Note: Intro -- Chemical Structure of Pelagic Redox Interfaces -- Observation and Modeling -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Aims and Scope -- Series Preface -- Contents -- Introduction: Redox Interfaces in Marine Waters -- 1 Preface -- 2 Occurrence and Hydrophysical Structure -- 3 Global Distribution -- 4 Effects on Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ecosystem Function -- 5 Terminology, Definitions, Boundaries and Thresholds -- 6 The Redox Layers in a Marine Water Column -- 7 Modelling -- 8 Structure of the Monograph -- References -- Biogeochemical Peculiarities of the Vertical Distributions of Nutrients in the Black Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Anaerobic Microbial Community in the Aerobic Water and at the Oxic/Anoxic Interface in the Black Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Rates of Sulfate Reduction and Methanogenesis in the Water Column of the Black Sea -- 3.2 Detection of SRB and Methanogenic Archaea in Aerobic Surface Waters -- 3.3 Structure of Anaerobic Microbial Communities in the Chemocline of the Black Sea -- 3.4 Identification of SRB from Enrichment Cultures Isolated from Aerobic Water and the Chemocline Zone -- 3.5 Detection of Active Prokaryotic Cells in the Anaerobic Water of the Black Sea -- 4 Discussion -- References -- The Energetic Balance of Microbial Exploitation of Pelagic Redox Gradients -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microbial Communities Across Pelagic Redox Gradients -- 3 Flux of Electron Acceptors and Donors as Source of Energy -- 4 Observed Carbon Dioxide Fixation and Quantitative Explanation -- References -- Manganese and Iron at the Redox Interfaces in the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the Oslo Fjord -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Study Site -- 2.2 Sampling. , 2.3 Chemical Measurements -- 2.4 Modeling -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Manganese -- 3.2 Iron -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Modeling -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Role of Sulfide Oxidation Intermediates in the Redox Balance of the Oxic-Anoxic Interface of the Gotland Deep, Baltic Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Sampling -- 2.2 Analytical Techniques -- 2.2.1 Sulfide and Sulfide Oxidation Intermediates -- 2.2.2 Oxygen, Nutrients, and Metals -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Redox Transition Zone -- 3.2 Bottom Layer -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Zero-Valent Sulfur-Thiosulfate Distribution Paradox -- 4.2 Nutrients Distribution -- 4.3 Distribution of Metals -- 4.4 Oxic Water Intrusions at and Below RTZ -- 4.5 Origin of the Turbidity Maxima -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- On Interannual Variability of Chemical Characteristics of Redox Layer and Cold Intermediate Layer of the Black Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Characteristic Vertical Biogeochemical Structure -- 3.2 Interannual Variability of O2, H2S, NH4 and Mn(II) -- 3.3 Interannual Variability of Carbonate System Parameters -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Large-Scale Dynamics of Hypoxia in the Baltic Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data, Tools, and Methods -- 3 Long-Term Large-Scale Oxygen Dynamics -- 4 Redox Alterations of Biogeochemical Cycles -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Biogeochemical Characteristics in the Elefsis Bay (Aegean Sea, Eastern Mediterranean) in Relation to Anoxia and Climate Change -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of the Area -- 3 History of the Area -- 4 Elefsis Bay Characteristics -- 4.1 Field, Laboratory Analysis and Data Assessment -- 4.2 Description of the Ecosystem Dynamics -- 4.2.1 Hydrography -- 4.2.2 Biochemical Characteristics of the Water Column -- DO and Inorganic Nutrients -- Organic Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus. , Chlorophyll and Zooplankton in Elefsis Bay -- Statistical Analysis -- 5 Interannual Variability -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- RedOx Layer Model: A Tool for Analysis of the Water Column Oxic/Anoxic Interface Processes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Formulation of Model -- 2.1 Biogeochemical Processes Parameterization -- 2.1.1 Autolysis -- 2.1.2 Mineralization of OM -- Mineralization in Oxic Conditions -- Mineralization in Suboxic Conditions -- Sulfate Reduction -- 2.1.3 Ammonification and Phosphatification -- 2.1.4 Nitrification -- 2.1.5 Nitrogen Fixation -- 2.1.6 Anammox -- 2.1.7 Oxidation of Reduced Sulfur Forms with Oxygen -- 2.1.8 S0 Disproportionation -- 2.1.9 Thiodenitrification (Chemolithotrophic Denitrification) -- 2.1.10 Processes of Oxidation and Reduction of Manganese -- Manganese(II) Oxidation with Oxygen -- Manganese(IV) Reduction with Sulfide -- Manganese(III) Oxidation and Reduction -- 2.1.11 Processes of Oxidation and Reduction of Iron -- Iron(II) Oxidation with Oxygen -- Iron(II) Oxidation by Manganese(IV) -- Iron(II) Oxidation by Nitrate -- Iron(III) Reduction by Sulfide -- 2.1.12 Processes of Phosphorus Transformation -- 2.2 Ecosystem Processes Parameterization -- 2.2.1 Phytoplankton (Phy) -- 2.2.2 Zooplankton (Zoo) -- 2.2.3 Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria (B_ae_het) -- 2.2.4 Aerobic Autotrophic Bacteria (B_ae_aut) -- 2.2.5 Anaerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria (B_anae _het) -- 2.2.6 Anaerobic Autotrophic Bacteria (B_anae_aut) -- 2.3 Equations for the Biogeochemical Sources RC -- 3 Discussion -- References -- Modelling of the Meromictic Fjord Hunnbunn (Norway) with an Oxygen Depletion Model (OxyDep) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Hunnbunn Hydrophysical and Hydrochemical Structure -- 2.2 GETM Application and Set Up -- 2.3 OxyDep Description -- 2.4 Sinking -- 2.5 Boundary Conditions -- 3 Results and Discussion. , 4 Conclusions -- References -- Numerical Modelling of Biogeochemical Regime Response to Decadal Atmospheric Variability During 1960-2000 in the Black Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model and Materials -- 2.1 Description of the Model -- 2.2 Analysis of Forcing and Initial Data -- 2.2.1 Forcing Data -- 2.2.2 Initial Conditions -- 2.3 Numerical Experiments -- 2.4 Model Validations -- 3 Interannual Variability of Simulated Biogeochemistry Responses -- 4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Conclusions -- Index.