Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: Application of Microbial Biosurfactants in the Food Industry -- 1.1 Surfactants in the Food Industry -- 1.1.1 Food Additives -- 1.1.2 Biosurfactants as Food Preservatives -- 1.1.2.1 Emulsifying Agents -- 1.1.2.2 Antibiofilm Agents -- 1.1.2.3 Antimicrobial Agents -- 1.1.2.4 Antioxidant Agents -- 1.1.3 Industrial Prospects -- References -- 2: Microbial Biosurfactants for Contamination of Food Processing -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Food Contamination -- 2.1.2 Contamination in Food Processing -- 2.2 Microbial Biosurfactants Use in Food Processing -- 2.2.1 Glycolipids -- 2.2.2 Lipopeptides -- 2.3 Application of Microbial Surfactants in Food Processing -- 2.3.1 Biofilm Control -- 2.3.2 Food Preservatives -- 2.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3: Antioxidant Biosurfactants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of Biosurfactants -- 3.2.1 Plant-Based Biosurfactants -- 3.2.1.1 Saponins -- Structure, Properties, and Types of Saponins -- Saponins as a Biosurfactants -- 3.2.2 Microbe-Based Biosurfactants -- 3.2.2.1 Types of Microbial Surfactants -- Glycolipids -- Rhamnolipids -- Sophorolipids -- Trehalolipids -- Succinoyl Trehalolipids -- Cellobiose Lipids -- Mannosylerythritol Lipids -- Xylolipids -- Mannose Lipids -- Lipopeptides or Lipoprotein -- Bacillus-Related Lipopeptides -- Surfactin -- Fengycin -- Iturin -- Kurstakins -- Lichenysins -- Pseudomonas-Related Lipopeptides -- Actinomycetes-Related lipopeptides -- Fungal-Related Lipopeptides -- Phospholipids, Fatty Acids (Mycolic Acids), and Neutral Lipids -- Polymeric Surfactants -- Particulate Surfactants -- 3.3 Factors Affecting Biosurfactant Production -- 3.3.1 pH and Temperature -- 3.3.2 Aeration and Agitation -- 3.3.3 Effect of Salt Salinity -- 3.3.4 Optimization of Cultivation Medium -- 3.3.4.1 Effect of Carbon Source -- 3.3.4.2 Effect of Nitrogen Source. , 3.3.4.3 Effect of Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio -- 3.4 Screening of Microorganisms for Biosurfactant Production -- 3.4.1 Oil Spreading Assay -- 3.4.2 Drop Collapse Assay -- 3.4.3 Blood Agar Method/Hemolysis Assay -- 3.4.4 Hydrocarbon Overlay Agar -- 3.4.5 Bacterial Adhesion to Hydrocarbon (BATH) Assay -- 3.4.6 CTAB Agar Plate Method/Blue Agar Assay -- 3.4.7 Phenol: Sulfuric Acid Method -- 3.4.8 Microplate Assay -- 3.4.9 Penetration Assay -- 3.4.10 Surface/Interface Activity -- 3.4.11 Emulsification Activity -- 3.5 Antioxidant Properties of Biosurfactant -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Classification and Production of Microbial Surfactants -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Global Biosurfactant Market -- 4.2 Types of Biosurfactants -- 4.2.1 Glycolipids -- 4.2.1.1 Rhamnolipids -- 4.2.1.2 Sophorolipids -- 4.2.1.3 Trehalolipids -- 4.2.2 Lipoproteins and Lipopeptides -- 4.2.3 Fatty Acids -- 4.2.4 Phospholipids -- 4.2.5 Polymeric Biosurfactants -- 4.3 Factors Influencing Biosurfactant Productivity -- 4.3.1 Nutritional Factors -- 4.3.1.1 Carbon Source -- 4.3.1.2 Low-Cost and Waste Substrates -- 4.3.1.3 Nitrogen Source -- 4.3.1.4 Minerals -- 4.3.2 Environmental Factors -- 4.3.3 Cultivation Strategy -- 4.3.3.1 Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) -- 4.3.3.2 Submerged Fermentations (SmF) -- References -- 5: Microbial Biosurfactants and Their Potential Applications: An Overview -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Classes of Biosurfactants -- 5.2.1 Glycolipids -- 5.2.2 Lipopolysaccharides -- 5.2.3 Lipopeptides and Lipoproteins -- 5.2.4 Phospholipids -- 5.2.5 Fatty Acids -- 5.3 Microbial Production of Biosurfactants -- 5.4 Genes Involved in the Production of Microbial Biosurfactants -- 5.5 Applications -- 5.5.1 In Petroleum Industry -- 5.5.1.1 Mechanism of MEOR -- 5.5.2 Biosurfactant-Mediated Bioremediation -- 5.5.3 In Food Industry -- 5.5.4 In Agriculture. , 5.5.5 In Cosmetics -- 5.5.6 Biosurfactant in Nanotechnology -- 5.5.7 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery Agents -- 5.5.8 Antimicrobial Activity of Biosurfactants -- 5.5.9 Biosurfactant as Anti-Adhesive Agent -- 5.5.10 In Fabric Washing -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6: Biodegradation of Hydrophobic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Health Related to PAHs -- 6.2.1 Consequences of Consistent of PAH Exposure by Human -- 6.2.2 Problems Associated with PAHs Via Cytochrome P450 -- 6.3 Biodegradation of PAHs -- 6.3.1 Challenges of Limited Aqueous Solubility in Water -- 6.3.2 Biodegradation Pathway of PAHs -- 6.3.2.1 Naphthalene -- 6.3.2.2 Pyrene -- 6.3.2.3 Fluoranthene -- 6.4 Biosurfactants -- 6.4.1 Biosurfactants -- 6.4.1.1 Glycolipid -- Rhamnolipids -- Cellobiose Lipids -- Sophorolipids -- Trehalolipids -- Mannosylerythritol Lipid -- 6.4.1.2 Lipopeptides -- 6.4.1.3 Phospholipids -- 6.4.2 Polymeric Biosurfactants -- 6.5 Enhanced Biodegradation of PAHs by Biosurfactant -- 6.5.1 Biodegradation in Micelles -- 6.5.2 Biosurfactant Acting as Bioemulsifier -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- 7: Surfactin: A