and this could be due to a response to pH changes. A conceptual model illustrating the interactions between the two organisms was constructed based on the transcriptomic results. IMPORTANCE The findings of this study have important biotechnology applications for biohydrogen production using renewable cellulose, which is an industrially and economically important bioenergy process. Since the molecular characteristics of the interactions of a coculture when cellulose is the substrate are still unclear, this work will be of interest to microbiologists seeking to better understand and optimize hydrogen-producing coculture systems.
    Print ISSN: 0099-2240
    Digitale ISSN: 1098-5336
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
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    Influence of Eimeria falciformis Infection on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Pathways in Mice [Fungal and Parasitic Infections] (2018)
    The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-24
    Beschreibung: Coccidiosis, caused by different species of Eimeria parasites, is an economically important disease of poultry and livestock worldwide. Here we report previously unknown alterations in the gut microbes and metabolism of BALB/c mice infected with Eimeria falciformis . Specifically, we observed a significant shift in the abundance of cecal bacteria and disrupted metabolism in parasitized animals. The relative abundances of Lachnospiraceae bacterium NK4A136, Ruminiclostridium , Alistipes , and Lactobacillus declined in response to E. falciformis infection, whereas Escherichia , Shigella , Helicobacter , Klebsiella , and Bacteroides were increased. Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolites in the serum samples of infected mice were significantly altered compared to naïve controls. Levels of amino acids, including asparagine, histidine, l -cysteine, tryptophan, lysine, glycine, serine, alanine, proline, ornithine, methionine, and valine, decreased on day 7 postinfection before returning to baseline on day 14. In addition, increased levels of indolelactate and mannitol and a reduced amount of oxalic acid indicated impaired carbon metabolism upon parasitic infection. These data demonstrate that intestinal coccidial infection perturbs the microbiota and disrupts carbon and nitrogen metabolism.
    Print ISSN: 0019-9567
    Digitale ISSN: 1098-5522
    Thema: Medizin
    Publiziert von The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
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    Synergistic Activation of the Pathogenicity-Related Proline Iminopeptidase Gene in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris by HrpX and a LuxR Homolog [Plant Microbiology] (2012)
    The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-09-08
    Beschreibung: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strain 8004 contains an orphan quorum-sensing (QS) locus, xccR - pip Xcc , in which the proline iminopeptidase ( pip Xcc ) gene (where " Xcc " indicates that the pip gene is from X. campestris pv. campestris) is positively regulated by the LuxR homologue XccR by binding to the luxXc box of the pip Xcc promoter. The disruption of pip Xcc significantly attenuated the virulence of X. campestris pv. campestris. An imperfect plant-inducible promoter (PIP) box is located in the upstream region of the pip Xcc promoter, which is the putative binding site of the transcriptional activator HrpX. To explore whether the expression of the pip Xcc gene is regulated by HrpX, the expression level of a pip Xcc promoter- gusA fusion gene was assayed in an hrpX disruption mutant. The results showed that the lack of HrpX dramatically decreased the β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity. Further analyses using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR indicated that the imperfect PIP box in X. campestris pv. campestris is specifically bound to HrpX. These data demonstrated that the pip Xcc gene belongs to the hrp regulon and that the imperfect PIP box of the pip Xcc promoter could be a cis element for the HrpX protein. We further showed in a pulldown assay that XccR can bind HrpX, suggesting that these two regulatory proteins coactivate the virulence factor by binding to the different cis elements of the pip Xcc gene and adapt to the host environment during X. campestris pv. campestris infection.
