Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Nanotoxicity and Nanoecotoxicity: Introduction, Principles, and Concepts -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Study of Nanotoxicity and Nanoecotoxicology -- 1.3 Current State of Nanotoxicology and Nanoecotoxicology -- 1.3.1 Economic -- 1.3.2 Environmental -- 1.3.3 Social -- 1.4 Prospects of Market Impact -- 1.5 Safety Issues of Nanotechnology Products -- 1.6 Potential Exposure Pathway -- 1.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Nanomaterials and Human Health -- 2.1 Introduction: Nanomaterials -- 2.1.1 Natural Nanomaterials (NNMs) -- 2.1.2 Engineered Nanomaterials -- 2.2 Applications of Nanomaterials -- 2.3 Exposure Pathways of Nanomaterials -- 2.4 Potential Health Effect of Nanomaterials -- 2.5 Risk Assessment -- 2.6 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Safety and Utility of Nanomaterials on Reproduction and Development: An Update of Alternative Methods -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 In Vitro Exposure of Sperm and Other Cells of the Male Gonad -- 3.3 In Vitro Exposure of Eggs and Follicular Cells of the Female Gonad -- 3.3.1 Collection of Oocyte and Follicular Cells of the Female Gonads -- 3.3.2 In Vitro Exposure of Different Types of Ovary Cells -- 3.4 The Placenta: A Differentiated Mother-to-Fetus Biological Barrier in Mammals -- 3.4.1 Alternative Models to Evaluate the Transport Across the Placenta -- 3.4.2 Nanomaterials and Alternative Models of the Placenta -- 3.5 Embryonic Exposure and Embryotoxicity -- 3.5.1 Culture of Early Mammal Embryo -- 3.5.2 Whole Embryo Culture -- 3.5.3 The Multipotent Embryonic Stem Cells -- 3.5.4 Zebrafish Embryo Test -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Nano-toxicity to Microbes: Potential Implications of Nanomaterials on Microbial Activity -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Nanomaterials in Environment. , 4.3 Interaction of Nanomaterial with Microbial Communities -- 4.4 Effect of Nanomaterials on Soil Microbial Flora -- 4.5 Effect on Microbial Community Structure and Enzymatic Activities -- 4.5.1 Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NP) -- 4.5.2 Carbon Nanomaterials -- 4.5.3 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles -- 4.5.4 Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles -- 4.5.5 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 4.5.6 Iron Nanoparticles -- 4.5.7 Silicon and Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles -- 4.5.8 Nano-Ceria (CeO2) -- 4.6 Effect on Water Microbial Flora -- 4.7 Mechanism of Nanomaterial Toxicity to Microbial Community -- 4.7.1 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Nanomaterials Causing Cellular Toxicity and Genotoxicity -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Toxicity of Nanoparticles -- 5.1.2 Nanoparticles of Metallic Substances -- 5.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (FeO) -- 5.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO Nanoparticles) -- 5.4 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 Nanoparticles) -- 5.4.1 Nanoparticles of Nonmetallic Substances -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Exploring Microbial Nanotoxicity Against Drug Resistance in Bacteria -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Effect of Nanoparticles on Drug-Resistant Bacteria -- 6.2.1 Effects of Chemically Synthesized Nanoparticles on Drug-Resistant Bacteria -- 6.2.2 Effect of Biologically Synthesized Nanoparticles on Drug-Resistant Bacteria -- 6.2.3 Effect of Functionalized Nanoparticles on Drug-Resistant Bacteria -- 6.3 Mechanism of Nanoparticle-Mediated Toxicity to Control Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria -- 6.4 Advances in Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance by Nanoparticle-Mediated Approaches -- 6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7: Toxicity of Engineered Nanostructures in Aquatic Environments -- 7.1 Introduction to Nanomaterials and Toxicity Aspects. , 7.2 Engineered Nanostructures: Synthesis Methods -- 7.