Biosurfactant Against Breast Cancer -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biosurfactants and Its Types -- 7.2.1 Glycolipids -- 7.2.1.1 Rhamnolipids -- 7.2.1.2 Sophorolipids -- 7.2.1.3 Trehalolipids -- 7.2.2 Lipopeptides -- 7.2.3 Fatty Acids -- 7.2.4 Phospholipids -- 7.2.5 Polymeric Biosurfactant -- 7.3 Surfactin: Structure, Membrane Interaction, Biosynthesis, and Regulation -- 7.3.1 Structure -- 7.3.2 Membrane Interaction -- 7.3.3 Biosynthesis -- 7.3.4 Regulation -- 7.4 Surfactin and Breast Cancer -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Anti-Cancer Biosurfactants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Biosurfactants Classification and Structure -- 8.2.1 Mannosylerythritol Lipids (MELs) -- 8.2.2 Succinoyl Trehalose Lipids (STLs) -- 8.2.3 Sophorolipids. , 8.2.4 Rhamnolipids (RLs) -- 8.2.5 Myrmekiosides -- 8.2.6 Cyclic Lipopeptides (CLPs) -- 8.2.6.1 Amphisin, Tolaasin, and Syringomycin CLPs -- 8.2.6.2 Iturin and fengycin CLPs -- 8.2.6.3 Surfactin CLP -- 8.2.7 Rakicidns and Apratoxins -- 8.2.8 Serrawettins -- 8.2.9 Monoolein -- 8.2.10 Fellutamides -- 8.3 Biosurfactants Production -- 8.3.1 Factors Involved in Biosurfactants Production -- 8.3.1.1 Source of Carbon -- 8.3.1.2 Source of Nitrogen -- 8.3.1.3 Effect of Ions -- 8.3.1.4 Physical Factors -- 8.4 Anti-Cancer Activity of Biosurfactants -- 8.4.1 Breast Cancer -- 8.4.2 Lung Cancer -- 8.4.3 Leukemia -- 8.4.4 Melanoma -- 8.4.5 Colon Cancer -- 8.5 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery System (DDS) -- 8.5.1 Liposomes -- 8.5.2 Niosomes -- 8.5.3 Nanoparticles -- 8.6 Conclusions and Future Challenges -- References -- 9: Biosurfactants for Oil Pollution Remediation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Oil Pollution and Its Remediation -- 9.2.1 Oil Pollution -- 9.2.2 Oil Remediation in Polluted Environments -- 9.3 Biosurfactants -- 9.3.1 Synthesis of Biosurfactants -- 9.3.2 Biosurfactant Role in Oil Degradation -- 9.4 Application of Biosurfactants Used for Oil Remediation -- 9.4.1 Oil-Polluted Soil Bioremediation -- 9.4.2 Bioremediation of Marine Oil Spills and Petroleum Contamination -- 9.4.3 Cleaning of Oil Tanks and Pipelines -- 9.4.4 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals and Toxic Pollutants -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Potential Applications of Anti-Adhesive Biosurfactants -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Biosurfactants That Display Anti-Adhesive Activity -- 10.3 Biofilms and the Adhesion Process: Mechanisms and Effects -- 10.4 Applications of Biosurfactants as Anti-Adhesive Agents -- 10.4.1 Anti-Adhesive Applications in the Biomedical Field -- 10.4.2 Anti-Adhesive Applications in the Food Industry Surfaces -- 10.5 Future Trends and Conclusions -- References. , 11: Applications of Biosurfactant for Microbial Bioenergy/Value-Added Bio-Metabolite Recovery from Waste Activated Sludge -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Applications of Surfactants for Value-Added Bio-Metabolites Recovery from WAS -- 11.3 Applications of Surfactants for Energy Recovery from WAS -- 11.4 Applications of Surfactants for Refractory Organic Decontamination from WAS -- 11.4.1 PAHs Decontamination -- 11.4.2 Dye Decontamination -- 11.4.3 PCB Decontamination -- 11.5 Applications of Surfactants for WAS Dewatering -- 11.6 Applications of Surfactants for Heavy Metal Removal from WAS -- 11.7 State-of-the-Art Processes to Promote Organics Biotransformation from WAS -- 11.7.1 Co-Pretreatment -- 11.7.2 Interfacing AD with Bioelectrochemical Systems -- 11.7.3 Optimizing Process Conditions -- 11.8 Conclusion -- References -- 12: Application of Microbial Biosurfactants in the Pharmaceutical Industry -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Mechanism of Interaction of Biosurfactants -- 12.3 Physiochemical Properties -- 12.3.1 Surface Tension -- 12.3.2 Biosurfactant and Self-Assembly -- 12.3.3 Emulsification Activity -- 12.4 Application of Biosurfactants in Pharmaceutical Industry -- 12.4.1 Biosurfactant as an Antitumor/AntiCancer Agent -- 12.4.2 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery Agents -- 12.4.3 Wound Healing and Dermatological Applications -- 12.4.4 Potential Antimicrobial Application -- 12.4.5 Other Applications in the Pharmaceutical Field -- 12.5 Applications of Surfactin in Pharmaceutical Industry -- 12.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 13: Antibacterial Biosurfactants -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Glycolipids -- 13.2.1 Rhamnolipids -- 13.2.2 Sophorolipids -- 13.2.3 Trehalose Lipids -- 13.3 Lipopeptides -- 13.4 Phospholipids -- 13.5 Antibacterial Activity -- 13.6 Polymeric Surfactants -- 13.7 Fatty Acids -- 13.7.1 Bio-Sources of Fatty Acids. , 13.7.2 Role of Fatty Acids as Antimicrobials.