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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Kiel : Inst. für Meereskunde, Abt. Meeresphysik
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Zusammenstellung zu den SI-Einheiten soll eine praktische Arbeitsgrundlage für die Verwendung dieser Einheiten in der Ozeanographie bereitstellen. Sie paßt die grundlegenden Vorschriften des SI-Systems (Système International d'Unités) und die vom UNESCO/ICES/SCOR/IAPSO-Ausschuß "Ozeanographische Tabelle und Standards" (JPOTS) erarbeiteten Regeln für die Anwendung in der Ozeanographie zusammen. Grundlagen sind der SUN Report (IAPSO, 1979), die IAPSO-Publication Scientifique No. 32, veröffentlicht bei der UNESCO (1985) und die Empfehlungen der genannten internationalen Meeresforschungsorganisationen zum "Praktischen Salzgehalt" und zur neuen Zustandsgleichung des Meerwassers (UNESCO, 1981, 1983). Außerdem werden Angaben zur neuen internationalen Temperaturskala gegeben (SAUNDERS, 1990). Der Bericht enthält ferner eine Zusammenfassung von Größen und Einheiten zur Strahlungsenergieübertragung im Meer. Die 3. Auflage wurde gegenüber der 2. Auflage vor allem durch Erläuterungen zu oft gebrauchten Bezeichnungen ergänzt. Bei den Strahlungsgrößen wurden einige Bezeichnungen entsprechend dem überwiegend üblichen Gebrauch verändert bzw. hinzugefügt, und einige Fehler wurden korrigiert.
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: 30 Bl , graph. Darst , 30 cm
    Series Statement: Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel 101
    Language: German
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  • 2
    Book
    Book
    Kiel : Inst. für Meereskunde, Abt. Meeresphysik
    Keywords: Report ; Dissertation ; Forschungsbericht ; Hochschulschrift
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: IV, 142 S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel 281
    Language: German
    Note: Literaturverz. S. 128 - 135 , Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1995
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  • 3
    Book
    Book
    Kiel : Inst. für Meereskunde, Abt. Meeresphysik
    Keywords: Meereskunde ; SI-Einheiten
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Zusammenstellung zu den SI-Einheiten soll eine praktische Arbeitsgrundlage für die Verwendung dieser Einheiten in der Ozeanographie bereitstellen. Sie paßt die grundlegenden Vorschriften des SI-Systems (Système International d'Unités) und die vom UNESCO/ICES/SCOR/IAPSO-Ausschuß "Ozeanographische Tabelle und Standards" (JPOTS) erarbeiteten Regeln für die Anwendung in der Ozeanographie zusammen. Grundlagen sind der SUN Report (IAPSO, 1979), die IAPSO-Publication Scientifique No. 32, veröffentlicht bei der UNESCO (1985) und die Empfehlungen der genannten internationalen Meeresforschungsorganisationen zum "Praktischen Salzgehalt" und zur neuen Zustandsgleichung des Meerwassers (UNESCO, 1981, 1983). Außerdem werden Angaben zur neuen internationalen Temperaturskala gegeben (SAUNDERS, 1990). Der Bericht enthält ferner eine Zusammenfassung von Größen und Einheiten zur Strahlungsenergieübertragung im Meer. Die 3. Auflage wurde gegenüber der 2. Auflage vor allem durch Erläuterungen zu oft gebrauchten Bezeichnungen ergänzt. Bei den Strahlungsgrößen wurden einige Bezeichnungen entsprechend dem überwiegend üblichen Gebrauch verändert bzw. hinzugefügt, und einige Fehler wurden korrigiert.
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: 18 S , graph. Darst.
    Edition: 3. überarb. Aufl
    Series Statement: Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel 101
    Language: German , English
    Note: Text in dt. u. engl. Sprache
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  • 4
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht ; Hochschulschrift
    Description / Table of Contents: Das deutsche Forschungsschiff SONNE war während der Fahrt Nr 113 (TROPAC) vom 10 Oktober - 19 November 1996 im westlichen tropischen Pazifik im Einsatz. Das Untersuchungsgebiet lag im Östlichen Marianenbecken und im Östlichen Karolinenbecken. Das physikalisch/chemische Programm hatte zwei Schwerpunkte a) Untersuchungen zur Zirkulation von Antarktischem Zwischenwasser in der Bismarck- See und längs des Äquators zwischen 143° und 150°E und b) zur Struktur und zum Transport von unterem zirkumpolaren Tiefenwasser im Marianenbecken. (MOD)
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: 129 S , graph. Darst., Kt
    Series Statement: Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel 288
    Language: German
    Note: Förderkennzeichen BMBF 03G0113A
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  • 5
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 76 (1). pp. 5-11.
