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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling and simulation design of advanced Cu alloy interconnects (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 6089-6094 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We use modeling and simulation tools to determine the beneficial additives or dopants to Cu interconnect. We have designed a virtual simulation procedure to cover several important aspects in screening a potential dopant to Cu with the assumption that grain-boundary (GB) diffusion is dominant for Cu electromigration performance. The procedure investigates dopant segregation to GB, bulk diffusion, dopant and Cu self-diffusion at the GB, and the effect of the dopant's presence on Cu diffusion at the GB. Defect formation and migration energies as well as activation energies were calculated using the state of the art ab initio method. Two primary mechanisms for a dopant to be effective were identified, namely, dopant blocking and dopant dragging mechanisms. For dopant blocking mechanism the desired dopants occupy the GB interstitial sites and block the fast diffusion pathway for Cu. In the case where Cu atoms occupy the GB interstitial sites, the desired dopants segregate to the nearby substitutional sites and drag the fast diffusing Cu. Early experimental results have confirmed model prediction for several dopants identified so far. The mean time to failure has increased more than 60% with a dopant concentration as low as 0.01 at. % in Cu and the resistivity increase can be controlled below 15% compared to undoped Cu. We demonstrate that modeling and simulation have become valuable alternatives to experiment for design of advanced materials systems for technology research and development. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1459756
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Screening beneficial dopants to Cu interconnects by modeling (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), S. 763-765 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present the results of first-principles simulations of dopant segregation to grain boundaries (GBs), dopant bulk diffusion, dopant and Cu self-diffusion at the GB, and the effect of the presence of a dopant on Cu diffusion at the GB for advanced Cu alloy interconnects. Several dopants that inhibit Cu GB diffusion were identified. Two primary mechanisms were found, namely, dopant blocking and dopant dragging. Early experimental results have confirmed model predictions for one of the several dopants (carbon) identified so far. The mean time to failure has increased more than 60% with a carbon concentration in Cu as low as 0.01 at. % and the resulting resistivity increase can be controlled below 15% compared to undoped Cu. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1445471
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ab initio modeling and experimental study of C–B interactions in Si (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), S. 52-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present results of ab initio calculations for the structure and energetics of small boron-carbon-interstitial and carbon-interstitial clusters in silicon and a respective continuum model for the nucleation, growth, and dissolution of these clusters. To test our calculations, we also measure secondary-ion mass spectra of boron and carbon in a SiGeCB system, which our model reproduces well. For the considered concentration regime, we find rapid carbon diffusion, nearly immobile boron, and undersaturation of silicon self-interstitials, resulting mainly from two clusters suggested by our ab initio results, the dicarbon-interstitial cluster and the boron-carbon-interstitial cluster. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1430505
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photovoltaic transistors based on a steady-state internal polarization effect in asymmetric semiconductor superlattices (1991)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 59 (1991), S. 393-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In semiconductor superlattices lacking the reflection symmetry, transient internal polarization fields have previously been reported. We show that a modified structure can generate a steady-state photovoltage. We then propose a new class of photovoltaic transistors in which this voltage directly controls the conductivity of the transistor channel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.105441
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  • 5
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    Study of surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity of DNA-directed self-assembled gold nanoparticle dimers (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-13
    Description: Quantitative research on the localized surface plasmon resonance of metallic nanostructures has received tremendous interest. However, most current studies have concentrated on theoretical calculation because it is difficult to obtain monodisperse metallic nanostructures with high purity experimentally. In this work, gold nanodimers (GNDs) with high uniformity are fabricated through DNA-directed self-assembly of gold nanoparticles and then used as substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The dependence of the SERS properties of the substrates on the size of the gold particles and the position of Rhodamine B (RB) molecules is systematically studied using the DNA-directed self-assembled GNDs with Raman-active RB molecules immobilized in different positions between pairs of gold nanoparticles as a model system. Theoretical simulations conducted using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method confirm the structure-dependent SERS characteristics of the GNDs, with good agreement between the FDTD simulation data and experimental results.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 6
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    Polarization sensitivity of light diffraction for periodic array of anisotropic gold nanoparticles (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-19
    Description: This article aims to analyze the first order diffraction intensity of the incident polarized light which is diffracted by the gold nanoparticles array in terms of the surface plasmon effect. The inspected gold nanoparticles array films are built in grating pattern with stripe thickness of 4  μ m and diameters of gold nanoparticles ca. 10–56 nm, which are formed by annealing at temperatures of 400, 450, 500, and 550 °C, respectively. The probing light is linearly polarized with wavelengths of 450–800 nm and counterclockwise turns its polarization direction from 0° to 90° during measurements. The results show that the diffraction intensity depends on the anisotropic configuration samples which gold nanoparticles are orientated by analyzing the scanning electron microscope images. It results that the localized surface plasmon effect induced by incident field depends on orientation and causes the sample polarization-sensitive.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 7
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    A simple and wide-range refractive index measuring approach by using a sub-micron grating (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-17
    Description: This paper presents the design and simulation results of a high-precision low-cost refractometer that demonstrates the main advantage of a wide measurement range (1 ≤ n ≤ 2). The proposed design is based on the diffractive properties of sub-micron gratings and Snell's Law. The precision and uncertainty factors of the proposed system were tested and analyzed, revealing that the proposed refractometer demonstrates a wide measurement range with sensitivity of 10 −4 .
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 8
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    A positioning-tolerant wireless charging system for roadway-powered electric vehicles (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-26
    Description: This paper proposes a positioning-tolerant wireless power transfer technique to compensate the impact of misalignment on the power transmission performance, which is used to implement the wireless charging functionality in a free-positioning manner, thus significantly improving the practicality for roadway-powered electric vehicles (EVs). The key of the proposed wireless power transfer technique is to adopt the gapless alternate-winding topology for the power supply unit to produce an evenly distributed electromagnetic field and the vertical-and-horizontal coil design for the pickup unit to enhance the capability of acquiring energy. Hence, the power transmission can be effectively improved in spite of an offset between the centers of the primary and secondary coils. In this paper, both the computational simulation and experimentation are carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed positioning-tolerant wireless charging system for roadway-powered EVs.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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