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Graphene from Sugar and Sugarcane Extract: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications -- Chapter 2: Graphene from Honey -- Chapter 3: Graphene from Animal Waste -- Chapter 4: Graphene from Essential Oils -- Chapter 5: Synthesis of Graphene from Biowastes -- Chapter 6: Graphene from Rice Husk -- Chapter 7: Synthesis of Graphene from Vegetable Waste -- Chapter 8: Graphene Oxide from Natural Products and Its Applications in the Agriculture and Food Industry -- Chapter 9: Graphene from Sugarcane Bagasse: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications -- Chapter 10: Graphene Synthesis, Characterization and Applications -- Chapter 11: Graphene from Leaf Wastes -- Chapter 12: Biosynthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Its Functionality as an Antibacterial Template -- Chapter 13: Graphene and Its Composite for Supercapacitor Applications -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1: Application of Endophyte Microbes for Production of Secondary Metabolites -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Origin and Evolution of Endophytes -- 1.3 Endophyte Diversity -- 1.4 Close Relationship Between Endophytes and Medicinal Herbs -- 1.5 Endophytes and Secondary Metabolites -- 1.6 Terpenoids -- 1.7 Phenolics -- 1.8 Flavonoids -- 1.9 Alkaloids -- 1.10 Glycosides -- 1.11 Saponins -- 1.12 Polyketides -- 1.13 Coumarins -- 1.14 Steroids -- 1.15 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 2: Application of Microbes in Synthesis of Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Basics of Supercapacitors -- 2.1.2 Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors -- 2.1.3 Why Microbes in Energy Storage Devices? -- 2.2 Different Microbes Commonly Used in EES -- 2.2.1 Bacteria -- What so Special About Bacterial Cellulose? -- 2.2.2 Viruses -- 2.2.3 Fungi -- 2.3 Microbes as Bio-templates for Energy Storage Materials -- 2.3.1 Bacteria as Bio-templates -- 2.3.2 Fungi as Bio-templates -- 2.3.3 Viruses as Bio-templates -- 2.4 Microbe-Based Carbon Materials as Supporting Matrix -- 2.5 Microbe-Derived Carbons for Energy Storage Applications -- 2.5.1 Bacteria-Derived Carbons for Energy storage applications -- 2.5.2 Fungi-Derived Carbons for Energy Storage Applications -- 2.5.3 Microbe-Derived Carbon-Based Nanocomposites as Energy Storage Materials -- 2.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 3: Application of Microbes in Climate-Resilient Crops -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Heat Stress Tolerance -- 3.3 Cold Stress Tolerance -- 3.4 Submergence Stress Tolerance -- 3.5 Salinity and Drought Stress Tolerance -- 3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 4: Application of Microbes in Biotechnology, Industry, and Medical Field -- 4.1 Overview of Microorganisms -- 4.1.1 Prokaryotic Microorganisms. , Bacteria -- Archaea -- 4.1.2 Eukaryotic Microorganisms -- Protist -- Fungi -- Virus -- 4.2 Principles -- 4.2.1 Screening for Microbial Products -- Screening Methods -- 4.2.2 Microbial Bioprocess -- Optimization -- Sustainable Technologies -- 4.2.3 Enzymology -- 4.2.4 Gene Manipulation -- Recombinant DNA Technology -- 4.3 Applications -- 4.3.1 Industry -- Food-Fermented Foods -- Improvement of Food Quality -- Improvement Efficiency and Productivity of Process -- Food Additives -- Agroindustry -- Pest in Crops -- Crop Yield and Product Quality -- Construction -- Chemical Industry -- Cleaning -- Bioremediation -- Chemical-Based Cleaning Products -- 4.3.2 Environment -- Wastewater Treatment -- Solid Hazardous Treatment -- Composting -- Anaerobic Digestion -- Metal Recovery -- Microbial Biofuels -- Biomethanol -- Bioethanol -- Butanol -- Biodiesel -- Medical Biotechnology -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- 5: Applications of Microbes for Energy -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Microbes for Energy Applications -- 5.2.1 Microbes for Fuel Cells -- 5.2.2 Microbes for Hydrogen Production -- 5.2.3 Microbes for Methane Production -- 5.2.4 Microbes for Ethanol Production -- 5.2.5 Microbes for Biodiesel Production -- 5.2.6 Microbes for Electrosynthesis -- 5.2.7 Microbes for Energy Storage -- 5.3 Conclusion and Future Remarks -- References -- 6: Applications of Microbes in Electric Generation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Different BFC Types -- 6.2.1 DET-BFC -- 6.2.2 MET-BFC -- 6.2.3 EBFC -- 6.2.4 MFC -- 6.3 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for EBFC -- 6.3.1 Carbon Materials -- 6.3.2 Metal Nanoparticles -- 6.3.3 Composite Materials -- 6.4 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for MFC -- 6.4.1 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for MFC Anode -- Carbon Nanomaterials -- Metal Nanomaterials -- Conductive Polymers -- 6.4.2 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for MFC Cathode. , Noble Metal-Based Materials -- Non-noble Metal-Based Materials -- 6.5 Summary and Prospect -- References -- 7: Application of Microbes in Household Products -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Household Products -- 7.2.1 Cleaning Product -- 7.2.2 Cosmeceutical -- 7.2.3 Textiles -- 7.2.4 Others -- 7.3 Benefits and Challenges -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Electricity Generation and Wastewater Treatment with Membrane-Less Microbial Fuel Cell -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Electricity Generation -- 8.2.1 Anode and Cathode Electrodes -- Cathode Electrode -- Anode Electrode -- 8.2.2 Effect of Operating Temperature -- 8.2.3 Effect of pH -- 8.2.4 Effect of Substrate Pretreatment -- 8.2.5 Effect of Reactor Design -- 8.2.6 Effect of Electrode Surface Area and Electrode Spacing -- 8.2.7 Effect of Substrate Conductivity -- 8.3 Water Treatment (Substrate) -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9: Microbes: Applications for Power Generation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Reduction of the Environmental and Air Pollution -- 9.2.1 Natural Aerosols from Vegetation -- 9.2.2 Landfill Gas -- 9.2.3 Biogas -- Using Leachate of the Waste -- 9.2.4 Biodiesel -- 9.2.5 Bioethanol -- Using Celluloses -- Using Starch -- Using Sugar -- 9.2.6 Sewer -- 9.3 Energy Efficiency -- 9.3.1 Microorganisms -- 9.3.2 Microbial Fuel Cells -- Using Natural Fermentation -- Using Biomass -- Using Domestic Wastewater -- Using Industrial Wastewater -- Using Sewage -- Using Crop Residue -- Using Mud -- Using Biogas Slurry -- 9.3.3 Newer Microbial Fuel Cells -- Using Electronophore (Traditional) -- Using Biochar (Latest) -- 9.3.4 Biogas -- Using Sewage -- Using Animal Waste -- Using Animal Manure -- 9.3.5 Biohydrogen -- 9.4 Availability -- 9.4.1 Biomass -- 9.5 Clean Energy -- 9.5.1 Algae -- 9.5.2 Microbial Biophotovoltaic Cells -- Using Algae -- Using Cyanobacteria -- Using Plant Rhizodeposition. , 9.6 Sustainability -- 9.6.1 Biomass -- Crop Residue -- 9.6.2 Camphor -- 9.7 Conclusion -- 9.8 Future Approach -- References -- 10: Applications of Microbes in Food Industry -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Applications of Microorganisms in Food Industry -- 10.2.1 Baking Industry Applications -- 10.2.2 Alcohol and Beverage Industry Applications -- 10.2.3 Enzyme Production and Its Applications -- 10.2.4 Production of Amino Acids -- 10.2.5 Microbial Detergents as Food Stain Removers -- 10.2.6 Dairy Industry Applications -- 10.2.7 Pigment Production -- 10.2.8 Organic Acid Production -- 10.2.9 Aroma and Flavouring Agents Production -- 10.2.10 Miscellaneous Applications -- Xanthan Gum Production -- Ripening Process -- Food Grade Paper Production -- Single-Cell Protein -- Applications in Other Foods -- 10.3 Summary -- References -- 11: Applications of Microbes in Human Health -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Human Microbiome -- 11.3 Probiotics -- 11.4 Properties of Probiotics -- 11.5 Probiotics Mechanism of Action -- 11.6 Oral Probiotics -- 11.6.1 Probiotics in Preventing Dental Caries Progression -- 11.6.2 Probiotics in Prevention of Gingival Inflammation -- 11.6.3 Probiotics in Prevention of Periodontal Diseases -- 11.7 Probiotics in Halitosis -- 11.7.1 Probiotics in Oral Mucositis -- 11.7.2 Benefits of Probiotics in General Health -- 11.7.3 Anti-Inflammatory Property -- 11.8 Antimicrobial Properties -- 11.9 Antioxidant Properties -- 11.10 Anticancer Properties -- 11.10.1 Probiotics in Treatment of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections -- 11.10.2 Probiotics in Treatment of Urogenital Infections -- 11.10.3 Probiotics in Improvement of Intestinal Health -- 11.10.4 Probiotics in Treatment of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Induced Diarrhea -- 11.10.5 Probiotics in Treatment of Anemia -- 11.11 Treatment and Prevention of Obesity -- 11.12 Probiotics as Immunomodulator. , 11.13 Conclusion -- References -- 12: Applications of Microbes in Soil Health Maintenance for Agricultural Applications -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Microbial Sources -- 12.2.1 Microalgae and Cyanobacteria -- 12.2.2 Fungi -- 12.2.3 Bacteria -- 12.3 Applications of Microbes -- 12.3.1 Plant Growth Regulators -- 12.3.2 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) -- 12.3.3 Biotic Elicitors -- 12.3.4 Bioremediation -- 12.3.5 Biocontrol -- 12.3.6 Different Types of Microbes -- 12.4 Healthy Soil and Eco-Friendly Environment -- 12.4.1 Biofertilizers -- 12.4.2 Biopesticides -- 12.4.3 Bioherbicides -- 12.4.4 Bioinsecticides -- 12.5 Microbiome and Sustainable Agriculture -- 12.5.1 Benefits of Mycorrhizal Fungi -- 12.5.2 Soil and Environmental Health -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- 13: Co-functional Activity of Microalgae: Biological Wastewater Treatment and Bio-fuel Production -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Wastewater Treatment Using Microalgae -- 13.2.1 Wastewater Composition -- 13.2.2 Nutrient Removal -- Influence of Additives in Wastewater on Nutrient Removal by Microalgae -- 13.2.3 Heavy Metal Removal -- 13.3 Microalgae Cultivation and Harvesting -- 13.3.1 Open Ponds -- 13.3.2 Closed System (Photobioreactor PBRs) -- 13.3.3 Hybrid System -- 13.3.4 Harvesting Techniques -- 13.4 Bio-refinery -- 13.5 Bio-fuel Production Using Microalgae -- 13.5.1 Thermochemical Conversion -- 13.5.2 Biochemical Conversion/Fermentation -- 13.5.3 Chemical Reaction/Transesterification -- 13.5.4 Direct Combustion -- 13.6 Sustainability of Energy from Microalgae -- 13.7 Conclusions -- References -- 14: