Note: Intro -- Supervisor's Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Introduction -- References -- 1 Introduction, Methodology, Limitations -- 1.1…Introduction -- 1.2…Climate ChangeChange -- 1.3…Climate Adaptation -- 1.4…Spatial Planning -- 1.5…Complexity and TimeTime Horizons -- 1.6…Problem Statement, Objective, Point of Departure and ResearchResearch Questions -- 1.7…Methodology -- 1.8…Limitations -- 1.9…Key Concepts and Timeline -- 1.10…The Chapters -- References -- Websites -- A.0. The Bridge: One--Two1.11…The Bridge: One--Two -- 2 Towards a Spatial Planning Framework for Climate Adaptation -- 2.1…Introduction -- 2.2…Problem Statement -- 2.3…Objective -- 2.4…Methodology -- 2.5…Literature Review -- 2.5.1 Adaptive and DynamicDynamic Approaches in Spatial Planning -- 2.5.2 The Spatial PropertiesProperties of Complex Adaptive SystemsAdaptive systems -- 2.6…The FrameworkFramework -- 2.6.1 Aggregated Spatial ElementsElements -- 2.6.2 Definition of TimeTime Rhythms: Layers -- 2.6.3 Linking Spatial ElementsElements with Layers -- 2.7…Validation -- 2.7.1 Prevailing Regional PlanRegional plan -- 2.7.2 A Climate-Adaptive Regional PlanRegional plan -- 2.7.3 Conclusions -- 2.8…Discussion -- 2.9…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Websites -- A.0. The Bridge: Two--ThreeThe Bridge: Two--Three -- 3 Developing a Planning TheoryPlanning theory for Wicked Problems: SwarmSwarm Planning -- 3.1…IntroductionIntroduction -- 3.2…Problem Statement -- 3.3…ApproachApproach -- 3.4…Current Planning Paradigms -- 3.4.1 A Selection of Prevailing Planning Paradigms -- 3.4.2 A Review of 2 Years of Planning Journals -- 3.5…Exploring ComplexityComplexity -- 3.5.1 ComplexityComplexity TheoryTheory -- 3.5.2 CitiesCities as Complex Systems -- 3.5.3 Use of ComplexityComplexity in Planning -- 3.5.4 Proposition: SwarmSwarm Planning -- 3.5.5 BendigoBendigo -- 3.6…Conclusion -- References. , A.0. …The Bridge: Three--Four -- 4 Incremental Change, Transition or Transformation? Optimising Change Pathways for Climate Adaptation in Spatial Planning -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.2…Research ApproachApproach -- 4.2.1 Research Context -- 4.2.2 Problem Statement -- 4.2.3 Research Objective and ApproachApproach -- 4.3…Analysis of ChangeChange Processes -- 4.3.1 Incremental ChangeChange -- 4.3.2 Transition -- 4.3.3 Transformation -- 4.4…Comparison -- 4.4.1 CriteriaCriteria -- 4.4.2 Comparison -- 4.5…Theorising TransformationTransformation -- 4.6…Signals -- 4.6.1 Early Warning -- 4.6.2 Creation -- 4.7…Application in the Peat ColoniesPeat Colonies -- 4.8…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- A.0. The Bridge: Four--Five -- 5 The Use of Spatial Planning to Increase the Resilience for Future Turbulence in the Spatial System of the Groningen Region to Deal with Climate Change -- 5.1…Introduction -- 5.2…Background -- 5.2.1 Climate ChangeChange -- 5.2.2 Challenges of ComplexityComplexity in Planning -- 5.3…The GroningenGroningen Case -- 5.3.1 Understanding the SystemSystem: Mapping Climate and Energy PotentialsEnergy potentials -- 5.3.2 Improving ResilienceResilience: Use of SwarmSwarm Planning ParadigmParadigm -- 5.3.3 Strategic InterventionsStrategic interventions: The GroningenGroningen Impulses -- 5.3.4 Steer the SwarmSwarm -- 5.4…The GroningenGroningen Case Discussed -- 5.4.1 Mapping -- 5.4.2 Idea Map -- 5.4.3 Interventions -- 5.4.4 In the Real World -- 