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  • 1
    Keywords: Logic History ; Mathematische Logik ; Mathematik ; Geschichte
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource , x, 716 p
    Edition: Online-Ausg.] Elsevier e-book collection on ScienceDirect
    ISBN: 0444516255 , 9780444516251
    Language: English
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 2
    Keywords: Many-valued logic ; Nonmonotonic reasoning ; Many-valued logic ; Nonmonotonic reasoning
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource , p. cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg.] Elsevier e-book collection on ScienceDirect
    ISBN: 0444516239 , 9780444516237
    Series Statement: Handbook of the history of logic volume 8
    Language: English
    Note: Includes index
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  • 3
    Keywords: Logic ; Logic ; Logic ; Electronic books ; Electronic books
    Description / Table of Contents: Agenda Relevance is the first volume in the authors' omnibus investigation of the logic of practical reasoning, under the collective title, A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems. In this highly original approach, practical reasoning is identified as reasoning performed with comparatively few cognitive assets, including resources such as information, time and computational capacity. Unlike what is proposed in optimization models of human cognition, a practical reasoner lacks perfect information, boundless time and unconstrained access to computational complexity. The practical reasoner is therefore obliged to be a cognitive economizer and to achieve his cognitive ends with considerable efficiency. Accordingly, the practical reasoner avails himself of various scarce-resource compensation strategies. He also possesses neurocognitive traits that abet him in his reasoning tasks. Prominent among these is the practical agent's striking (though not perfect) adeptness at evading irrelevant information and staying on task. On the approach taken here, irrelevancies are impediments to the attainment of cognitive ends. Thus, in its most basic sense, relevant information is cognitively helpful information. Information can then be said to be relevant for a practical reasoner to the extent that it advances or closes some cognitive agenda of his. The book explores this idea with a conceptual detail and nuance not seen the standard semantic, probabilistic and pragmatic approaches to relevance; but wherever possible, the authors seek to integrate alternative conceptions rather than reject them outright. A further attraction of the agenda-relevance approach is the extent to which its principal conceptual findings lend themselves to technically sophisticated re-expression in formal models that marshal the resources of time and action logics and label led deductive systems. Agenda Relevance is necessary reading for researchers in logic, belief dynamics, computer science, AI, psychology and neuroscience, linguistics, argumentation theory, and legal reasoning and forensic science, and will repay study by graduate students and senior undergraduates in these same fields
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online Ressource
    ISBN: 044451385X , 9780444513854
    Series Statement: A practical logic of cognitive systems v. 1
    Language: English
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index. - Print version record
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  • 4
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    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 15 (9). pp. 1053-1074.
    Publication Date: 2018-05-30
    Description: The plankton multiplier is a positive feedback mechanism linking the greenhouse effect and biological pump (Woods.J.D., Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, 1990). As pollution increases the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, the enhanced greenhouse effect induces radiative forcing of the ocean, which diminishes the depth of winter convection, reducing the annual resupply of nutrients to the euphotic zone and therefore the annual primary production. That weakens the biological pump, which contributes to oceanic uptake of CO2,. As the ocean takes up less CO2, more remains in the atmosphere, accelerating the rise in radiative forcing. We have used a mathematical model of the upper ocean ecosystem, based on the Lagrangian Ensemble method, to estimate the sensitivity of the biological pump to radiative forcing, which lies at the heart of the plankton multiplier. We conclude that increasing radiative forcing by 5 W m− (equivalent to doubling atmospheric CO2) reduces the deep flux of paniculate carbon by 10%. That sensitivity is sufficient to produce significant positive feedback in the greenhouse. It means that the plankton multiplier will increase the rate of climate change in the 21st century. It also suggests that the plankton multiplier is the mechanism linking the Milankovich effect to the enhanced greenhouse effect that produces global warming at the end of ice ages.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 18 (5). pp. 767-788.
    Publication Date: 2018-05-30
    Description: This paper discusses an observing system simulation experiment which reveals the difference in primary production of (i) phytoplankton moving freely in the turbulent mixed layer of the upper ocean and (ii) a sample of the same population held in a bottle at fixed depths. The results indicate the tendency of incubation measurements to overestimate phytoplankton production rates by up to 40%. Differences in primary production depend to a first approximation on the vertical extent of mixing and on water turbidity. A simple model was constructed leading to a non-linear calibration function which relates the difference in primary production to surface irradiance, mixing depth and to the depth of the euphotic zone. This function has been applied to calibrate the production rates simulated at fixed depths, and the corrected values were verified by comparisons with productivities in the turbulent environment. The calibration function was found to be capable of reducing the differences significantly.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 52 (3-4). pp. 723-734.
    Publication Date: 2018-07-02
    Description: One of the critical issues in large-scale physical/biological coupled models is the survival of zooplankton in a water column circulating an anticyclonic gyre. Survival is most at risk in regions where the phytoplankton food supply is low due to environmental stress by light-limitation (deep mixing in winter) or nutrient limitation (oligotrophy). To investigate this problem we simulated the ecosystem in a 1 m2 cross-section water column, using the Lagrangian Ensemble method in which plankton are treated as particles following independent trajectories through the changing environment. In this first part of a two-part article we report the results of simulating the ecosystem in a water column located off the Azores, where winter mixing reaches 200 m and there is seasonal, but not permanent oligotrophy. The model features diatoms and herbivorous copepods subject to carnivorous predation, with remineralization of carbon and nitrogen by bacteria attached to detritus and faecal pellets. The copepods become extinct after failing to reproduce in years of low food supply. We show that the risk of extinction can be reduced by allowing cannibalism or by reducing carnivorous predation; we discuss other possibilities: enhancing the food supply by adding new guilds of phytoplankton, and relaxing oligotrophy by allowing other sources of nitrogen injection into the euphotic zone.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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