Microalgae Application in Chemicals, Enzymes, and Bioactive Molecules -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Microalgae-Based Products -- 14.2.1 Chemical Products -- 14.2.2 Bioactive Molecules -- 14.3 Microalgae Enzymes -- 14.4 Industrial Applications of Microalgae. , 14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Porous Polymers -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Types of Porous Polymers -- 1.3 Synthetic Methods for Porous Polymer Network -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Hyper-crosslinked Polymers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Overview -- 2.1.2 Porous Polymer -- 2.1.3 Crosslinking -- 2.2 Hyper-crosslinked Polymers -- 2.3 Synthesis Methods of HCPs -- 2.3.1 Post-crosslinking Polymer Precursors -- 2.3.2 Direct One-Step Polycondensation -- 2.3.3 Knitting Rigid Aromatic Building Blocks by External Crosslinkers -- 2.4 Structure and Morphology of HCPs -- 2.4.1 Nanoparticles -- 2.4.2 Hollow Capsules -- 2.4.3 2D Membranes -- 2.4.4 Monoliths -- 2.5 HCPs Properties -- 2.5.1 Polymer Surface -- 2.5.1.1 Hydrophilicity -- 2.5.1.2 Hydrophobicity -- 2.5.1.3 Amphiphilicity -- 2.5.2 Porosity and Surface Area -- 2.5.3 Swelling Behavior -- 2.5.4 Thermomechanical Properties -- 2.6 Functionalization of HCPs -- 2.7 Characterization of HCPs -- 2.7.1 Compositional and Structural Characterization -- 2.7.2 Morphological Characterization -- 2.7.3 Porosity and Surface Area Analysis -- 2.7.4 Other Analysis -- 2.8 Applications -- 2.8.1 Storage Capacity -- 2.8.1.1 Storage of Hydrogen -- 2.8.1.2 Storage of Methane -- 2.8.1.3 CO 2 Capture -- 2.8.2 Environmental Remediation -- 2.8.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 2.8.4 Drug Delivery -- 2.8.5 Sensing -- 2.8.6 Other Applications -- 2.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Porous Ionic Polymers -- 3.1 Introduction: A Distinctive Feature of the Porous Structure of Ionic Polymers -- 3.2 Ionic Polymers in Dry State -- 3.3 Ionic Polymers in Swollen State: Hsu-Gierke Model -- 3.4 Modifications of Hsu-Gierke Model: Hydration of Ion Exchange Polymers. , 3.5 Methods for Research of Porous Structure of Ionic Polymers -- 3.5.1 Nitrogen Adsorption-Desorption -- 3.5.2 Mercury Intrusion -- 3.5.3 Adsorption-Desorption of Water Vapor -- 3.5.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry -- 3.5.5 Standard Contact Porosimetry -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Criteria of Porous Plastics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sorting of Porous Polymers -- 4.2.1 Macroporous Polymers -- 4.2.2 Microporous Polymers -- 4.2.3 Mesoporous Polymers -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 AHP Analysis -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Novel Research on Porous Polymers Using High Pressure Technology -- 5.1 Background -- 5.2 Porous Polymers Based on Natural Polysaccharides -- 5.3 Parameters Involved in the Porous Polymers Processing by High Pressure -- 5.4 Supercritical Fluid Drying for Porous Polymers Processing -- 5.5 Porous Polymers for Foaming and Scaffolds by Supercritical Technology -- 5.6 Supercritical CO 2 Impregnation in Porous Polymers for Food Packaging -- 5.7 Synthesis of Porous Polymers by Supercritical Emulsion Templating -- 5.8 Porous Polymers as Supports for Catalysts Materials by Supercritical Fluid -- 5.9 Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks Polymers by Supercritical Fluid Processing -- 5.10 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Porous Polymer for Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Stability and Functionalization of POPs -- 6.3 Strategies for Synthesizing POP Catalyst -- 6.3.1 Co-polymerization -- 6.3.1.1 Acidic and Basic Groups -- 6.3.1.2 Ionic Groups -- 6.3.1.3 Ligand Groups -- 6.3.1.4 Chiral Groups -- 6.3.1.5 Porphyrin Group -- 6.3.2 Self-polymerization -- 6.3.2.1 Organic Ligand Groups -- 6.3.2.2 Organocatalyst Groups -- 6.3.2.3 Ionic Groups -- 6.3.2.4 Chiral Ligand Groups -- 6.3.2.5 Porphyrin Groups. , 6.4 Applications of Various Porous Polymers -- 6.4.1 CO 2 Capture and Utilization -- 6.4.1.1 Ionic Liquid/Zn-PPh 3 Integrated POP -- 6.4.1.1.1 Mechanism of the Cycloaddition Reaction -- 6.4.1.2 Triphenylphosphine-based POP -- 6.4.2 Energy Storage -- 6.4.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 6.4.3.1 Cu(II) Complex on Pyridine-based POP for Nitroarene Reduction -- 6.4.3.2 POP-supported Rhodium for Hydroformylation of Olefins -- 6.4.3.3 Ni(II)-metallated POP for Suzuki-Miyaura Crosscoupling Reaction -- 6.4.3.4 Ru-loaded POP for Decomposition of Formic Acid to H 2 -- 6.4.3.5 Porphyrin-based POP to Support Mn Heterogeneous Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of Alcohols -- 6.4.3.5.1 Mechanism of the Oxidation of Alcohols by TFP-DPMs -- 6.4.4 Photocatalysis -- 6.4.4.1 Conjugated Porous Polymer Based on Phenanthrene Units -- 6.4.4.2 (dipyrrin)(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Visible Light Photocatalyst -- 6.4.4.3 Carbazole-based CMPs for C-3 Functionalization of Indoles -- 6.4.4.3.1 Mechanism of C-3 Formylation of N-methylindole by CMP-CSU6 Polymer Catalyst -- 6.4.4.3.2 The Mechanism for C-3 Thiocyanation of 1H-indole -- 6.4.5 Electrocatalysis -- 6.4.5.1 Redox-active N-containing CPP for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) -- References -- Chapter 7: Triazine Porous Frameworks -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Synthetic Procedures of CTFs and Their Structural Designs -- 7.2.1 Ionothermal Trimerization Strategy -- 7.2.2 High Temperature Phosphorus Pentoxide (P 2 O 5)-Catalyzed Method -- 7.2.3 Amidine-based Polycondensation Methods -- 7.2.4 Superacid Catalyzed Method -- 7.2.5 Friedel-Crafts Reaction Method -- 7.3 Applications of CTFs -- 7.3.1 Adsorption and Separation -- 7.3.1.1 CO 2 Capture and Separation -- 7.3.1.2 The Removal of Pollutants -- 7.