5.5…Conclusions -- References -- A.0. The Bridge: Five--SixThe Bridge: Five--Six -- 6 Swarming Landscapes, New Pathways for Resilient Cities -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…Dealing with UncertaintyUncertainty -- 6.3…Swarms -- 6.4…Complex Adaptive Spatial Systems -- 6.5…SwarmSwarm Planning -- 6.6…SwarmSwarm Planning Example: Floodable LandscapeFloodable landscape -- 6.7…Conclusion and Discussion. , References -- A.0. The Bridge: Six--SevenThe Bridge: Six--Seven -- 7 Quadruple the Potential, Scaling the Energy Supply -- 7.1…Introduction -- 7.2…The Supra-Regional Scale: North Netherlands -- 7.3…The Regional Scale: GroningenGroningen -- 7.4…The City-Neighbourhood Scale: AlmereAlmere East and Hoogezand -- 7.4.1 AlmereAlmere East -- 7.4.2 Hoogezand: The Green Campaign -- 7.4.3 Experiences with Energy Potential Studies -- 7.5…The Building Scale: River House MilduraMildura -- 7.5.1 Potentials and Outcomes -- 7.6…Interdependencies -- 7.7…Discussion -- References -- A.0. The Bridge: Seven--EightThe Bridge: Seven--Eight -- 8 Beyond the Ordinary: Innovative Spatial Energy Framework Offers Perspectives on Increased Energy and Carbon Objectives -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…Problem -- 8.3…Hypothesis -- 8.4…State of the Art in Renewable EnergyRenewable energy Thinking -- 8.5…Energy and Spatial Planning: An Underestimated Relationship -- 8.6…Towards an Innovative Methodology: The GroningenGroningen Case -- 8.6.1 Energy Potential Mapping -- 8.6.2 Conceptual DesignDesign -- 8.6.3 Swarm Planning -- 8.6.4 Findings -- 8.7…Conclusions -- ReferencesReferences -- A.1. The Bridge: Eight--Nine8.8…The Bridge: Eight--Nine -- 9 Swarm Planning for Climate Change: An Alternative Pathway for Resilience -- 9.1…Introduction -- 9.2…Methodology -- 9.3…Analysis -- 9.3.1 Climate ChangeChange -- 9.3.2 Spatial Planning -- 9.4…Problem Statement -- 9.5…Swarm Planning -- 9.5.1 Complexity -- 9.5.2 The Layer ApproachApproach -- 9.5.3 Key ElementsElements of SwarmSwarm Planning TheoryPlanning theory -- 9.5.4 Application of the TheoryTheory -- 9.6…Comparing Regular Planning with SwarmSwarm Planning -- 9.6.1 The Province of GroningenGroningen -- 9.6.1.1 Regional Plan -- 9.6.1.2 Zero-Fossil Region -- 9.6.1.3 Findings -- 9.6.2 The Peat ColoniesPeat Colonies. , 9.6.2.1 Agenda for the Peat ColoniesPeat Colonies -- 9.6.2.2 Net Carbon-Capture LandscapeLandscape -- 9.6.2.3 Findings -- 9.7…Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Websites -- A.0. The Bridge: Nine--Ten -- 10 Conclusion, Discussion and Recommendations -- 10.1…Introduction -- 10.2…Research Questions -- 10.3…Primary Research Question One: Developing a Planning Framework -- 10.3.1 Research Question A -- 10.3.2 Research Question B -- 10.3.3 Research Question C -- 10.3.4 Research Question D -- 10.3.5 Summary of the Findings PRQ1 -- 10.4…Primary Research Question Two: Application of the Planning Framework -- 10.4.1 Research Question E -- 10.4.2 Research Question F -- 10.4.3 Research Question G -- 10.4.4 Research Question H -- 10.4.5 Additional analysis: The Bendigo Design -- 10.4.6 BAU and Swarm Compared -- 10.4.7 Summary of the Findings PRQ2 -- 10.5…Swarm Planning Framework -- 10.5.1 Two Levels of Complexity -- 10.5.2 Five Layers -- 10.5.3 Complex Adaptive Processes -- 10.5.4 Ways to Apply -- 10.6…Discussion -- 10.6.1 Limitations of the Framework -- 10.6.2 Uses and Outcomes of the Framework -- 10.6.3 Weaknesses of