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  • 1
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    Bornträger
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: Since both German research vessels „Meteor" played a major role in G. Dietrich's work, it seemed appropriate to present his bibliography in this series. An assessment of his scientific achievements was given at an earlier date (H. U. ROLL 1973: In memoriam GüNTER DIETRICH 1911-1972. - ,,Meteor" Forsch.­ Ergebn. A, No. 12: V-X).
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: Vertical velocity spectra can be determined by three different indirect methods: Following isopycnal surface displacements, following isothermal surface displacements, or calculating water particle displacements from temperature time series at fixed pressure levels, with the mean vertical temperature gradient used for the conversion factor. This third method is the easiest to perform. Data from GATE 1974, obtained by CTD profiling onboard R. V. "Meteor" and by temperature measurements on moorings, are used to check whether the three methods are equivalent. lt is shown that autospectra do not differ significantly within the 95 % confidence intervals, and either method can be applied. This does not infer an equivalence with respect to the actual data points since individual events were found in the low-passed time series with deviations occurring between displacement curves obtained by the different methods. These events were apparently due to the advection of another water mass.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: The research programmes of the German groups in JASIN 1978 are summarized, comprising projects that concern the planetary boundary layer, the radiation budget, the oceanic mixed layer and thermocline and the trace element exchange. Lists of the participating scientists and technicians are included. Brief descriptions of the field activities on board the three ships and the aircraft are given, including maps and stations lists.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-06-23
    Description: Oceanographic measurements by groups from the Federal Republic of Germany contributed mainly to the C-Scale Experiment (centered at 9° N, 23° W) and the Equatoria1 Experiment. In this paper the data are presented that were obtained from the moorings F 1 and F 2 in the C-area. After a short discussion of instrument problems, data processing and statistical analysis, the data are presented graphically as time series, progressive vector diagrams, frequency distributions and spectra of horizontal kinetic energy and of temperature variance.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: Some current meter data obtained from a mooring at 2450 m water depth near the continental slope off Portugal are presented. The mean currents at five levels with observations are northward. Mean speeds in the core of the Mediterranean Water exceed speeds at shallower levels by 2 to 3 cm/sec, indicating advection connected to this specific water mass. The current variability is dominated by semi-diurnal tidal components. Normal mode analysis reveals a predominant mode of order 2, representing 48% of the total kinetic tidal energy. Results for the barotropic tidal component are in good agreement with earlier predictions for this area. The motion at higher frequencies ω in the internal gravity wave band can be well described by a ω-2 power law for the energy density spectrum. This result is consistent with earlier observations in other parts of the ocean.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 7
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    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 42 (11-12). pp. 1933-1950.
    Publication Date: 2018-03-08
    Description: Recent measurements indicate the transatlantic extent of the Namib Col Current at depths of 1300-3000 m near Lat. 22 degrees S in the South Atlantic Ocean. This current forms a continuous circulation structure from the Namib Col on the Walvis Ridge to the western trough, though its characteristic change as deepwater with varying properties enters and leaves the current owing to a meridional flow component. Transport estimates from hydrographic sections on the Walvis Ridge and at 15 degrees W near the crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge indicate a strength of about 3 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1) The current is part of a larger-scale eastward Row at Lon. 25 degrees W; transport estimates across the salinity maximum core there show a similar strength. Associated with this high-salinity high-oxygen current is a basin-wide front in these properties of varying intensity (weaker in the east) marking the transition to deep water whose North Atlantic characteristics have been partly erased by mixing with Circumpolar Deep Water in the southwest South Atlantic. The water which finally crosses the Walvis Ridge is supplied both by the eastward flow of this (diluted) North Atlantic Deep Water and by a general southeastward interior flow from the northern Angola Basin. Evidence suggests that this deep water continues south in the eastern Cape Basin, leaving the South Atlantic near the African continent.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 8
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    Elsevier
    In:  Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 28 (6). pp. 615-638.
    Publication Date: 2017-01-04
    Description: Measurements in the mixing zone of the Elbe estuary were performed during three consecutive tidal cycles with three types of instruments—a moored tripod with velocity and temperature/conductivity/light attenuation sensors, a profiling sonde with similar sensors lowered from an anchored vessel, and instrumented moorings. Acoustic-travel-time sensors were used for velocity measurements. Spectral analysis of 12·8 min pieces of the obtained time series gives results that are consistent with isotropic turbulence for part of the frequency space. Temporal changes of turbulent kinetic energy are correlated with tidal current velocity. A retardation is found between changes in tidal current and turbulent energy. Not all shear stress terms are in similar phase with tidal flow. Mean gradients, Reynolds stress terms, and turbulent salt flux terms are combined to determine eddy viscosity and eddy diffusion coefficients.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 9
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 76 (1). pp. 5-11.
    Publication Date: 2019-01-21
    Description: Widespread and sustained in situ ocean measurements are essential to an improved understanding of the state of the ocean and its role in global change. Merchant marine vessels can play a major role in ocean monitoring, yet apart from routine weather observations and upper-ocean temperature measurements, they constitute a vastly underutilized resource due to lack of suitable instrumentation. Examples of ways in which vessels can assist include profiling techniques of physical properties, chemical sampling via automated water samplers, optical techniques to measure various biological parameters, and ground truth measurements for remote sensing from orbiting and geostationary satellites. Further, ships can act as relays between subsurface instrumentation and satellite communication services. To take advantage of the opportunities that the maritime industry can provide, two steps must be taken. The first is to initiate an instrumentation development program with emphasis on techniques optimized for highly automated use onboard ships at 15-20-kt speeds. The second is to forge partnerships or links between academic and government laboratories and the maritime industry for the institution and maintenance of such monitoring programs. No doubt significant resources will be required, but in the long run the improved ability to monitor the state of ocean in situ will make the effort more than worthwhile.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 10
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 3 (2). pp. 255-264.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: The inclination of oceanographic mooring lines due to current drag causes errors in time series observations of currents and temperatures. The prediction of this effect requires knowledge of the drag coefficients for the mooring components. Drag coefficients, known for simple geometric shapes such as spheres or cylinders, are commonly used for mooring response computations. Selected mooring components (buoyancy elements and instruments) were tested in a tow tank to determine their actual drag coefficients. Over the Reynolds Number range, typical of oceanic conditions, deviations of the drag coefficient up to 50% are found when compared with the appropriate simple geometric shape coefficients. A set of model moorings and model current profiles is used to determine the resulting changes in component depth level and displacement. The changes in horizontal displacement of the upper part of the mooring are on the order of 10% in extreme cases and 1% under typical conditions. Their effects on current measurements will usually be negligible. However, the related vertical displacements are on the order 100 to 10 m. Such vertical displacements may carry instruments to depth levels where currents and particularly thermocline temperatures are sufficiently different from the intended level to cause errors in the time series observations.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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