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 7.3.3 Applications for Energy Storage and Conversion -- 7.3.3.1 Metal-Ion Batteries -- 7.3.3.2 Supercapacitors. , 7.3.4 Electrocatalysis -- 7.3.5 Photocatalysis -- 7.3.6 Other Applications of CTFs -- References -- Chapter 8: Advanced Separation Applications of Porous Polymers -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Advanced Separation Applications -- 8.3 Separation through Adsorption -- 8.4 Water Treatment -- 8.5 Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9: Porous Polymers for Membrane Applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Introduction to Synthesis of Porous Polymeric Particles -- 9.3 Preparation of Porous Polymeric Membrane -- 9.4 Morphology of Membrane and Its Parameters -- 9.5 Emerging Applications of Porous Polymer Membranes -- 9.6 Polysulfone and Polyvinylidene Fluoride Used as Porous Polymers for Membrane Application -- 9.6.1 Polysulfone Membranes -- 9.6.2 Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membranes -- 9.7 Use of Porous Polymeric Membranes for Sensing Application -- 9.8 Use of Porous Polymeric Electrolytic Membranes Application -- 9.9 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane for Numerical Modeling and Optimization -- 9.10 Use of Porous Polymers for Biomedical Application -- 9.11 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane in Tissue Engineering -- 9.12 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane in Wastewater Treatment -- 9.13 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane for Dye Rejection Application -- 9.14 Porous Polymeric Membrane Antifouling Application -- 9.15 Porous Polymeric Membrane Used for Fuel Cell Application -- 9.16 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Porous Polymers in Solar Cells -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Si-based Solar Cells -- 10.1.2 Thin-film Solar Cells -- 10.1.3 Organic Solar Cells -- 10.2 Porous Polymers in DSSCs -- 10.2.1 Porous Polymers in Electrodes -- 10.2.2 Porous Polymer as a Counter Electrode -- 10.2.3 Porous Polymers in TiO 2 Photoanode -- 10.2.4 Porous Polymers in Electrolyte -- 10.2.5 Porous Polymer as Energy Conversion Film. , 10.2.5.1 Polyvinylidene Fluoride-co-Hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) Membranes -- 10.2.5.2 Pyridine-based CMPs Aerogels (PCMPAs) -- 10.2.6 Porous Polymers in Coating of Solar Cell -- 10.2.7 Porous Polymers as Photocatalyst or Electrocatalyst -- 10.3 Perovskite Solar Cells -- 10.3.1 Porous Polymers in Electron Transport Layers -- 10.3.2 Porous Polymers in Hole Transport Layers -- 10.3.3 Porous Polymer as Energy Conversion Film -- 10.3.4 Porous Polymers as Interlayers -- 10.3.5 Porous Polymers in Morphology Regulations -- 10.4 Porous Polymers in Silicon Solar Cell -- 10.5 Miscellaneous -- 10.5.1 Porous Polymers in Solar Evaporators -- 10.5.2 Charge Separation Systems in Solar Cells -- 10.5.3 Porous Polymers in ZnO Photoanode -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Porous Polymers for Hydrogen Production -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Approaches Utilized for the Generation of Porous Polymers (PPs) -- 11.1.1.1 Infiltration -- 11.1.1.2 Layer-by-Layer Assembly (LbL) -- 11.1.1.3 Conventional Polymerization -- 11.1.1.4 Electrochemical Polymerization -- 11.1.1.5 Controlled/Living Polymerization (CLP) -- 11.1.1.6 Macromolecular Design -- 11.1.1.7 Self-assembly -- 11.1.1.8 Phase Separation -- 11.1.1.9 Solid and Liquid Templating -- 11.1.1.10 Foaming -- 11.2 Various Porous Polymers for H 2 Production -- 11.2.1 Photocatalysts Based on Conjugated Microporous Polymers -- 11.2.2 Conjugated Microporous Polymers -- 11.2.3 Porous Conjugated Polymer (PCP) -- 11.2.4 Membrane Reactor -- 11.2.5 Paper-Structured Catalyst with Porous Fiber-Network Microstructure -- 11.2.6 Porous Organic Polymers (POPs) -- 11.2.7 PEM Water Electrolysis -- 11.2.8 Microporous Inorganic Membranes -- 11.2.9 Hybrid Porous Solids for Hydrogen Evolution -- 11.3 Other Alternatives for Hydrogen Production -- 11.3.1 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 11.3.2 Covalent Organic Frameworks. , 11.3.3 Photochemical Device.