the Framework -- 10.6.4 Reflection on Research Process -- 10.6.5 Final Recommendations -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: That Stubborn Mr. Vedder -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Victoria Hotel, Amsterdam -- 1.3 Nail Buildings -- 1.4 Amelisweerd, Utrecht -- 1.5 Planning Without a Condom -- 1.6 Engagement -- 1.7 Conditions for Engaged Planning -- 1.8 Design Charrette -- References -- Part I: General Theory -- Chapter 2: The Design Charrette -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Characteristics of Design Charrettes -- 2.2.1 Knowledge Creation -- 2.2.2 The Thin Slice -- 2.2.3 Creativity -- 2.2.4 Governance -- 2.2.5 Transformation -- 2.2.6 Let It Flow -- 2.3 Four Basic Rules -- 2.4 Definition -- 2.5 Benefits -- 2.6 The Role of the Designer -- 2.7 A Wide Variety -- 2.8 Contours of a Charrette Framework -- 2.8.1 Participants -- 2.8.2 Urban-Rural Typology -- 2.8.3 Complexity -- 2.8.4 Development -- 2.8.5 Scale -- 2.8.6 The Charrette Wheel -- 2.9 Conclusion -- Appendix I: Categorisation of Countries Based on Income Classes (World Bank 2012) -- References -- 2.9.1 Useful Websites -- Chapter 3: Innovations in Organisational and Community Learning -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Dominant Mental Model: Newton's Mechanics -- 3.2.1 The Problem -- 3.3 Tame and Wicked Problems, Technical and Adaptive Challenges -- 3.4 An Alternative Mental Model -- 3.4.1 Self-Organisation -- 3.5 Collaborative Learning -- 3.5.1 Self-Organisation in the Context of Learning -- 3.5.2 Individual and Collective Learning -- 3.5.3 Learning Domain -- 3.5.4 Experiential Learning -- 3.5.5 Depth of Learning Impact -- 3.5.6 Self-Organisation and Learning -- 3.5.7 Integration: Learning at 3 Levels -- 3.6 Assumptions, Characteristics and Conditions for Collaborative Learning -- 3.6.1 Assumptions -- 3.6.2 Characteristics -- 3.6.3 Key Process Steps -- 3.6.4 Practical Design Principles. , 3.6.5 Role of the Facilitator in Collaborative Learning -- 3.7 The Design Charrette -- References -- Chapter 4: Shifting Paradigms -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Framing Problems -- 4.3 Dealing with Change -- 4.4 Charrettes in the Spatial Planning Discourse -- 4.5 Design Charrettes and Stakeholder Engagement -- 4.6 Participatory Mapping -- 4.6.1 Hands-On Mapping -- 4.6.2 Scale Mapping -- 4.6.3 3D Modelling -- 4.6.4 (P)PGIS -- 4.7 Workshop Methods -- 4.7.1 Brainstorming -- 4.7.2 Back-Casting -- 4.7.3 Backtracking -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References -- 4.8.1 Website -- Part II: Examples and Case Studies -- Chapter 5: INternational Conference on Renewable Energy Approaches for the Spatial Environment (INCREASE) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Groningen Region as Example -- 5.3 Objective and Assignment -- 5.4 The INCREASE Methodology -- 5.5 Hosted in Jordan and China -- 5.6 A Fossil Free Region -- 5.6.1 Assumptions -- 5.6.2 Spatial Implications and Design Propositions -- 5.6.3 Calculations -- 5.6.4 Governance -- 5.6.5 Backcasting -- 5.6.6 Developing Towards a Mature System -- 5.7 INCREASE: Advantages -- 5.8 INCREASE in the Charrette Wheel -- 5.9 Conclusion -- References -- 5.9.1 Websites -- Chapter 6: Design Charrettes in Two Days: Sea Lake and Bendigo -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Bendigo and Sea Lake: Hot Dry and Vulnerable -- 6.3 Objectives and Assignment -- 6.4 