Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- 1 What are muons? What is muon science? -- 1.1 Basic properties of the muon -- 1.1.1 Mass of the muon -- 1.1.2 Lifetime of the muon -- 1.2 Muons in the current picture of particle physics -- 1.3 Fundamental interactions of the muon -- 1.3.1 Electromagnetic (EM) interaction -- 1.3.2 Weak interaction -- 1.4 Production and decay of polarized muons -- 1.4.1 Muon polarization in pimu decay -- 1.4.2 Asymmetry of electron/positron emission in muon decay -- 1.5 Other fundamental muon physics -- 1.6 Muons and muon sciences -- REFERENCES -- 2 Muon sources -- 2.1 MeV accelerator muons -- 2.1.1 Continuous and pulsed muons -- 2.1.2 Muons from pion decay in flight -- 2.1.3 Surface positive muons -- 2.1.4 Cloud muons -- 2.1.5 Beam optics components for MeV muons -- 2.2 eV-keV slow muons -- 2.2.1 Thermal Mu and the laser resonant ionization method for slow mu+ generation -- 2.2.2 Cold moderator method for slow mu+ -- 2.2.3 Frictional cooling -- 2.2.4 MuCF method for slow mu- -- 2.3 Large acceptance advanced muon channel -- 2.4 100 MeV-GeV decay muons and some advanced generation -- 2.4.1 Monochromatic 230 MeVmu + by K + decay at production target -- 2.4.2 100 GeV muon beam for the EMC experiment -- 2.5 GeV-TeV cosmic-ray muons -- REFERENCES -- 3 Muons inside condensed matter -- 3.1 Stopping muons in matter and polarization change -- 3.2 Behavior of muons in matter -- 3.2.1 Diamagnetic mu+ -- 3.2.2 Paramagnetic muonium -- 3.2.3 mu- Muonic atom -- REFERENCES -- 4 The muonic atom and its formation in matter -- 4.1 Basic properties of the ground state of muonic atoms -- 4.2 Muonic atom formation mechanism -- 4.3 Cascade transitions in muonic atoms -- 4.4 Nondestructive elemental analysis with muonic X-rays and decay electrons -- 4.5 Future directions of muonic atom spectroscopy. , 4.5.1 Improving X-ray detection methods -- 4.5.2 Bent crystal spectrometer -- 4.5.3 CCD method -- 4.5.4 Cryogenic calorimeter -- 4.6 Exotic muonic atom systems -- 4.6.1 Muonic atom X-ray spectroscopy of unstable nuclei -- REFERENCES -- 5 Muon catalyzed fusion -- 5.1 Concept of muon catalysis of nuclear fusion -- 5.2 The experimental arrangements for muon catalyzed fusion -- 5.3 Fusion reaction in a small muonic molecule -- 5.4 Neutral muonic atom thermalization -- 5.5 Muon transfer among hydrogen isotopes -- 5.6 Formation of muonic molecules -- 5.7 Muon sticking and regeneration in the muCF cycle -- 5.7.1 Neutron method -- 5.7.2 X-ray method -- 5.8 Application to energy sources and neutron sources -- 5.8.1 A practical energy source using muCF -- 5.8.2 14 MeV neutron source using muCF -- 5.9 Present understanding and future perspectives -- REFERENCES -- 6 Muon spin rotation/relaxation/resonance: basic principles -- 6.1 Muon spin rotation -- 6.2 Muon spin relaxation -- 6.2.1 Some details of zero-field relaxation functions -- ZF relaxation under static random fields -- ZF relaxation in the presence of dynamical effects -- 6.2.2 Spin relaxation under longitudinal field: LF-muSR -- Static case: LF-decoupling of random static field -- Dynamic case: LF-decoupling of fluctuating field -- 6.2.3 Longitudinal field decoupling of muonium (Mu) -- 6.2.4 Level-crossing resonance (LCR) -- 6.3 Muon spin resonance -- 6.4 mu+SR, MuSR, and mu-SR -- 6.4.1 muSR of diamagnetic mu+ : mu+SR -- 6.4.2 muSR of paramagnetic Mu: MuSR -- 6.4.3 muSR of bound mu-: mu-SR -- 6.5 Experimental methods of muSR: continuous vs pulsed -- 6.5.1 Continuous muSR -- 6.5.2 Pulsed muSR -- 6.6 Some details of muSR experimental methods -- 6.6.1 Advanced muon spin rotation measurements -- 6.6.2 Advanced longitudinal relaxation measurements -- Under zero field -- Under external longitudinal field. , 6.6.3 Advanced muon spin resonance measurements -- 6.6.4 Advanced LCR with continuous beam -- REFERENCES -- 7 Muon spin rotation/relaxation/resonance: probing microscopic magnetic properties -- 7.1 Application of muSR to studies of the intrinsic properties of condensed matter -- 7.1.1 Determination of the mu+ site in solids -- mu+ Location determination -- mu+ Hyperfine field and nature of the electron spin system -- Studies of the magnetic-phase diagram -- 7.2 Hyperfine structure at interstitial mu+ and at bound mu- close to the nucleus in ferromagnetic metals -- 7.2.1 Hyperfine fields at interstitial mu+ in ferromagnets -- 7.3 Probing critical phenomena and magnetic ordering in metal ferromagnets and heavy fermions -- 7.4 Probing spin dynamics in random and/or frustrated spin systems -- 7.5 Probing magnetism, penetration depth, and vortex states in high-Tc superconductors -- 7.5.1 Magnetism in high-Tc superconductors -- 7.5.2 Penetration depth and vortex states in high-Tc superconductors -- 7.6 Probing magnetic ordering in exotic magnetic materials -- REFERENCES -- 8 Muon spin rotation/relaxation/resonance: probing induced microscopic systems in condensed matter -- 8.1 mu+ localization and diffusion in condensed matter -- 8.1.1 mu+ diffusion in Cu (fcc) and other pure metals -- 8.1.2 mu diffusion in KCl and other ionic crystals -- 8.2 Probing Mu/mu + center in semiconductors and insulators -- 8.2.1 Methods so far applied -- 8.2.2 Muonium-like states in semiconductors -- 8.2.3 Muonium in alkali halides -- 8.3 Muonium radicals in chemical compounds -- 8.4 Probing electron transfer in polymers and macromolecules: labeled-electron method -- 8.4.1 Formation and decay of muonic radicals in conducting polymers -- 8.4.2 Probing electron transfer in biological macromolecules -- muSR life science -- 8.5 Muonium chemical reaction. , 8.5.1 Mu chemical reactions in gases -- 8.5.2 Mu chemical reactions in aqueous solutions -- 8.5.3 Mu chemical reactions in solids -- 8.5.4 Mu chemical reactions on solid surfaces -- 8.6 Paramagnetic mu-O probe -- REFERENCES -- 9 Cosmic-ray muon probe for internal structure of geophysical-scale materials -- 9.1 Penetration of cosmic-ray muons through large-scale matter -- 9.2 How to obtain imaging of inner structure -- 9.2.1 Determination of cosmic-ray muon path through the mountain -- 9.2.2 Correction due to multiple scattering and range straggling -- 9.2.3 Identification of the relevant cosmic-ray muons against backgrounds -- 9.2.4 Some practical remarks -- 9.2.5 Tomographic imaging -- 9.3 Example of counter system and data analysis -- 9.3.1 Analog three-counter system -- 9.3.2 Segmented two-counter system -- 9.3.3 Data-taking and analysis -- 9.4 Results of some feasibility studies -- 9.4.1 Mt Tsukuba experiment -- 9.4.2 Mt Asama experiment -- 9.5 Prospects for volcanic eruption prediction -- 9.6 Application to probing the interior of the earth and earthquake prediction -- 9.7 Application to probing defects in large-scale industrial machinery -- 9.8 Multiple scattering radiography with cosmic-ray muon -- REFERENCES -- 10 Future trends in muon science -- 10.1 Nonlinear muon effects -- 10.2 Production of muonic antihydrogen and CPT theorem -- 10.3 The mu+ mu- atom -- 10.4 Muonium free drop and lepton gravitational constant -- 10.5 Advanced neutrino sources with slow mu+ -- 10.6 The mu+ mu- colliders with slow mu+ and mu- -- 10.7 Mobile TeV muon generator and disaster prevention -- REFERENCES -- Further reading -- Index.