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Editors -- Chapter 1. Polythiophene-Based Battery Applications -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Synthesis -- 1.2.1 Electrochemical Polymerization -- 1.2.2 Chemical Synthesis -- 1.3 Battery Applications of PTs -- 1.3.1 PTs as Cathodic Materials -- 1.3.1.1 PTs as Active Materials -- 1.3.1.2 PTs as Binder -- 1.3.1.3 PTs as Conduction-Promoting Agents -- 1.3.2 PTs as Air Cathode -- 1.3.2.1 Li-Air Batteries -- 1.3.2.2 Aluminum-Air Battery -- 1.3.2.3 Zinc-Air Battery -- 1.3.3 PTs as Anodic Materials -- 1.3.3.1 PTs as Active Materials for Anode -- 1.3.3.2 PTs as Binders -- 1.3.3.3 PTs as Conduction Promoting Agents (CPAs) -- 1.3.4 PTs as Battery Separators -- 1.3.4.1 Li-Ion Batteries -- 1.3.4.2 Li-S Batteries -- 1.3.4.3 Li-O2 Batteries -- 1.3.5 PTs as Electrolytes -- 1.3.6 PTs as Coin-cell Cases -- 1.3.7 PTs as Li-O2 Catalyst -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2. Synthetic Strategies and Significant Issues for Pristine Conducting Polymers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Conduction Mechanism -- 2.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers -- 2.3.1 Synthesis through Polymerization -- 2.3.1.1 Chain-Growth Polymerization -- 2.3.1.2 Step-Growth Polymerization -- 2.3.2 Synthesis by Doping with Compatible Dopants -- 2.3.2.1 Types of Doping Agents -- 2.3.2.2 Doping Techniques -- 2.3.2.3 Mechanism of Doping -- 2.3.2.4 Influence of Doping on Conductivity -- 2.3.3 Electrochemical Polymerization -- 2.3.4 Photochemical Synthesis -- 2.4 Various Issues for Synthesis -- 2.4.1 Vapor-Phase Polymerization -- 2.4.2 Hybrid Conducting Polymers -- 2.4.3 Nanostructure Conducting Polymers -- 2.4.4 Narrow Bandgap Conducting Polymers -- 2.4.5 Synthesis in Supercritical CO2 -- 2.4.6 Biodegradability and Biocompatibility of Conducting Polymers -- 2.5 Applications. , 2.6 Future Scope for Applications -- 2.7 Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 3. Conducting Polymer Derived Materials for Batteries -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Theory -- 3.3 Discussion on Conducting Polymer-Derived Materials -- 3.3.1 PEDOT Derivatives -- 3.3.1.1 Structural Properties -- 3.3.1.2 Electrochemical Studies of PEDOT and Its Derivatives -- 3.3.1.3 Magnetic Properties -- 3.3.2 PPy for the Energy-Storage Devices -- 3.3.2.1 Structural Property of PPy -- 3.3.2.2 Electrochemical Properties of Polypyrrol -- 3.3.2.3 Magnetic Properties -- 3.3.3 PANI for Battery Application -- 3.3.3.1 Structural Properties -- 3.3.3.2 Electrochemical Properties of PANI for Battery Electrode -- 3.3.3.3 Magnetic Properties of PANI -- 3.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4. An Overview on Conducting Polymer-Based Materials for Battery Application -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Principle of Conducting Polymer Battery -- 4.3 Assortment of Conducting Polymer Electrodes for Battery Application -- 4.4 Mechanism of Conducting Polymers in Rechargeable Batteries -- 4.5 Organic Conducting Polymer for Lithium-ion Battery -- 4.5.1 Types of Organic Conducting Polymers -- 4.6 Synthesis of Conducting Polymer -- 4.6.1 Hard-template Method -- 4.6.2 Soft-template Method -- 4.6.3 Template-free Technique -- 4.6.4 Self-Assembly or Interfacial -- 4.6.5 Electrospinning -- 4.7 Characterization -- 4.7.1 Surface Characterization by AFM and AFMIR -- 4.7.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy -- 4.7.3 Electrochemical Characterization -- 4.8 Applications of Various Conducting Polymers in Battery -- 4.8.1 Polyacetylene Battery -- 4.8.2 Polyaniline Batteries -- 4.8.3 Poly (p-phenylene) Batteries -- 4.8.4 Heterocyclic Polymer Batteries -- 4.9 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5. Polymer-Based Binary Nanocomposites -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Binary Composites. , 5.3 Nanostructured CPs -- 5.4 Strategies to Improve Performance -- 5.4.1 Low-dimensional Capacitors -- 5.4.2 Hybrid Capacitors -- 5.4.2.1 Hybrid Electrode Material -- 5.5 CP/Carbon-based Binary Composite -- 5.6 CP/Metal Oxides Binary Composites -- 5.7 CP/Metal Sulfides Binary Complexes -- 5.8 Other Cp-supported Binary Complexes -- 5.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6. Polyaniline-Based Supercapacitor Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Polyaniline (PANI) and Its Application Potential -- 6.3 Supercapacitors -- 6.3.1 PANI in Supercapacitors -- 6.3.2 PANI and Carbon Composites -- 6.3.3 PANI/Porous and Carbon Composites -- 6.3.4 PANI/Graphene Composites -- 6.3.5 PANI/CNTs Composites -- 6.3.6 Polyaniline Activation/Carbonization -- 6.3.7 Composites of Polyaniline with Various Conductive Polymer Blends -- 6.3.8 Composites of Polyaniline with Transition Metal Oxides -- 6.3.9 Composites of Polyaniline Core-Shells with Metal Oxides -- 6.3.10 PANI-modified Cathode Materials -- 6.3.11 PANI-modified Anode Materials -- 6.4 Redox-active Electrolytes for PANI Supercapacitors -- 6.5 Examples of Various Polyaniline-based Supercapacitor -- 6.5.1 Composites of Polyaniline Doped with CoCl2 as Materials for Electrodes -- 6.5.2 Composites of Polyaniline Nanofibers with Graphene as materials for electrodes -- 6.5.3 Composites of Polyaniline (PANI) with Graphene Oxide as Electrode Materials -- 6.5.4 