Methodology of the Victorian Charrettes -- 6.5 In Bendigo and Sea Lake -- 6.6 Sea Lake and Bendigo: Life Saver Regions -- 6.6.1 Bendigo, General Outcomes -- 6.6.2 "The Shining Heart of the State" -- 6.6.3 "The Lifesaver Region" -- 6.6.4 "The Scarcer the Water…" -- 6.6.5 "If You Can't Stand the Heat…" -- 6.6.6 Sea Lake: General Outcomes -- 6.6.7 "Development Through Diversity" -- 6.6.8 'Salt, Sky, Sun and Stars' -- 6.6.9 Children Results -- 6.7 Sea Lake and Bendigo: The Advantages. , 6.8 Place in Charrette Wheel -- 6.9 Conclusion -- References -- 6.9.1 Website -- Chapter 7: Lok Jumbish: Rural Participatory Design in Rajasthan, Lessons for the Future -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Education for All -- 7.3 The Context and the Problem -- 7.4 Shifting the Paradigm -- 7.5 Developing the Charrettes -- 7.6 Participatory Design Process -- 7.7 Impact and Meaning -- 7.8 Lessons for the Future -- References -- Chapter 8: Groningen: The Spread-Out Charrette -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Province of Groningen: Historic Region in the Peripheral North of the Netherlands -- 8.3 Becoming 'Climate Proof' -- 8.4 Methodology -- 8.5 An Extended Program -- 8.6 Groningen: A Climate Proof Region -- 8.6.1 A Wicked Bypass -- 8.6.2 The Coast -- 8.6.3 Energy -- 8.6.4 Water and Ecology -- 8.6.5 Water Supply -- 8.6.5.1 Dam in the Eems -- 8.6.5.2 'Buffers and Cascading' -- 8.6.5.3 Who's Afraid of Blue, Green and Red….? -- 8.6.5.4 Natural Self-Sufficiency -- 8.6.6 Agriculture -- 8.6.7 Scenario Development -- 8.6.7.1 Drowned Land of Groningen -- 8.6.7.2 Something Above Groningen -- 8.6.7.3 Natural Heightening Behind the Dike -- 8.6.8 Integrated Map -- 8.6.9 Detailed Designs -- 8.6.10 Integrated Future Visions -- 8.6.11 On-Going Projects -- 8.7 Success Factors -- 8.8 Groningen in the Charrette Wheel -- 8.9 Conclusion -- References -- 8.9.1 Websites -- Chapter 9: Grounds for Change: Sustainable Energy Futures -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 North Netherlands and Jinze -- 9.3 Sustainable Energy Futures -- 9.4 The Grounds for Change Methodology -- 9.5 Program & -- Participants -- 9.6 Results -- 9.6.1 Strategies -- 9.6.1.1 Multi-energy Strategy -- 9.6.1.2 Low-Exergy -- 9.6.1.3 Three Dimensions -- 9.6.2 North Netherlands -- 9.6.3 Jinze -- 9.6.3.1 A Clean Water System -- 9.6.3.2 The Jinze DNA -- 9.6.3.3 A Wise Use of Energy -- 9.6.3.4 Jinze Town Structure. , 9.7 Success Factors -- 9.8 Place in Charrette Wheel -- 9.9 Conclusion -- References -- 9.9.1 Website -- Chapter 10: Design Charrettes for Sustainable Building in China -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Three Chinese Building Sites -- 10.2.1 The Longhu Project, Chongqing -- 10.2.2 Yu'an and Anjing District, Guiyang -- 10.2.3 Vanke's Stream Valley, Shenzhen -- 10.3 Objective and Assignment -- 10.4 The Sino-Dutch Methodology -- 10.5 Program & -- Participants -- 10.6 Sustainable Chinese Precincts -- 10.6.1 Longhu, Chongqing -- 10.6.2 Yu'an and Anjing in Yunyan District, Guiyang -- 10.6.3 Vanke's Stream Valley, Shenzhen -- 10.7 Success Factors -- 10.8 Chinese TOR's in the Charrette Wheel -- 10.