    Publication Date: 2019-01-21
    Description: Widespread and sustained in situ ocean measurements are essential to an improved understanding of the state of the ocean and its role in global change. Merchant marine vessels can play a major role in ocean monitoring, yet apart from routine weather observations and upper-ocean temperature measurements, they constitute a vastly underutilized resource due to lack of suitable instrumentation. Examples of ways in which vessels can assist include profiling techniques of physical properties, chemical sampling via automated water samplers, optical techniques to measure various biological parameters, and ground truth measurements for remote sensing from orbiting and geostationary satellites. Further, ships can act as relays between subsurface instrumentation and satellite communication services. To take advantage of the opportunities that the maritime industry can provide, two steps must be taken. The first is to initiate an instrumentation development program with emphasis on techniques optimized for highly automated use onboard ships at 15-20-kt speeds. The second is to forge partnerships or links between academic and government laboratories and the maritime industry for the institution and maintenance of such monitoring programs. No doubt significant resources will be required, but in the long run the improved ability to monitor the state of ocean in situ will make the effort more than worthwhile.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 3 (2). pp. 255-264.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: The inclination of oceanographic mooring lines due to current drag causes errors in time series observations of currents and temperatures. The prediction of this effect requires knowledge of the drag coefficients for the mooring components. Drag coefficients, known for simple geometric shapes such as spheres or cylinders, are commonly used for mooring response computations. Selected mooring components (buoyancy elements and instruments) were tested in a tow tank to determine their actual drag coefficients. Over the Reynolds Number range, typical of oceanic conditions, deviations of the drag coefficient up to 50% are found when compared with the appropriate simple geometric shape coefficients. A set of model moorings and model current profiles is used to determine the resulting changes in component depth level and displacement. The changes in horizontal displacement of the upper part of the mooring are on the order of 10% in extreme cases and 1% under typical conditions. Their effects on current measurements will usually be negligible. However, the related vertical displacements are on the order 100 to 10 m. Such vertical displacements may carry instruments to depth levels where currents and particularly thermocline temperatures are sufficiently different from the intended level to cause errors in the time series observations.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 16 (5). pp. 814-826.
    Publication Date: 2018-04-04
    Description: Simulated transient-tracer distributions (tritium, 3H3, freons) on the isopycnal horizons σ0=26.5 and 26.8 kg m−3 are presented for the East Atlantic, 10° −40°N. Tracer transport is modeled by employing a baroclinic flow field based on empirical data in a kinematic isopycnal advection-diffusion numerical model, in which winter convection is taken as the mechanism of communication with the ocean surface layer, and the isopycnal diffusivity is a free parameter. Diapucnic transport is ignored. The simulations employ time-dependent tracer boundary conditions, which are constructed on the basis of available observations. Simulations are compared to data obtained on a meridional section in 1981 (F/S Meteor, cruise 56/5). Best simulations were obtained by means of a subjective optimization procedure. On both levels, the observed distributions and the best simulated distributions agree well. The fact that the surface boundary conditions and interior distributions of the tracers are distinctly different leads us to the conclusion that our model provides a consistent description of upper main-thermocline ventilation and interior transport Surface-water densities in February are found to represent adequately the winter outcrop boundaries with an uncertainty of about ±300 km across. The required isopycnal diffusivity south of 29°N is 1700 m2 s−1, and 2900 m2 s−1 further north (+70/−40%). Interior transport is found to be predominantly advective. Advective ventilation across 30.5°N east of 33°W amounts to only 12% and 40% for the 26.5 and 26.8 horizons of the total ventilation rates reported by Sarmiento. The North Atlantic/South Atlantic Central Water boundary near 15°N is found to be predominantly determined by advection.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 17 (10). pp. 1561-1570.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Quasi-homogeneous layers in vertical profiles of temperature and salinity in the eastern North Atlantic near Madeira indicate the existence of a subtropical Mode Water in the Eastern Basin. Temperature sections show a maximum horizontal extent of at least 500 km. The frequency distribution analysis of homogeneous layers in a historical XBT dataset shows a Mode Water formation region near and to the north of Madeira. This Mode Water is found at increasing depths and displaced to the west and southwest during the course of the year after its formation by wintertime convection. It disappears almost completely, due to mixing, before the next winter. Volume estimates suggest that this Madeira Mode Water in the eastern Atlantic accounts for 15–20% of the total Central Water formation in the corresponding density range as obtained from tracer studies in the North Atlantic gyre.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25 (8). pp. 1771-1787.
    Publication Date: 2018-04-05
    Description: The Cape Verde Frontal Zone separates the North and the South Atlantic Central Waters in the eastern North Atlantic. It also represents the boundary between the ventilated subtropical gyre and the quasi-stagnant shadow zone in the southeast. The thermohaline front is nearly compensated with respect to density, and density parameters RP, suggest the existence of double-diffusive processes. Datasets from three cruises to the region, approximately one year apart each, are used to determine the effects of double-diffusive diapycnal versus isopycnal mixing. For this purpose results from the usual temperature-salinity analysis assuming isopycnal mixing are compared to results from a multiparameter analysis where nutrient and oxygen data are also used. Significant diapycnal fluxes are found in the frontal zone between 200 and 300 m, with water mass contents being changed by more than 20% through diapycnal mixing. The associated buoyancy fluxes have a similar magnitude as surface fluxes in the area and thus represent an important contribution to the vertical balances of heat and salt.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 29 (11). pp. 2785-2801.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: The Rio Grande Rise acts as a natural barrier for the equatorward flow of Antarctic Bottom Water in the subtropical South Atlantic. In addition to the Vema Channel, the Hunter Channel cuts through this obstacle and offers a separate route for bottom-water import into the southern Brazil Basin. On the occasion of the Deep Basin Experiment, a component of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), the expected deep flow through the Hunter Channel was directly observed for the first time by an array of moored current meters and thermistor chains from December 1992 to May 1994. Main results are (i) the Hunter Channel is, in fact, a conduit for bottom-water flow into the Brazil Basin. Our new mean transport from moored current meters [2.92 (±1.24) × 106 m3 s−1] is significantly higher than earlier estimates that were based on geostrophic calculations. (ii) During the WOCE observational period a tendency toward increased bottom-water temperatures was observed. This observation from the Hunter Channel is consistent with findings from the Vema Channel. (iii) The overflow through the Hunter Channel is highly variable and puts in perspective earlier synoptic geostrophic transport estimates
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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