    Print ISSN: 0099-2240
    Digitale ISSN: 1098-5336
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
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    Cyp11a1 controls CD8+ Tc2 conversion [Immunology] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-05-15
    Beschreibung: Allergic asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Numbers of CD8+IL-13+ T cells are increased in asthmatics and during the development of experimental asthma in mice. In an atopic environment rich in IL-4, these CD8+ T cells mediate asthmatic responses,...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
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    Expression and DNA methylation in rice hybrids [Biophysics and Computational Biology] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-07-25
    Beschreibung: DNA methylation is a heritable epigenetic mark that controls gene expression, is responsive to environmental stresses, and, in plants, may also play a role in heterosis. To determine the degree to which DNA methylation is inherited in rice, and how it both influences and is affected by transcription, we performed genome-wide measurements of these patterns through an integrative analysis of bisulfite-sequencing, RNA-sequencing, and siRNA-sequencing data in two inbred parents of the Nipponbare (NPB) and indica (93–11) varieties of rice and their hybrid offspring. We show that SNPs occur at a rate of about 1/253 bp between the two parents and that these are faithfully transmitted into the hybrids. We use the presence of these SNPs to reconstruct the two chromosomes in the hybrids according to their parental origin. We found that, unlike genetic inheritance, epigenetic heritability is quite variable. Cytosines were found to be differentially methylated (epimutated) at a rate of 7.48% (1/15 cytosines) between the NPB and 93–11 parental strains. We also observed that 0.79% of cytosines were epimutated between the parent and corresponding hybrid chromosome. We found that these epimutations are often clustered on the chromosomes, with clusters representing 20% of all epimutations between parental ecotypes, and 2–5% in F1 plants. Epimutation clusters are also strongly associated with regions where the production of siRNA differs between parents. Finally, we identified genes with both allele-specific expression patterns that were strongly inherited as well as those differentially expressed between hybrids and the corresponding parental chromosome. We conclude that much of the misinheritance of expression levels is likely caused by epimutations and trans effects.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
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    Complete Genome Sequence of a Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2 from Commercial Fetal Bovine Serum [Genome Announcements] (2012)
    The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-08-24
    Beschreibung: We isolated a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) from commercial fetal bovine serum and designated it HLJ-10. The complete genome is 12,284 nucleotides (nt); the open reading frame is 11,694 nt, coding 3,898 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that this strain belongs to BVDV group 2.
    Print ISSN: 0022-538X
    Digitale ISSN: 1098-5514
    Thema: Medizin
    Publiziert von The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
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    OCT angiography of ocular vascular abnormalities [Medical Sciences] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-05-06
    Beschreibung: Retinal vascular diseases are important causes of vision loss. A detailed evaluation of the vascular abnormalities facilitates diagnosis and treatment in these diseases. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography using the highly efficient split-spectrum amplitude decorrelation angiography algorithm offers an alternative to conventional dye-based retinal angiography. OCT angiography has several advantages,...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
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    Molecular Evolution and Emergence of H5N6 Avian Influenza Virus in Central China [Genetic Diversity and Evolution] (2017)
    The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-05-27
    Beschreibung: H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) has posed a potential threat to public health since its emergence in China in 2013. To understand the evolution and emergence of H5N6 AIV in the avian population, we performed molecular surveillance of live poultry markets (LPMs) in Wugang Prefecture, Hunan Province, in central China, during 2014 and 2015. Wugang Prefecture is located on the Eastern Asian-Australian migratory bird flyway, and a human death due to an H5N6 virus was reported in the prefecture on 21 November 2016. In total, we sampled and sequenced the complete genomes of 175 H5N6 AIVs. Notably, our analysis revealed that H5N6 AIVs contain at least six genotypes arising from segment reassortment, including a rare variant that possesses an HA gene derived from H5N1 clade 2.3.2 and a novel NP gene that has its origins with H7N3 viruses. In addition, phylogenetic analysis revealed that genetically similar H5N6 AIVs tend to cluster according to their geographic regions of origin. These results help to reveal the evolutionary behavior of influenza viruses prior to their emergence in humans. IMPORTANCE The newly emerged H5N6 influenza A virus has caused more than 10 human deaths in China since 2013. In November 2016, a human death due to an H5N6 virus, in Wugang Prefecture, Hunan Province, was confirmed by the WHO. To better understand the evolution and emergence of H5N6 viruses, we surveyed live poultry markets (LPMs) in Wugang Prefecture before the reported human death, with a focus on revealing the diversity and genomic origins of H5N6 in birds during 2014 and 2015. In general, H5N6 viruses in this region were most closely related to H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4, with the exception of one virus with an HA gene derived from clade 2.3.2 such that it represents a novel reassortant. Clearly, the ongoing surveillance of LPMs is central to monitoring the emergence of pathogenic influenza viruses.
    Print ISSN: 0022-538X
    Digitale ISSN: 1098-5514
    Thema: Medizin
    Publiziert von The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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