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Learning by Practice, High-Pressure Student Ateliers -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 High-Pressure Student Ateliers -- 11.3 Goal of the Ateliers -- 11.4 Problem Based Learning -- 11.5 Strofylia Workshop: Hercules and Sustainable Recycling -- 11.5.1 Strofylia Atelier Process -- 11.5.2 Lessons Learned -- 11.6 High-Pressure Atelier Lugo: Urban Agriculture and Local Food -- 11.6.1 The Lugo Atelier Process -- 11.6.2 Lessons Learned -- 11.7 Conclusion -- 11.8 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 12: The Charrette of Mr. Xu -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Dynamism -- 12.3 Point of Departure -- 12.4 Preparation -- 12.4.1 Support -- 12.4.2 Design Brief -- 12.4.3 Program -- 12.4.4 Method Selection -- 12.4.5 Pre-creating Maps -- 12.4.6 Participants -- 12.4.7 Materials -- 12.4.8 Venue -- 12.5 Scanning the Future -- 12.5.1 The Opening Event -- 12.5.2 Site Tour -- 12.5.3 The Design Stages -- 12.5.4 Final Presentations -- 12.6 Appraisal -- 12.7 Robust Land-Use -- 12.7.1 Near-Future Interventions -- 12.7.2 No-Regret Measures -- 12.7.3 Strategic Waiting -- 12.8 Reporting -- 12.9 Point of Arrival -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Author -- Introduction -- 1 Create Space for Climate -- 1.1 Climate Change -- 1.2 The Dutch Approach -- 1.2.1 Dutch Climate Scenarios -- 1.2.2 The Dutch Adaptation Strategy -- 1.2.2.1 Economic Driver -- 1.2.2.2 Three Demands for a Climate Proof Lay Out -- 1.2.2.3 Risk Management and Natural Processes -- 1.2.2.4 Spatial Tasks -- 1.2.2.5 Important Issues -- 1.2.2.6 Ambition of the Dutch Strategy -- 1.2.3 The Dutch Adaptation Agenda -- 1.3 The British Approach -- 1.3.1 UK-Climate Scenarios -- 1.3.2 Risk Management -- 1.3.3 Social and Cultural Scenarios -- 1.3.4 Built Environment -- 1.3.5 Urban Water Management -- 1.3.6 Energy Supply -- 1.3.7 Other Research Themes -- 1.3.8 Conclusion -- 1.4 Spanish Approach -- 1.4.1 PNACC -- 1.4.2 Implementation Through Work Programmes -- 1.4.2.1 Coastal Areas -- 1.4.2.2 Water Resources -- 1.4.2.3 Biodiversity -- 1.4.3 Spatial Planning and Construction -- 1.4.4 Accents in the Spanish Adaptation Strategy -- 1.5 Climate Adaptation Strategy of Denmark -- 1.5.1 Objective of the Adaptation Strategy -- 1.5.2 Sectors that May be Affected by Climate Change -- 1.5.3 Cross-Cutting Initiatives -- 1.5.3.1 Targeted Information Efforts -- 1.5.3.2 Research Strategy -- 1.5.3.3 Future Organisation -- 1.5.4 Spatial Planning -- 1.5.5 Character of the Danish Approach -- 1.6 Wise Adaptation to Climate Change, Japan -- 1.6.1 Impacts of Climate Change in Japan -- 1.6.2 Wise Adaptation -- 1.6.3 Future Challenges -- 1.6.4 The Japanese Approach -- 1.7 Finland -- 1.7.1 The Impact of and Adaptation Measures to Climate Change in Different Sectors -- 1.7.2 Cross-Sectoral Issues -- 1.7.2.1 Development of Administrative Capacities -- 1.7.2.2 Observation and Warning Systems -- 1.7.2.3 Research and Development -- 1.7.2.4 Education and Communication -- 1.7.3 The Finnish Strategy. , 1.8 Comparison of Strategies -- 1.9 Conclusions -- References -- Website: -- 2 Design Adaptation to Climate Change -- 2.1 Design of a Climate Proof Netherlands -- 2.2 The Role of Spatial Planning -- 2.3 An Innovative Approach -- 2.4 Climate Atlases -- 2.4.1 First Results -- 2.4.1.1 Temperature -- 2.5 Development of Design Principles -- 2.5.1 Meaning for Nature and Agriculture -- 2.5.2 Meaning for Spatial Patterns -- 2.5.3 Time -- 2.6 The Groningen Case -- 2.6.1 Starting Point Groningen: Two Scenarios -- 2.6.2 Knowledge of Climate -- 2.6.2.1 Precipitation -- 2.6.2.2 Sea Level Rise -- 2.7 Consequences for Different Functions -- 2.7.1 Nature and