Hybrid Films of Manganese Dioxide and Polyaniline as Electrode Materials -- 6.5.5 Composites of Activated Carbon/Polyaniline with Tungsten Trioxide as Electrode Materials -- 6.5.6 PANI- and MOF-based Flexible Solid-state Supercapacitors -- 6.5.7 Polyaniline-based Nickel Electrodes for Electrochemical Supercapacitors -- 6.5.8 Hydrogel of Ultrathin Pure Polyaniline Nanofibers in Supercapacitor Application -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References. , Chapter 7. Conductive Polymer-derived Materials for Supercapacitor -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Types of Supercapacitor -- 7.3 Parameters of Supercapacitors -- 7.4 Conducting Polymers (CPs) as Electrode Materials -- 7.4.1 Class of Conducting Polymer as Supercapacitor Electrode -- 7.5 Polyaniline (PANI)-based Electrode -- 7.6 Polypyrrole (PPy)-based Electrode -- 7.7 Polythiophene (PTh)-based Electrode -- 7.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 8. Conducting Polymer-Metal Based Binary Composites for Battery Applications -- 8.1 Conducting polymer (CPs) -- 8.2 Conducting polymers conductivity -- 8.3 Conducting polymer composites -- 8.3.1 Metal center nanoparticles -- 8.3.2 Metal nanoparticles -- 8.4 Conducting Polymer Based Binary Composites -- 8.4.1 Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) -- 8.4.2 Poly (Thiophene) composite -- 8.4.3 Poly (Para-Phenylene Vinylene) composite -- 8.4.4 Poly (Carbazole) composite -- 8.4.5 Vanadium oxide based conducting composite -- 8.4.6 PANI-V2O5 composite -- 8.4.7 Poly(N-sulfo propyl aniline)-V2O5 composite -- 8.5 Conducting polymer composite battery applications -- 8.5.1 Conducting polymer composite for Lithium-ion (Li+) based battery -- 8.5.2 Conducting polymer composites for Sodium-ion (Na+) based Battery -- 8.5.3 Conducting Polymer composite for Mg-Ion (Mg+2) Based Battery -- 8.6 Conducting polymer based composites for electrode materials -- References -- Chapter 9. Novel Conducting Polymer-Based Battery Application -- 9.1 Conducting Polymers (CPs) -- 9.1.1 Poly(Acetylene) -- 9.1.2 Poly(Thiophene) -- 9.1.3 Poly(Aniline) -- 9.1.4 Poly(Pyrrole) -- 9.1.5 Poly(Paraphenylene) and Poly(Phenylene) -- 9.2 Battery Applications of Conducting Polymers -- 9.2.1 Lithium Sulfide batteries -- 9.2.2 Binder for Lithium sulfide battery cathode -- 9.2.3 Sulfur encapsulation for electrode materials. , 9.2.4 Sulfur Encapsulation through Conductive Polymers -- 9.2.5 Conducting polymer anodes for Lithium sulfide battery -- 9.2.6 Conducting polymer as materials interlayer -- 9.3 Li+-ion-based Battery Applications of Conducting Polymers -- 9.4 Na+- ion-based Battery Applications of Conducting Polymers -- 9.5 Mg+2-ion-based Battery Applications of Conducting Polymers -- References -- Chapter 10. Conducting Polymer-Carbon-Based Binary Composites for Battery Applications -- Abbreviations -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Batteries -- 10.2.1 Types of Batteries -- 10.2.2 Electrode Materials -- 10.3 Conducting Polymer-Carbon-Based Binary Composite in Battery Applications -- 10.3.1 Polyaniline PANI-Carbon-Based Composite -- 10.3.2 Polypyrrole (PPy)-Carbon-Based Composite -- 10.3.3 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-Carbon-Based Composite -- 10.3.4 Others Conducting Polymer-Carbon-Based Composite -- 10.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11. Polyethylenedioxythiophene-Based Battery Applications -- 11.1 Chemistry of PEDOT -- 11.1.1 PEDOT Synthesis and Morphology -- 11.1.1.1 Synthetic Techniques to Achieve Desired Morphologies -- 11.1.2 PEDOT-Based Nanocomposites -- 11.2 PEDOT-Based Polymers in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries -- 11.3 Lithium-Air Battery Based on PEDOT or PEDOT:PSS -- 11.3.1 PEDOT-Based Nanocomposites for Li-O2 Batteries -- 11.3.2 PEDOT:PSS-Based Li-O2 Battery Cathodes -- 11.4 Lithium and Alkali Ion Polythiophene Batteries -- 11.4.1 Cathodes -- 11.4.1.1 Cathode Binders and Composites -- 11.4.2 Anodes -- 11.4.2.1 Anode Binders and Composites -- 11.4.3 All-Polythiophene and Metal-Free Batteries -- References -- Chapter 12. Polythiophene-Based Supercapacitor Applications -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Properties of Polythiophene (PTh) -- 12.3 Synthesis of Polythiophene -- 12.4 Charge Storage in Polythiophene Electrochemical Capacitors. , 12.5 Polythiophene Electrode Fabrication.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Semiconductor Optical Fibers -- Chapter 2: Optical Properties of Semiconducting Materials for Solar Photocatalysis -- Chapter 3: Semiconductor Optical Memory Devices -- Chapter 4: Semiconductor Optical Utilization in Agriculture -- Chapter 5: Nonlinear Optical Properties of Semiconductors, Principles, and Applications -- Chapter 6: Semiconductor Photoresistors -- Chapter 7: Semiconductor Photovoltaic -- Chapter 8: Progress and Challenges of Semiconducting Materials for Solar Photocatalysis -- Chapter 9: Linear Optical Properties of Semiconductors: Principles and Applications -- Chapter 10: Computational Techniques on Optical Properties of Metal-Oxide Semiconductors -- Index.