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  • Blackwell Publishers, Inc.  (1)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 , USA , and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2DQ , UK . : Blackwell Publishers, Inc.
    Mathematical finance 14 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Mathematik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The reset right embedded in an option contract is the privilege given to the option holder to reset certain terms in the contract according to specified rules at the moment of shouting, where the time to shout is chosen optimally by the holder. For example, a shout option with strike reset right entitles its holder to choose the time to take ownership of an at-the-money option. This paper develops the theoretical framework of analyzing the optimal shouting policies to be adopted by the holder of an option with reset right on the strike price. It is observed that the optimal shouting policy depends on the time dependent behaviors of the expected discounted value of the at-the-money option received upon shouting. During the time period when the theta of the expected discounted value of the new option received is positive, it is never optimal for the holder to shout at any level of asset value. At those times when the theta is negative, we show that there exists a threshold value for the asset price above which the holder of a reset put option should shout optimally. For the shout floor, we obtain an analytic representation of the price function. For the reset put option, we derive the integral representation of the shouting right premium and analyze the asymptotic behaviors of the optimal shouting boundaries at time close to expiry and infinite time from expiry. We also provide numerical results for the option values and shouting boundaries using the binomial scheme and recursive integration method. Accuracy and run time efficiency of these two numerical schemes are compared.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-06-10
    Beschreibung: Hepatic progenitor cells (HPC) play important roles in both liver regeneration and carcinogenesis. Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (CHC), a malignant primary liver tumor with poor prognosis, is thought to be of HPC origin. However, the prognostic significance of this etiology is not well defined. Therefore, we retrospectively investigated the relationship of HPC-related pathological features and long-term outcome in patients with CHC in our department. In a cohort of 80 patients identified between 1997 and 2003, including 70 patients who underwent resection with curative intent, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were correlated with the proliferative activity of non-tumor ductular reaction (DR) and the expression levels of HPC and biliary markers including α-fetoprotein (AFP), Keratin 7 (K7), Keratin 19 (K19), oval cell (OV)-6, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and c-Kit in both tumor and non-tumor liver. We found that non-tumor ductular reactions (DRs), specifically the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling index of the ductular reaction (PI-DR), a surrogate for transit-amplifying compartments, was an independent prognostic factor for both OS and DFS. By contrast, intratumoral expression of only one marker, absence of AFP, was associated with OS. PI-DR was also found independently associated with synchronous “multicentric occurrence” in hepatocellular carcinoma components, a feature of CHC may predispose to metachronous multifocal tumorigenesis. Conclusion: Proliferative ductular reaction related to HPC activation is associated with recurrence of CHC. Background HPC activation is strongly associated with multifocal occurrence and related tumor recurrence, highlighting the critical role of background liver disease, a “field effect”, in the recurrence of CHC. (H EPATOLOGY 2012.)
    Print ISSN: 0270-9139
    Digitale ISSN: 1527-3350
    Thema: Medizin
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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