Agriculture -- 2.7.2 An Offensive Coastal Defence -- 2.7.3 Urban Developments -- 2.8 Idea-Map Climate Adapted Groningen -- 2.9 Chinese Demonstration Projects -- 2.9.1 The Longhu Project, Chongqing -- 2.9.1.1 Climate Change Effects -- 2.9.1.2 Analysis of the Site -- 2.9.1.3 Aim -- 2.9.1.4 Water-Bodies -- 2.9.1.5 Natural Ventilation -- 2.9.1.6 Biodiversity -- 2.9.1.7 The Elements: How and Where Positioned -- 2.9.1.8 Models -- 2.9.1.9 Integrated Water System -- 2.9.1.10 An Integral Model: Rough Zoning Plan -- 2.9.2 Yu'an and Anjing in Yunyan District, Guiyang -- 2.9.2.1 Climate Change Effects -- 2.9.2.2 Aim -- 2.9.2.3 Analysis -- 2.9.2.4 Rainwater Approach -- 2.9.2.5 Fit in the Site -- 2.9.2.6 The 'Cake': Concentrating Building Densities -- 2.9.3 Vanke's Stream Valley, Shenzhen -- 2.9.3.1 Climate Change Effects -- 2.9.3.2 Aims -- 2.9.3.3 A Short History of Stream Valley -- 2.9.3.4 Ecology -- 2.9.3.5 Water System -- 2.9.3.6 Conceptual Suggestions -- 2.9.4 Chinese Experience -- 2.10 Chances of a Design Approach -- 2.10.1 Implementation -- References -- Websites: -- 3 The Coast -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Dutch Coastal Defence -- 3.2.1 A forever Changing Coastline -- 3.2.2 Dutch Weak Links. , 3.2.3 Integrated Development Perspective for the South Holland Coast -- 3.2.4 ComCoast -- 3.2.5 Land in Sea! -- 3.2.6 Groningen Combinatory of Coastal Defences -- 3.2.7 Attention for Safety -- 3.2.8 The Dutch 'Delta Commission' -- 3.2.8.1 Urgency -- 3.2.8.2 Emerging Problems -- 3.2.8.3 Future Vision -- 3.2.8.4 Short and Mid-Term Measures -- 3.2.8.5 Broad Dikes -- 3.2.9 Synthesis -- 3.3 Hamburg Hafencity -- 3.3.1 Masterplan -- 3.3.2 Dealing with Potential Flooding -- 3.4 Thames Gateway London -- 3.4.1 Thames Estuary 2100 -- 3.4.2 Delivery Plan for the Gateway -- 3.4.3 Element in the Gateway: Thames Barrier -- 3.4.4 A Floating City -- 3.4.5 Three of a Kind -- 3.5 New Orleans -- 3.5.1 Coast 2050 -- 3.5.2 US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) -- 3.5.3 State of Louisiana Master Plan -- 3.5.4 The MIR Project -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Websites: -- 4 Water Management -- 4.1 Water Policies in The Netherlands -- 4.1.1 Risk -- 4.1.2 Water Policy in the 21st Century -- 4.1.3 Dutch National Water Vision -- 4.1.4 Water Safety -- 4.2 SAFER and ELLA Projects -- 4.2.1 ELLA -- 4.2.2 SAFER -- 4.3 Flood Risk -- 4.4 Building a House -- 4.4.1 Type of Water -- 4.4.1.1 Peak Storage -- 4.4.1.2 Seasonal Storage -- 4.4.1.3 Calamity Storage -- 4.4.1.4 High Tides -- 4.4.1.5 Groundwater Annoyance -- 4.4.2 A Japanese Experience -- 4.4.3 Types of Houses -- 4.4.3.1 Wet Proof House -- 4.4.3.2 Dry Proof House -- 4.4.3.3 Shore House -- 4.4.3.4 Column House -- 4.4.3.5 Floating House -- 4.4.3.6 Amphibic House -- 4.4.3.7 The Slight Drainage House -- 4.4.4 Combination of House and Water Typologies -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Websites: -- 5 Ecology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Directives -- 5.2.1 Bird's Directive -- 5.2.2 Habitat Directive -- 5.3 Natura 2000 -- 5.4 Dutch Spatial-Ecological Concepts -- 5.4.1 Ecological Main Structure -- 5.4.2 National Landscapes. , 5.5 Effects of Climate Change on Nature -- 5.6 Sensitivity -- 5.7 Dilemma: Strict Rules or Flexibility -- 5.8 Adaptation Strategies -- 5.9 The BRANCH Project -- 5.10 Use of BRANCH Principles in Groningen Province -- 5.11 Climate Buffers -- 5.11.1 River