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes -- 7.2.2 Copper Nanoparticles -- 7.2.3 Graphene -- 7.2.4 Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles -- Wet Synthesis -- Dry Methods -- 7.2.5 Silver Nanoparticles -- 7.2.6 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 7.3 Toxicity of Engineered Nanostructures in Aquatic Environments -- 7.3.1 Nanotoxicity Investigations in Microalgae and Microcrustaceans -- Toxicity Assays with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata -- Toxicity Assays with Microcrustaceans Daphnia and Artemia -- 7.3.2 Nanotoxicity Investigation in Fishes -- 7.3.3 Nanostructure Risk Assessments and Safety Analysis -- 7.4 Conclusion and Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 8: In Vitro Methodologies for Toxicological Assessment of Drug Delivery Nanocarriers -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Drug Delivery Nanocarriers (DDNCs) -- 8.3 Nanomaterials Physicochemical Parameters Evaluation -- 8.4 In Vitro Toxicological Assessment of Nanomaterials -- 8.4.1 Cytotoxicity and Cell Viability Assays -- 8.4.2 Oxidative Stress -- 8.4.3 Proinflammatory Activity and Immunological Response -- 8.4.4 Genotoxicity -- 8.4.5 "Omics" Methodologies -- 8.5 Challenges of Toxicological In Vitro Testing -- 8.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 9: Impact of Nanomaterials on the Food Chain -- 9.1 Preface -- 9.2 Naturally Occurring Nanomaterials in Food -- 9.3 Contamination of Food-Associated Ecosystems with Nanomaterials -- 9.4 Uptake, Bioaccumulation, and Biomagnification of Nanomaterials in Food -- 9.5 Food Industry Welcomes Nanomaterials -- 9.6 Nanomaterials as Regulatory Tools in Agri-Food Systems -- 9.7 Nanomaterial Toxicity in Food Animals and Plants -- 9.8 Conclusions and Outlooks -- References -- Chapter 10: Phytoresponse to Nanoparticle Exposure -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Plant-NP Interactions -- 10.2.1 Plant-NP Interaction: No Effect/Positive Effect. , No Effect of NP Exposure on the Plants -- Stimulatory Effect of NPs on Seed Germination and Plant Vegetative Growth -- NP-Mediated Plant Tolerance to Stress and Disease -- 10.2.2 Plant-NP Interaction: Negative Effects -- Negative Effect on Seed Germination and Root and Shoot Elongation -- Negative Effect of NPs on Plant Biomass and Chlorophyll Content -- NP-Induced Oxidative Stress on Plants -- Deleterious Effects of NPs on the Genetic Constitution of Plants: Genotoxicity -- Negative Effect of NPs on Plant Nutritional Quality/Status -- 10.3 Mechanism Regulating Plant-NP Interactions -- 10.3.1 Mechanism Underlying the Positive Effect of NPs on Plants -- NPs Enhance Water Uptake -- NPs Upregulated Photosynthesis and Secondary Metabolism -- NPs Change Genetic Material Expression -- NPs Mediated Increase in Nutrient Absorption -- NPs Changed Cell Architect -- NPs Enhanced Tolerance to Plant Stress and Disease -- 10.3.2 Mechanism Underlying the Negative Effects of NPs on Plants -- NPs Reduced Chlorophyll Content and Inhibited Photosynthesis -- NPs Altered Plant Maturity and Genetic Constitution -- NPs Negatively Altered Plant Growth by Inducing Oxidative/Abiotic Stress -- NPs Disturbed the Nutritional Status of Plants -- Overall Effect on Vegetative Growth Through Other Mechanisms -- 10.4 NPs can Pass Through Tropic Levels: Biotransformation and Biomagnification, a Serious Concern -- 10.5 Conclusions -- 10.6 Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 11: Environmental Impact and Econanotoxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Naturally Occurring and Engineered Nanoparticles -- 11.3 Different Classes of Engineered Nanoparticles -- 11.4 Engineered Nanomaterials in Pharmaceuticals: Biological and Environmental Interactions -- 11.5 Physicochemical Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials and Their Toxicity. , 11.5.1 Effect of Particle Size -- 11.5.2 Effect of Shape and Structure -- 11.5.3 Effect of Surface Charge -- 11.5.4 Effect of Composition and Crystalline Structure -- 11.5.5 Effect of Aggregation and Concentration -- 11.6 Ecological Accumulation of Engineered Nanoparticles -- 11.6.1 Bioavailability -- 11.6.2 Bioconcentration -- 11.6.3 Bioaccumulation -- 11.6.4 Biomagnification -- 11.7 Toxicity and Environmental Impact of Nanoparticles -- 11.8 Risk Assessment of Engineered Nanoparticles -- 11.9 Nanowaste: Guidelines/Regulatory Measures -- 11.10 Concluding Remarks, Challenges, and Perspectives -- References -- Index.