Landscape -- 5.11.2 High Parts of the Netherlands (Higher Sand and Hilly Landscapes) -- 5.11.3 Lower Parts of the Netherlands (Lower Peat Landscapes) -- 5.11.4 The Coast, the Wadden and Estuaries (Estuaries and Dunes) -- 5.12 Conclusion -- References -- Websites: -- 6 Energy Potentials -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Towards a Sustainable Provision of Energy -- 6.2 Energy in the Future City -- 6.1.2 The Oil Price -- 6.1.3 Predicting the Price of Oil -- 6.1.4 Consequences -- 6.1.5 Capitalisation of Land and Real Estate -- 6.1.6 Implications to Commuters -- 6.1.7 Spatial Solutions -- 6.1.8 Different Energy Resources -- 6.1.9 Sustainable Development -- 6.2 Energy Potential Mapping -- 6.2.1 Background -- 6.2.2 The Methodology of Mapping Energy Potentials -- 6.3 The Local Energy Toolbox -- 6.3.1 Climate and Energy -- 6.3.2 The Sun -- 6.3.3 Electricity -- 6.3.4 Heat -- 6.3.5 Wind -- 6.3.6 Water -- 6.3.7 Biomass and Waste -- 6.3.7.1 Fuel -- 6.3.7.2 Electricity -- 6.3.7.3 Heat -- 6.3.8 The Underground -- 6.3.8.1 The Deep Underground -- 6.3.8.2 The Intermediate Underground -- 6.3.8.3 The Shallow Underground -- 6.3.9 Exchanging and Cascading Heat and Cold -- 6.3.9.1 Exergy -- 6.3.9.2 The Low-Ex Approach -- 6.3.9.3 Tuning Heat and Cold Supply and Demand -- 6.4 Example: Energy Potentials of the Province of Groningen -- 6.4.1 Electricity -- 6.4.2 Heat and Cold -- 6.4.3 CO 2 Capture -- 6.4.4 An Overlay of Potentials -- 6.4.5 Towards a Sustainable Provincial Plan -- 6.4.6 Outcomes of the Groningen POP Study -- 6.5 Conclusions -- 6.5.1 Considerations -- References -- 7 The Urban Environment -- 7.1 Introduction. , 7.2 Occupation Strategy -- 7.3 Precipitation -- 7.3.1 Thames Gateway -- 7.3.2 Urban Flood Management in Dordrecht -- 7.3.3 Zuidplaspolder -- 7.3.4 Building with Water in Haarlemmermeer -- 7.4 Heat in the City -- 7.4.1 Non-physical Heat Effects -- 7.5 Good Practices Guide (UK) -- 7.5.1 The Centre of Bedford -- 7.5.2 Isle of Dogs in the City of London -- 7.5.3 Urban Expansion: Isle of Sheppey -- 7.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Websites: -- 8 Landscape 2.0 -- 8.1 In Patagonia -- 8.2 Web 2.0 -- 8.2.1 A New Energy Order? -- 8.2.2 Landscape 2.0 -- 8.3 Challenges of Complexity in Planning -- 8.3.1 A Society in Turbulent Circumstances -- 8.3.2 Internet-Economy: The Turbulence Driver -- 8.3.3 The State of Today's Spatial Planning Practice -- 8.3.4 New Environment for Planning: Small Adjustments Made -- 8.3.5 Increase Resilience -- 8.3.6 Complex Adaptive Systems -- 8.3.7 Typology of Complex Systems -- 8.3.8 Tipping Points -- 8.3.9 A New Design Paradigm, Swarm Planning -- 8.3.9.1 Swarm 'Avant-La-Lettre': The Groninger Museum -- 8.4 The Groningen Case -- 8.4.1 Understanding the System: Mapping Climate and Energy Potentials -- 8.4.2 Improving Resilience: Use of Swarm Planning Paradigm -- 8.4.3 Strategic Interventions: The Groningen Impulses -- 8.4.3.1 Fresh Water Storage in Lauwers Lake -- 8.4.3.2 Kwelderworks Eemsdike -- 8.4.3.3 Blauwe Stad -- 8.4.3.4 Dynamic Coast Fivelboezem -- 8.4.4 Steer the Swarm -- 8.4.5 The Groningen Case Discussed -- 8.4.5.1 Mapping -- 8.4.5.2 Idea Map -- 8.4.5.3 Interventions -- 8.4.5.4 In the Real World -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Conclusion -- The Role of Spatial Planning and Design -- The Chapters Summarised -- Standards Are the Standard -- Adaptation to Climate Change: A Spatial Challenge -- Index.